1. Karl Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups (A, B, and O) in the early 1900s which helped explain inconsistent outcomes in blood transfusions. 2. Landsteiner found that red blood cells have antigens (A or B) on their surface, and the matching plasma contains antibodies (anti-A or anti-B) that cause agglutination if mismatched blood is transfused. 3. Understanding a person's blood group allows safe blood transfusions by only transfusing blood without antigens that would agglutinate the recipient's blood. This discovery revolutionized transfusion medicine.

1. BLOOD GROUPS & TYPES

4. KARL LANDSTEINER, NOBEL LAUREATE, 1930. 1 8 6 8 1 9 4 3

8. ABO BLOOD GROUPS The most common type of blood grouping in use.

15. ABO BLOOD GROUPS GROUP AGGLUTINOGEN/S ON RBC AGGLUTININ/S IN PLASMA A A β B B α AB Both A & B None O Neither A nor B Both α and β

24. DONATION BLOOD

27. ABO BLOOD GROUP TEST: SUMMARY RED CELLS ANTISERA ALPHA ANTISERA BETA A AGGLUTINATION NO AGGLUTINATION B NO AGG. AGGLUTINATION AB AGGLUTINATION AGGLUTINATION O NO AGGLUTINATION NO AGGLUTINATION

31. PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD GROUPS

32. PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD GROUPS

35. DISTRIBUTION OF Rh TYPES

36. DISTRIBUTION OF Rh TYPES

42. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS P L A C E N T A MATERNAL CIRCULATION FETAL CIRCULATION Anti-D Antibodies Agglutination of RBCs Hemolysis Hemoglobin in Plasma Bilirubin Jaundice Blocks Renal Tubules Renal Failure Kernicterus

43. NORMAL JAUNDICED NEONATES

47. EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

48. AFTER SUCCESSFUL THERAPY NOMAD:2006: BP:BldgpsI