The document discusses data warehouses and multi-dimensional data analysis. It provides an example of modeling sales data across multiple tables in a relational database and shows how long queries take on large amounts of data. It then introduces dimensional modeling and how to structure data in a data warehouse using fact and dimension tables. Finally, it demonstrates how to model the sales data multidimensionally using a data cube and discusses OLAP technologies like Mondrian for multi-dimensional analysis.

1. Data Warehouses and
Multi-Dimensional
Data Analysis
Raimonds Simanovskis
@rsim

5. Vampires
live here

6. 500km
long beach
Other vampires
live here
(310.686 miles)

8. Data Warehouses and
Multi-Dimensional
Data Analysis
Raimonds Simanovskis
@rsim

9. Sales app example
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :orders
end
class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :customer
has_many :order_items
end
class OrderItem < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :order
belongs_to :product
end
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :product_class
has_many :order_items
end
class ProductClass < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :products
end

10. Database schema

11. One day CEO asks
a question…
What were the
total sales amounts
in California
in Q1 2014
by product families?

12. Total sales amount …
OrderItem.sum("amount")

13. … in California …
OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
sum("order_items.amount")

14. … in Q1 2014 …
OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date) = ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date) = ?", 1).
sum("order_items.amount")

15. … by product families
OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date) = ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date) = ?", 1).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
sum("order_items.amount")

16. Generated SQL
OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date) = ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date) = ?", 1).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
sum("order_items.amount")
SELECT SUM(order_items.amount) AS sum_order_items_amount,
product_classes.product_family AS product_classes_product_family
FROM "order_items"
INNER JOIN "orders" ON "orders"."id" = "order_items"."order_id"
INNER JOIN "customers" ON "customers"."id" = "orders"."customer_id"
INNER JOIN "products" ON "products"."id" = "order_items"."product_id"
INNER JOIN "product_classes" ON "product_classes"."id" = "products"."product_class_id"
WHERE "customers"."country" = 'USA'
AND "customers"."state_province" = 'CA'
AND (extract(YEAR FROM orders.order_date) = 2014)
AND (extract(quarter FROM orders.order_date) = 1)
GROUP BY product_classes.product_family

17. OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date) = ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date) = ?", 1).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
select("product_classes.product_family,"+
"SUM(order_items.amount) AS sales_amount,"+
"SUM(order_items.cost) AS sales_cost”).
map{|i| i.attributes.compact}
… and also
sales cost?

18. OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA", "customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date) = ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date) = ?", 1).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
select("product_classes.product_family,"+
"SUM(order_items.amount) AS sales_amount,"+
"SUM(order_items.cost) AS sales_cost,"+
"COUNT(DISTINCT customers.id) AS customers_count").
map{|i| i.attributes.compact}
… and unique
customers
count?

19. Is it
clear?
#@%$^&
OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
where("customers.country" => "USA",
"customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("extract(year from orders.order_date)
= ?", 2014).
where("extract(quarter from orders.order_date)
= ?", 1).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
select("product_classes.product_family,"+
"SUM(order_items.amount) AS sales_amount,"+
"SUM(order_items.cost) AS sales_cost,"+
"COUNT(DISTINCT customers.id) AS
customers_count").
map{|i| i.attributes.compact}

20. Performance slows down
on larger data volumes
$ rails console
>> OrderItem.count
(677.0ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "order_items"
=> 6218022
>> Order.count
(126.0ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "orders"
=> 642362
>> OrderItem.joins(:order => :customer).
joins(:product => :product_class).
group("product_classes.product_family").
select("product_classes.product_family,"+
"SUM(order_items.amount) AS sales_amount,"+
"SUM(order_items.cost) AS sales_cost,"+
"COUNT(DISTINCT customers.id) AS customers_count").
map{|i| i.attributes.compact}
OrderItem Load (25437.0ms) ...
6 million rows
25 seconds

21. You should
use NoSQL !

22. You should
use NoSQL !

23. Dimensional Modeling
Deliver data that’s
understandable to the business users
Deliver fast query performance

24. Dimensional Modeling
What were the
total sales amounts
in California
in Q1 2014
by product families?
fact or measure
Customer / Region dimension
Time dimension
Product dimension

25. Data Warehouse
“Star schema” with
fact and dimension tables

26. “Snowflake schema”

27. Data Warehouse Models
class Dwh::SalesFact < Dwh::Fact
belongs_to :customer, class_name: "Dwh::CustomerDimension"
belongs_to :product, class_name: "Dwh::ProductDimension"
belongs_to :time, class_name: "Dwh::TimeDimension"
end
class Dwh::CustomerDimension < Dwh::Dimension
has_many :sales_facts, class_name: “Dwh::SalesFact",
foreign_key: "customer_id"
end
class Dwh::ProductDimension < Dwh::Dimension
has_many :sales_facts, class_name: "Dwh::SalesFact", foreign_key: "product_id"
belongs_to :product_class, class_name: "Dwh::ProductClassDimension"
end
class Dwh::ProductClassDimension < Dwh::Dimension
has_many :products, class_name: "Dwh::ProductDimension", foreign_key: "product_class_id"
end
class Dwh::TimeDimension < Dwh::Dimension
has_many :sales_facts, class_name: “Dwh::SalesFact",
foreign_key: "time_id"
end

28. Load Dimension
class Dwh::CustomerDimension < Dwh::Dimension
# ...
def self.truncate!
connection.execute "TRUNCATE TABLE #{table_name}"
end
def self.load!
truncate!
column_names = %w(id full_name city state_province country
birth_date gender created_at updated_at)
connection.insert %[
INSERT INTO #{table_name} (#{column_names.join(',')})
SELECT #{column_names.join(',')}
FROM #{::Customer.table_name}
]
end
end

29. Generate
Time
Dimension
class Dwh::TimeDimension < Dwh::Dimension
def self.load!
connection.select_values(%[
SELECT DISTINCT order_date FROM #{Order.table_name}
WHERE order_date NOT IN
(SELECT date_value FROM #{table_name})
]).each do |date|
year, month, day = date.year, date.month, date.day
quarter = ((month-1)/3)+1
quarter_name = "Q#{quarter} #{year}"
month_name = date.strftime("%b %Y")
day_name = date.strftime("%b %d %Y")
sql = send :sanitize_sql_array, [
%[
INSERT INTO #{table_name}
(id, date_value, year, quarter, month, day,
year_name, quarter_name, month_name, day_name)
VALUES
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?,
?, ?, ?, ?)
],
date_to_id(date), date, year, quarter, month, day,
year.to_s, quarter_name, month_name, day_name
]
connection.insert sql
end
end
end

30. Load Facts
class Dwh::SalesFact < Dwh::Fact
def self.load!
truncate!
connection.insert %[
INSERT INTO #{table_name}
(customer_id, product_id, time_id,
sales_quantity, sales_amount, sales_cost)
SELECT
o.customer_id, oi.product_id,
CAST(to_char(o.order_date, 'YYYYMMDD') AS INTEGER),
oi.quantity, oi.amount, oi.cost
FROM
#{OrderItem.table_name} oi
INNER JOIN #{Order.table_name} o ON o.id = oi.order_id
]
end
end

31. What were the
total sales amounts
in California
in Q1 2014
by product families?
Dwh::SalesFact.
joins(:customer).joins(:product => :product_class).joins(:time).
where("d_customers.country" => “USA",
"d_customers.state_province" => "CA").
where("d_time.year" => 2014, "d_time.quarter" => 1).
group("d_product_classes.product_family").
sum("sales_amount")

32. Two-Dimensional Table
CellRows
Columns

33. Multi-Dimensional Data Model
Dim
ensionDim
ension
Dimension
Measures
Data cube

34. Multi-Dimensional Data Model
Tim
e
Product
Customer
Measures
Sales quantity
Sales amount
Sales cost
Customers count
Sales cube

35. Dimension Hierarchies
All Customers
USA Canada
WA CA OR
San Francisco Los Angeles
Country
All
State
City
Levels

36. Time Dimension
All Times
2014 2015
Q2 Q3 Q4
AUG SEP
Year
All
Quarter
Month
AUG 01 AUG 02 Day
Q1
JUL
Default
hierarchy
All Times
2014 2015
W2 W3 W4
JAN 18 JAN 19
Year
All
Week
Day
W1
JAN 17
Weekly
hierarchy

37. OLAP Technologies
On-Line Analytical Processing
Mondrian
http://community.pentaho.com/projects/mondrian/
https://github.com/rsim/mondrian-olap
mondrian-olap gem

38. Mondrian::OLAP::Schema.define do
cube 'Sales' do
table 'f_sales', schema: 'dwh'
dimension 'Customer', foreign_key: 'customer_id' do
hierarchy all_member_name: 'All Customers', primary_key: 'id' do
table 'd_customers', schema: 'dwh'
level 'Country', column: 'country'
level 'State Province', column: 'state_province'
level 'City', column: 'city'
level 'Name', column: 'full_name'
end
end
dimension 'Product', foreign_key: 'product_id' do
hierarchy all_member_name: 'All Products', primary_key: 'id', primary_key_table: 'd_products' do
join left_key: 'product_class_id', right_key: 'id' do
table 'd_products', schema: 'dwh'
table 'd_product_classes', schema: 'dwh'
end
level 'Product Family', table: 'd_product_classes', column: 'product_family'
level 'Product Department', table: 'd_product_classes', column: 'product_department'
level 'Product Category', table: 'd_product_classes', column: 'product_category'
level 'Product Subcategory', table: 'd_product_classes', column: 'product_subcategory'
level 'Brand Name', table: 'd_products', column: 'brand_name'
level 'Product Name', table: 'd_products', column: 'product_name'
end
end
dimension 'Time', foreign_key: 'time_id', type: 'TimeDimension' do
hierarchy all_member_name: 'All Time', primary_key: 'id' do
table 'd_time', schema: 'dwh'
level 'Year', column: 'year', type: 'Numeric', name_column: 'year_name', level_type: 'TimeYears'
level 'Quarter', column: 'quarter', type: 'Numeric', name_column: 'quarter_name', level_type: 'TimeQuarters'
level 'Month', column: 'month', type: 'Numeric', name_column: 'month_name', level_type: 'TimeMonths'
level 'Day', column: 'day', type: 'Numeric', name_column: 'day_name', level_type: 'TimeDays'
end
end
measure 'Sales Quantity', column: 'sales_quantity', aggregator: 'sum'
measure 'Sales Amount', column: 'sales_amount', aggregator: 'sum'
measure 'Sales Cost', column: 'sales_cost', aggregator: ‘sum'
measure ‘Customers Count', column: ‘customer_id', aggregator: ‘distinct-count'
end
end
mondrian-olap
schema
definition

39. What were the
total sales amounts
in California
in Q1 2014
by product families?
olap.from("Sales").
columns("[Measures].[Sales Amount]").
rows("[Product].[Product Family].Members").
where("[Customer].[USA].[CA]", "[Time].[Quarter].[Q1 2014]")

40. MDX Query Language
olap.from("Sales").
columns("[Measures].[Sales Amount]").
rows("[Product].[Product Family].Members").
where("[Customer].[USA].[CA]", "[Time].[Quarter].[Q1 2014]")
SELECT {[Measures].[Sales Amount]} ON COLUMNS,
[Product].[Product Family].Members ON ROWS
FROM [Sales]
WHERE ([Customer].[USA].[CA], [Time].[Quarter].[Q1 2014])

41. Results Caching
SELECT {[Measures].[Sales Amount], [Measures].[Sales Cost],
[Measures].[Customers Count]} ON COLUMNS,
[Product].[Product Family].Members ON ROWS
FROM [Sales] (21713.0ms)
SELECT {[Measures].[Sales Amount], [Measures].[Sales Cost],
[Measures].[Customers Count]} ON COLUMNS,
[Product].[Product Family].Members ON ROWS
FROM [Sales] (10.0ms)

42. Additional Attribute Dimension
dimension 'Gender', foreign_key: 'customer_id' do
hierarchy all_member_name: 'All Genders', primary_key: 'id' do
table 'd_customers', schema: 'dwh'
level 'Gender', column: 'gender' do
name_expression do
sql "CASE d_customers.gender
WHEN 'F' THEN ‘Female'
WHEN 'M' THEN ‘Male'
END"
end
end
end
end
olap.from("Sales").
columns("[Measures].[Sales Amount]").
rows("[Gender].[Gender].Members")

43. Dynamic Attribute Dimension
dimension 'Age interval', foreign_key: 'customer_id' do
hierarchy all_member_name: 'All Age', primary_key: 'id' do
table 'd_customers', schema: 'dwh'
level 'Age interval' do
key_expression do
sql %[
CASE
WHEN age(d_customers.birth_date) < interval '20 years'
THEN '< 20 years'
WHEN age(d_customers.birth_date) < interval '30 years'
THEN '20-30 years'
WHEN age(d_customers.birth_date) < interval '40 years'
THEN '30-40 years'
WHEN age(d_customers.birth_date) < interval '50 years'
THEN '40-50 years'
ELSE '50+ years'
END
]
end
end
end
end
[Age interval].[<20 years]
[Age interval].[20-30 years]
[Age interval].[30-40 years]
[Age interval].[40-50 years]
[Age interval].[50+ years]

44. Calculation Formulas
calculated_member 'Profit', dimension: 'Measures', format_string: '#,##0.00',
formula: '[Measures].[Sales Amount] - [Measures].[Sales Cost]'
calculated_member 'Margin %', dimension: 'Measures', format_string: '#,##0.00%',
formula: '[Measures].[Profit] / [Measures].[Sales Amount]'
olap.from("Sales").
columns("[Measures].[Profit]", "[Measures].[Margin %]").
rows("[Product].[Product Family].Members").
where("[Customer].[USA].[CA]", "[Time].[Quarter].[Q1 2014]")

45. Enables Ad-hoc Queries by Users

46. ETL process
Data
Warehouse
Measures
Dimension1 Dimension2
Dimension4Dimension3
Database
REST API
Extract Transform Load

47. Ruby Tools for ETL
Kiba http://www.kiba-etl.org/
https://github.com/square/ETLETL

48. Kiba example
# declare a ruby method here, for quick reusable logic
def parse_french_date(date)
Date.strptime(date, '%d/%m/%Y')
end
# or better, include a ruby file which loads reusable assets
# eg: commonly used sources / destinations / transforms, under unit-test
require_relative 'common'
# declare a source where to take data from (you implement it - see notes below)
source MyCsvSource, 'input.csv'
# declare a row transform to process a given field
transform do |row|
row[:birth_date] = parse_french_date(row[:birth_date])
# return to keep in the pipeline
row
end
# declare another row transform, dismissing rows conditionally by returning nil
transform do |row|
row[:birth_date].year < 2000 ? row : nil
end
# declare a row transform as a class, which can be tested properly
transform ComplianceCheckTransform, eula: 2015

49. Multithreaded ETL
https://github.com/ruby-concurrency/concurrent-ruby
Extract
ThreadPool
Transform
ThreadPool
Load
ThreadPool
Data
source
Extracted
data
Transformed
data
Pro-tip: Use

50. Single
threaded
ETL
class Dwh::TimeDimension < Dwh::Dimension
def self.load!
logger.silence do
connection.select_values(%[
SELECT DISTINCT order_date FROM #{Order.table_name}
WHERE order_date NOT IN (SELECT date_value FROM #{table_name})
]).each do |date|
insert_date(date)
end
end
end
def self.insert_date(date)
year, month, day = date.year, date.month, date.day
quarter = ((month-1)/3)+1
quarter_name = "Q#{quarter} #{year}"
month_name = date.strftime("%b %Y")
day_name = date.strftime("%b %d %Y")
sql = send :sanitize_sql_array, [
%[
INSERT INTO #{table_name}
(id, date_value, year, quarter, month, day,
year_name, quarter_name, month_name, day_name)
VALUES
(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?,
?, ?, ?, ?)
],
date_to_id(date), date, year, quarter, month, day,
year.to_s, quarter_name, month_name, day_name
]
connection.insert sql
end
end

51. require 'concurrent/executors'
class Dwh::TimeDimension < Dwh::Dimension
def self.parallel_load!(pool_size = 4)
logger.silence do
insert_date_pool = Concurrent::FixedThreadPool.new(pool_size)
connection.select_values(%[
SELECT DISTINCT order_date FROM #{Order.table_name}
WHERE order_date NOT IN (SELECT date_value FROM #{table_name})
]).each do |date|
insert_date_pool.post(date) do |date|
connection_pool.with_connection do
insert_date(date)
end
end
end
insert_date_pool.shutdown
insert_date_pool.wait_for_termination
end
end
end
ETL with
Thread Pool

52. Benchmark!
Dwh::TimeDimension.load! (5236.0ms)
Dwh::TimeDimension.parallel_load!(2) (3450.0ms)
Dwh::TimeDimension.parallel_load!(4) (2142.0ms)
Dwh::TimeDimension.parallel_load!(6) (2361.0ms)
Dwh::TimeDimension.parallel_load!(8) (2826.0ms)
optimal size
in this case
Java Mission Control

53. Traditional vs Analytical
Relational Databases
Optimized for
transaction processing
Optimized for
analytical queries

54. Row-based Storage

55. Columnar Storage
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/c_columnar_storage_disk_mem_mgmnt.html

56. Analytical Query Performance
SELECT d_product_classes.product_family,
SUM(f_sales.sales_amount) AS sales_amount,
SUM(f_sales.sales_cost) AS sales_cost,
COUNT(DISTINCT f_sales.customer_id) AS customers_count
FROM "dwh"."f_sales"
INNER JOIN "dwh"."d_products" ON "dwh"."d_products"."id" =
"dwh"."f_sales"."product_id"
INNER JOIN "dwh"."d_product_classes" ON "dwh"."d_product_classes"."id" =
"dwh"."d_products"."product_class_id"
GROUP BY d_product_classes.product_family
always ~18 seconds
first ~9 seconds
next ~1.5 seconds
6 million rows

57. When to use what?
Fact table size
Traditional
transactional
databases
Analytical
columnar
databases
< 1M rows OK No big win
1-10M rows
Complex
queries slower
OK
10-100M rows Slow OK
>100M rows Very slow OK with tuning

58. What did we cover?
Problems with analytical queries
Dimensional modeling
Star schemas
Mondrian OLAP and MDX
ETL – Extract, Transform, Load
Analytical columnar databases

59. Questions?
raimonds.simanovskis@gmail.com
@rsim github.com/rsim
https://github.com/rsim/sales_app_demo