1. When drug prices increase at a faster rate than inflation, the .docx

1. When drug prices increase at a faster rate than inflation, the
groups of people that bear the burden of this increase are
taxpayers and Medicare beneficiaries. Taxpayers are paying
higher taxes as a result of increased government spending, and
Medicare beneficiaries cannot keep up with the price of their
prescriptions. When it comes to the factors in making a decision
about increasing drug prices, I believe Big Pharma companies
should act in a socially responsible manner, meaning they
should base their decisions not solely on profit, and not solely
on healthcare. There should be a balance, and new policies
would be beneficial to help maintain that balance.
2. Lower-level employees have the responsibility to provide
accurate information to management so that they can make the
most informed decision. Lower-level employees also have the
responsibility to not purposefully make material mistakes or
purposefully not correct a known mistake.
3. Increased government spending will increase taxes for
taxpayers and decrease available spending for other worthy
issues. Taxpayers will essentially pay more in taxes and
therefore have less income available. With drug prices rising
faster than inflation, this will cause a widening gap between
annual income and costs. Also, private health insurance costs
will increase premiums and out of pocket costs for members.
The stakeholders most directly impacted are the senior citizens
that are dependent on their medication and can’t afford it or any
other out of pocket costs because of the already wide gap
between their income and expenses. I believe the government
itself can be seen as a stakeholder as well because as they
continue to increase Medicare funding, their deficit increases,
causing them to take action to allocate resources effectively.
4. If the increase in price of existing drugs is preventing those
who need those drugs from obtaining them, then to me it is hard
to justify the increase based on R&D. There will always be a
trade-off between affordable drugs and how quickly we can get

new drugs. The government must devise a policy that improves
Big Pharma companies’ incentive for affordability
and innovation.
5. Explain what you think each of the following statements
means in the context of moral development.
. How far are you willing to go to do the right thing?
1. Stage 6 of moral development is about universal “self-
chosen” ethical principles. This stage is about following your
conscience even if it violates the law. In thinking of moral
development, as time passes, one’s level of ethical reasoning
advances and some issues may spark moral outrage that force a
response.
. How much are you willing to give up to do what you believe is
right?
1. This statement relates to moral development and how
sometimes doing the right thing can have negative
consequences. For example, an employee may notice a
purposeful mistake by a manager. Let’s assume the employee is
certain they will receive retaliation from their manager. If the
employee is willing to report the manager regardless of
potentially losing their job, then they are willing to give up
quite a lot to do the right thing. Others might not speak up
because they aren’t willing to deal with the consequences of
doing the right thing.
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 2: Fall 2022

Professor Aliakbar Jalali
[email protected]
Internet of Things (IoT) Applications
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UoNA-ST560-Fall-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
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Topics
Introduction
What Are IoT Applications?
IoT application domain
10 major IoT applications
More IoT applications
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
This lecture lets we know major the Internet of Things
applications.

The Internet of Things is a great technology that has gained
rapidly and shaping our future lifestyle.
IoT uses smart devices smart for take caring of things that will
draw out efficiency, and reducing the cost of products, labor
and eliminating the chances of human errors.
Data is the new currency, IoT applications are sources of
generating, processing and distributing data, this is what drives
the concept of the Internet of Things.
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Introduction: The Impact of Digital Transformation
How is the stored and analyzed data from IoT application are
used?
Businesses: Businesses determine buying patterns, forecast new
trends, and streamline production.
Government: Governments monitor the environment, forecast
population trends, predict crime rates, and plan for social
services.
City: Cities control traffic, monitor parking, provide police or
fire support quicker, and control waste management.
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Introduction: Can Smart Devices Think?
All digital devices work based on computer programs and
supplied data.
Artificial Intelligence implies that these devices can think on
their own.
If programmed appropriately, smart devices can evaluate data
that is provided to them and modify processes or settings “on
the fly”.

If they are provided with sufficient data, they can “learn” and
modify their own code based on the new parameters.
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Introduction: Can Smart Devices Think?
Example: Imagine a refrigerated transport truck, carrying frozen
goods, that is equipped with a global positioning sensor.
As the truck drives into a major city, the sensor determines that
there is an accident ahead that is causing major traffic
congestion.
The sensor sends the data to the computer system that collects
the data and make decisions.
The system then alerts the driver to the new conditions so that
the accident can be bypassed.
This automatic interaction has saved the driver time and will get
the transported product to market faster with a product that is
still frozen.
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What Are IoT Applications?
IoT applications run on IoT devices and can be created to be
specific to almost every industry and vertical, including
healthcare, industrial automation, smart homes and buildings,
automotive, and wearable technology. Increasingly, IoT
applications are using AI and machine learning to add
intelligence to devices.
An IoT application is making the devices connected to each

other and the internet, it let them collect and communicate data
and make precise and informed decisions through Machine
Learning and Neural Networks collecting, processing and
delivering billions of petabytes of data every day to users.
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IoT Applications Domain
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9
Transportation and Logistics
Logistics
Mobile ticketing
Smart Environment
Comfortable homes/offices
Industrial plants

Environment monitoring
Augmented maps
Environmental pollution
Assisted driving
Healthcare
Tracking
Identification, authentication
Data collection
Sensing
Personal and social
Social networking
Thefts

Historical queries
Losses
Futuristic
Robot taxi
City information model
Enhanced game room
Weather & water systems
Weather condition
Water quality
Water leakage
Water level
Water contamination

Traffic jam reduction
Energy efficiency monitoring
10 Major IoT Applications
IoT in Smart Homes
Smart City
Smart Healthcare
Smart Farming
Smart Wearables
Smart Cars
Smart Grids
Industrial Internet (IIoT)
IoT Smart Retail Shops
Smart Traffic management
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10
IoT in Smart Home
Smart Home Automation Will Change the Way We Live!
What is Smart Home?
What are definition, functions, benefits, and more.
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Whenever we think of IoT systems, the most important and
efficient application that stands out every time is Smart Home
ranking as highest IOT application on all channels. The number
of people searching for smart homes increases every month with
about 60,000 people and increasing. Another interesting thing is
that the database of smart homes for IoT Analytics includes 256
companies and startups. More companies are now actively being
involved in smart homes than similar other applications in the
field of IoT. The estimated amount of funding for Smart Home
startups exceeds $2.5bn and is ever growing. The list of startups
includes prominent startup company names such as AlertMe or
Nest as well as a number of multinational corporations like
Philips, Haier, or Belkin etc.
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Smart Home Definition
A smart home refers to a convenient home setup where
appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely
from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or
other networked device.
Devices in a smart home are interconnected through the
internet, allowing the user to control functions such as security
access to the home, temperature, lighting, and a home theater
remotely.
Smart homes can be set up through wireless or hardwired
systems.
Smart home technology provides homeowners with convenience
and cost savings.
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IoT in Smart Home
Smart Home Automation
Digital Technology has enabled business to innovate their
approach to interacting with society.
People from all generations are more comfortable with digital
technology and are using smart devices to their advantage
throughout their busy days.
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IoT in Smart Home
Smart Buildings
Corporate offices can be occupied by thousands of employees.
Keeping the environment, such as lighting, heat, humidity, in
the building within acceptable parameters helps to keep
employees happy and therefore more productive.
Many companies now provide some or all their services on-line.
From the comfort of your home, car, gym, or office, you can
shop for groceries on-line, order restaurant meals to be
delivered to your door, book travel on-line, order clothes,
camping gear, taxis, stay connected to friends, or meet a new
love interest.
Sensors are everywhere generating massive amounts of data.
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Video - Ideal Buildings

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Cisco Skills For All
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IoT in Smart Home
Smart homes can be equipped with motion sensors, water
sensors, light sensors, doorbell sensors, and temperature
sensors.
There can be sensors in traffic lights, transport trucks, parking
garages, security cameras, trains, and planes.
All of these sensors and measuring devices collect and transmit
their data.
The data can be stored and analyzed later, or it can be analyzed
immediately to be used to modify computers, mobile devices, or
processes of any sort.
How is the stored and analyzed data used?
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SMART home sensors communication through the internet of
things. (http://www.nibib.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SMART-
HOUSE_2_DCook.jpg).
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The global smart home market
The global smart home market is forecast to grow to 53.45
billion U.S. dollars in size by 2022.

Smart home, also called home automation, is an automation
system that controls the lighting, climate, entertainment,
appliances, and home security such as alarm systems of a
household.
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Home Automation Using the Internet of Things (IoT)
The smart home market is being driven by an increase in the
number of internet users and the adoption of smart devices, as
well as a growing need for energy-saving and low-carbon
emission-oriented solutions.
The technology that is required to build a home automation
platform includes:
Hardware, software, protocols, sensors, architectures, gateways,
and platforms for running the applications like: Lighting
control, HVAC, Lawn/Gardening, management, Smart Home
Appliances, Improved Home safety and security, Home air
quality and water quality monitoring, Natural Language-based
voice assistants, Better Infotainment delivery, AI-driven digital
experiences, Smart Switches, Smart Locks and Smart Energy
Meters
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Homes
Some Advantages:
Installing a smart home technology system provides
homeowners with convenience.
Users can get notifications and updates on issues in their homes.

For instance, smart doorbells allow homeowners to see and
communicate with people who come to their doors even when
they're not at home.
Users can set and control the internal temperature, lighting, and
appliances as well.
For the cost of setting up the smart system, homeowners can
benefit from significant cost savings.
Appliances and electronics can be used more efficiently,
lowering energy costs.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Homes
Some Disadvantages:
Security risks and bugs continue to plague makers and users of
the technology.
Adept hackers, for example, can gain access to a smart home's
internet-enabled appliances.
Measures to mitigate the risks of such attacks include
protecting smart appliances and devices with a strong password,
using encryption when available, and only connecting trusted
devices to one's network.
As noted above, the costs of installing smart technology can run
anywhere from a few thousand dollars for a wireless system to
tens of thousands of dollars for a hardwired system.
It's a heavy price to pay, especially since there may be a steep
learning curve to get used to the system for everyone in the
household.
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IoT in Smart Home
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IoT in Smart Home
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IoT in Smart Home
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Video: Smart Home Tour
How to start a SMART HOME in 2022 (15 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTpkECCNAPg
How to start or expand your smart home in 2022, what devices
you need, how the Matter standard impacts you, and see how we
automate our own smart home.
Smart Home Tour: Fully Automated! (17 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLkASaFQPkc
My smart home has a LOT of home automation, but what’s even
better is you can set this all up yourself. Let me show you
around!
AWS IoT for the Connected Home (2 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FerZ0KvlP7g
As the use of connected home devices continue to grow, more
and more data is being pushed to the cloud, where the latest IoT
and machine learning technologies are enabling new innovations
in connected home applications. AWS IoT helps connected
home device manufacturers easily, quickly, and securely build
differentiated connected home products at scale.
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Smart City
Smart City Automation Will Change the Way We Live!
What is Smart City?
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The smart city like the name suggests is a very big innovation
and spans a wide variety of use cases, from water distribution to
traffic management to waste management, environmental
monitoring, and urban security. The reason why it is so popular
is that it tries to remove the discomfort and problems of people
who live in cities. IoT solutions offered in the Smart City area
solve various city-related problems comprising of traffic,
reduce air and noise pollution and help make cities safer.
26
Smart City Definition
A smart city uses information and communication technology

(ICT) to improve operational efficiency, share information with
the public and provide a better quality of government service
and citizen welfare.
The main goal of a smart city is to optimize city functions and
promote economic growth while also improving the quality of
life for citizens by using smart technologies and data analysis.
The value lies in how this technology is used rather than simply
how much technology is available.
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Smart City
Smart Cities, such as Barcelona, Spain, use sensors to control
many of their infrastructure systems such as traffic flow,
parking, water utilization, and hydro.
Example 1: Weight sensors in parking spaces allow drivers to
quickly know where there is an available parking spot.
This reduces driving and idling time for the driver and lowers
carbon emissions for the environment.
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Smart City
Example 2: Sensors on traffic lights can detect traffic
congestion.
This data is sent to the computer system that collects data and
make decisions.
The new decisions are sent to actuators that modify red versus
green light times to assist the flow of traffic.
This also alleviates idling but also reduces driver frustration

and accidents.
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Example
Smart Cities, such as Barcelona, Spain, use sensors to control
many of their infrastructure systems such as traffic flow,
parking, water utilization, and hydro.
Example 1: Weight sensors in parking spaces allow drivers to
quickly know where there is an available parking spot. This
reduces driving and idling time for the driver and lowers carbon
emissions for the environment.
Example 2: Sensors on traffic lights can detect traffic
congestion. This data is sent to the computer system that
collects data and make decisions.
The new decisions are sent to actuators that modify red versus
green light times to assist the flow of traffic.
This also alleviates idling but also reduces driver frustration
and accidents.
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The global smart Cities market
The global Smart Cities Market size to grow from USD 457.0
billion in 2021 to USD 873.7 billion by 2026, at a Compound
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.8% during the forecast
period.

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Top 5 Smart City in 2022
Juniper Research’s smart city rankings around the globe in year
2022 are:
Shanghai
Seoul
Barcelona
Beijing
New York
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Smart City Application Examples
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Sample Smart Cities Projects
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History of Smart Cities
The concept of smart cities began as far back as the 1960s and
1970s when the US Community Analysis Bureau began using
databases, aerial photography and cluster analysis to collect
data, direct resources and issue reports in order to direct
services, mitigate against disasters and reduce poverty.
This led to the creation of the first generation of smart cities.
The first generation of smart city was delivered by technology
providers to understand the implications of technology on daily
life.
This led to the second generation of smart city, which looked at
how smart technologies and other innovations could create
joined-up municipal solutions.
The third generation of smart city took the control away from
technology providers and city leaders, instead creating a model
that involved the public and enabled social inclusion and
community engagement.
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Smart City Technologies
Smart cities use a variety of software, user interfaces and
communication networks alongside the Internet of Things
(IoT) to deliver connected solutions for the public.
The IoT is a network of connected devices that communicate
and exchange data in smart city.
This can include anything from vehicles to home appliances and
on-street sensors.
Data collected from these devices is stored in the cloud or on
servers to allow for improvements to be made to both public and
private sector efficiencies and deliver economic benefits and
improvements to the lives of citizens.
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How Smart Cities Work
Smart cities follow four steps to improve the quality of life and
enable economic growth through a network of connected IoT
devices and other technologies. These steps are as follows:
1. Collection – Smart sensors gather real-time data
2. Analysis – The data is analyzed to gain insights into the
operation of city services and operations
3. Communication – The results of the data analysis are
communicated to decision makers
4. Action – Action is taken to improve operations, manage
assets and improve the quality of city life for the residents
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Why Smart Cities Are Important
54% of the world’s population live in cities and this is expected
to rise to 66% by 2050, adding a further 2.5 billion people to
the urban population over the next three decades.
With this expected population growth there comes a need to
manage environmental, social and economic sustainability of
resources.
Smart cities allow citizens and local government authorities to
work together to launch initiatives and use smart technologies
to manage assets and resources in the growing urban
environment.
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Smart City Challenges

For all of the benefits offered by smart cities, there are also
challenges to overcome. These include government officials
allowing widespread participation from citizens. There is also a
need for the private and public sectors to align with residents so
that everyone can positively contribute to the community.
Smart city projects need to be transparent and available to
citizens via an open data portal or mobile app. This allows
residents to engage with the data and complete personal tasks
like paying bills, finding efficient transportation options and
assessing energy consumption in the home.
This all requires a solid and secure system of data collection
and storage to prevent hacking or misuse. Smart city data also
needs to be anonymized to prevent privacy issues from arising.
The largest challenge is quite probably that of connectivity,
with thousands or even millions of IoT devices needing to
connect and work in unison. This will allow services to be
joined up and ongoing improvements to be made as demand
increases.
Technology aside, smart cities also need to account for social
factors that provide a cultural fabric that is attractive to
residents and offer a sense of place. This is particularly
important for those cities that are being created from the ground
up and need to attract residents.
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Are Smart City Secure?
Smart cities offer plenty of benefits to improve citizen safety,
such as connected surveillance systems, intelligent roadways
and public safety monitoring, but what about protecting the
smart cities themselves?
There is a need to ensure smart cities are protected from cyber
attacks, hacking and data theft while also making sure the data
that is reported is accurate.

In order to manage the security of smart cities there is a need to
implement measures such as physical data vaults, resilient
authentication management and ID solutions. Citizens need to
trust the security of smart cities which means government,
private sector enterprise, software developers, device
manufacturers, energy providers and network service managers
need to work together to deliver integrated solutions with core
security objectives.
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Are Smart City Secure?
These core security objectives can be broken down as follows:
Availability – Data needs to be available in real time with
reliable access in order to make sure it performs it function in
monitoring the various parts of the smart city infrastructure
Integrity – The data must not only be readily available, but it
must also be accurate. This also means safeguarding against
manipulation from outside
Confidentiality – Sensitive data needs to be kept confidential
and safe from unauthorized access. This may mean the use of
firewalls or the anonymizing of data
Accountability – System users need to be accountable for their
actions and interaction with sensitive data systems. Users' logs
should record who is accessing the information to ensure
accountability should there be any problems
Legislation is already being put in place in different nations,
such as the IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act in the United
States to help determine and establish minimum security
requirements for connected devices in smart cities.
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Video: Smart City
Smart Cities: Improving Mobility, Access and Safety with
Sensor Technology (6 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NylvPFqEmtg
How can cities meet the needs of millions more people? Today
city planners and companies are working together to develop the
biggest technological innovation yet – the smart city. In this
video learn what a smart city is, how sensors are important to
developing smart city infrastructure, and the importance of
integrating data into that infrastructure. Hear from experts in
the field and see examples of powerful smart city applications.
How Smart are Smart Cities? (12 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bRs_SZ0pUY
Smart cities are meant to improve the lives of city dwellers. But
these systems require huge amounts of data to work. How is this
data collected? And what are the potential pitfalls?
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Smart Healthcare
Smart Healthcare Automation Will Change the Way We Live!
What is Smart Healthcare?
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43
Definition of Smart Healthcare
Smart healthcare can be defined as an integration of patients
and doctors onto a common platform for intelligent health
monitoring by analyzing day-to-day human activities.
Smart healthcare is an open, standards-based technology IoT-
based platform that enables innovators to create apps that
seamlessly and securely run across the healthcare system.
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Smart healthcare Market
Smart healthcare products are a tool that incorporates advanced
technologies to provide patients with improved treatment and
enhance the quality of life.
Some of the most popular kinds of smart health care items are
smart pills, smart syringes, smart insulin pens, connected
inhalers, asthma monitors, electronic health care, etc.
They have reliable patient-related data and assist physicians to
properly handle their patients.
The growth of this market is driven by rising chronic illnesses
such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc.
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The global Smart Healthcare Market
According to Precedence Research, the global smart healthcare
market size is predicted to hit around US$ 482.25 billion by
2027, growing at a CAGR of 17.97%.

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The global Smart Healthcare Market
47
https://www.precedenceresearch.com/smart-healthcare-market
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IoT Applications in Healthcare
48
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Application Domains in Smart Healthcare
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Classification of Smart Healthcare
50
https://www.smohanty.org/Publications_Journals/2018/Mohanty
_IEEE-CEM_2018-Jan_Smart-Healthcare.pdf
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The IoT in Smart Healthcare
The IoT is a combination of ubiquitous communication,
connectivity and computing along with ambient intelligence.
It refers to a cyber physical paradigm, where all the real-world
components can stay connected.
The IoT gives users the ability to plan every day and it
integrates real physical world elements such as electronic
devices, smart phones and tablets which can communicate both
physically and wirelessly.
The IoT helps in managing virtually any number of devices.
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Advantages of IoT smart Healthcare
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Advantages of IoT smart Healthcare
Traditional healthcare is unable to accommodate everyone’s
needs due to the tremendous increase in population.
Despite having excellent infrastructure, and cutting-edge
technologies, medical services are not approachable or
affordable to everyone.
One of the goals of smart healthcare is to help users by
educating them about their medical status and keeping them
health-aware.

Smart healthcare empowers users to self-manage some
emergency situations.
It provides an emphasis on improving the quality and
experience of the user.
Smart healthcare helps in utilizing available resources to their
maximum potential.
It aids remote monitoring of patients and helps in reducing the
cost of the treatment for the user.
It also helps medical practitioners to extend their services
without any geographical barriers.
With an increasing trend towards smart cities, an effective
smart healthcare system assures a healthy living for its citizens.
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What are smart medical devices?
Equipped with wireless IoT technology able to monitor and
transmit critical data in real time, a smart medical device links
doctors with patients at home or enroute to the hospital.
These devices provide patients a high level of mobility and
healthcare providers the ability to remotely monitor patient
status.
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Healthcare IoT devices
Healthcare IoT devices allow medical professionals to collect
data on the condition of patients without the risks that come

with bringing large numbers of potentially infectious people
together in proximity.
Beyond pandemic response use cases, though, they also allow
doctors to potentially examine, diagnose and treat larger
numbers of patients, as well as expand healthcare to regions
where physical access to doctors or hospitals is difficult due to
remoteness or difficulty of access.
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IoT Applications in Healthcare-Devices
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IoT is Transforming the Healthcare Industry
57
Healthcare is about to change beyond recognition.
The need to collect, store, and analyze patient data has driven
the healthcare industry to embrace various trending digital
technologies.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cloud Computing
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Wearables to track health vitals
Smart Hospitals
Mobile Healthcare (mHealth)
Real-time monitoring
Better patient experience
Cost Reduction

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Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is a combination of
medical devices and applications that can connect to health care
information technology systems using networking technologies.
58
https://aabme.asme.org/posts/internet-of-medical-things-
revolutionizing-healthcare
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Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the network of
Internet-connected medical devices, hardware infrastructure,
and software applications used to connect healthcare
information technology.
Sometimes referred to as IoT in healthcare, IoMT allows
wireless and remote devices to securely communicate over the
Internet to allow rapid and flexible analysis of medical data.
IoMT’s impact on the healthcare market is undeniable and
irreversible.
According to a recent Deloitte survey, the overall IoMT market
is expected to grow from $41 billion in 2017 to $158 billion by
2022.
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What is the difference between IoT and IoMT?
Similarly, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) involves

connected devices used within the medical and health care
industry.
They differ from general IoT not just in terms of usage, but also
in design.
IoT is often more consumer-focused, designed to provide
maximum convenience and usability.
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5 IoT Applications in Healthcare
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Smart Farming
Smart Farming Automation Will Change the Way We Live!
What is Smart Farming?
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to transform the
ways we live in the world; we have more-efficient industries,
more connected cars, and smarter cities, all these as components
of an integrated IoT system.
Read More IoT Applications in Detail
The ever-growing global population would touch around 9.6
billion by 2050. So, to feed this immense population, the

agriculture industry needs to embrace IoT. The demand for more
food has to meet overcoming challenges such as, rising climate
change, extreme weather conditions and environmental impact
that results from intensive farming practices.
62
Definition of Smart Farming
"Smart farming" is an emerging concept that refers to managing
farms using technologies like IoT, robotics, drones and AI to
increase the quantity and quality of products while optimizing
the human labor required by production.
Many believe that IoT can add value to all areas of farming,
from growing crops to forestry.
While there are several ways that IoT can improve farming, two
of the major ways IoT can revolutionize agriculture are
precision farming and farming automation.
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Smart Farming Market
The global smart agriculture market size was valued
at $16,746.7 million in 2019 and is estimated to reach $29,234.6
million by 2027 with a CAGR of 9.7% from 2021 to 2027.
Smart agriculture is a concept focused on providing the
agricultural industry with the infrastructure to leverage
advanced technology.
Moreover, connected technologies such as WiFi, Zigbee,
additional wireless sensor, and low power wide area network
technology are some of the different technologies that help
farmers efficiently execute different agriculture operations such
as harvesting, purchasing, planting, and inventory control.
64
https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/smart-agriculture-

market#:~:text=The%20global%20smart%20agriculture%20mar
ket,infrastructure%20to%20leverage%20advanced%20technolog
y.
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The global Smart Farming Market
The smart agriculture market is expected to grow from USD
12.9 billion in 2021 to USD 20.8 billion by 2026; it is expected
to grow at a CAGR of 10.1 % during the forecast period.
65
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/smart-
agriculture-market-239736790.html
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Smart Farming Technology
Sensors: soil, water, light, humidity, temperature management
Software: specialized software solutions that target specific
farm types or applications agnostic IoT platforms
Connectivity: cellular, LoRa
Location: GPS, Satellite
Robotics: Autonomous tractors, processing facilities
Data analytics: standalone analytics solutions, data pipelines for
downstream solutions
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https://www.iotforall.com/smart-farming-future-of-agriculture
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IoT Smart Farming

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IoT in Smart Farming
Farming is one sector that will benefit the most from the
Internet of Things.
With so many developments happening on tools farmers can use
for agriculture, the future is sure promising.
Tools are being developed for Drip Irrigation, understanding
crop patterns, Water Distribution, drones for Farm Surveillance,
and more.
These will allow farmers to produce a more productive yield
and take care of the concerns better.
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IOT TRANSFORMING THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE
With the exponential growth of world population, according to
the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the world will need
to produce 70% more food in 2050, shrinking agricultural lands,
and depletion of finite natural resources, the need to enhance
farm yield has become critical.
Limited availability of natural resources such as fresh water and
arable land along with slowing yield trends in several staple
crops, have further aggravated the problem.
Another impeding concern over the farming industry is the
shifting structure of agricultural workforce. Moreover,
agricultural labor in most of the countries has declined.

As a result of the declining agricultural workforce, adoption of
internet connectivity solutions in farming practices has been
triggered, to reduce the need for manual labor.
IoT solutions are focused on helping farmers close the supply
demand gap, by ensuring high yields, profitability, and
protection of the environment.
The approach of using IoT technology to ensure optimum
application of resources to achieve high crop yields and reduce
operational costs is called precision agriculture.
IoT in agriculture technologies comprise specialized equipment,
wireless connectivity, software and IT services.
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of-agriculture/
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4 Best Benefits of IoT in Agriculture
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Precision Farming
Precision farming is a process or a practice that makes the
farming procedure more accurate and controlled for raising
livestock and growing of crops. The use of IT and items like
sensors, autonomous vehicles, automated hardware, control
systems, robotics, etc in this approach are key components.
Agricultural drones are a very good example of IoT applications
in Agriculture. Agriculture industries today, have become one
of the major industries where drones can incorporate. Two types
of drones, that is, ground-based and aerial-based drones are
being incorporated in agriculture in many ways such as, for crop

health assessment, irrigation, planting, and soil & field analysis.
IoT applications help farmers to collect data regarding the
location, well-being, and health of their cattle. This information
helps them in identifying the condition of their livestock. Such
as, finding animals that are sick so, that they can separate from
the herd, preventing the spread of the disease to the entire
cattle. The feasibility of ranchers to locate their cattle with the
help of IoT based sensors helps in bringing down labor costs by
a substantial amount.
Greenhouse farming is a technique that enhances the yield of
crops, vegetables, fruits etc. Greenhouses control environmental
parameters in two ways; either through manual intervention or a
proportional control mechanism. However, since manual
intervention has disadvantages such as production loss, energy
loss, and labor cost, these methods are less effective. A smart
greenhouse through IoT embedded systems not only monitors
intelligently but also controls the climate. Thereby eliminating
any need for human intervention.
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Video: Smart Farming
What is IoT and what does it mean for farmers? (3 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLAIVUs9S8
This video to help explain what the Internet of Things (IoT) is
and what it means for farmers.
Smart Farming: How Robots and AI Can Help Us with Farming
(13 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfCEQgx4d-4
The world's population is growing steadily and efficient
agriculture is becoming increasingly important. That's why a lot
of research is being done on smart farming. Smart farming
means agriculture supported by robots, autonomous systems and
AI.
IoT Smart Agriculture Monitoring & Automatic Irrigation

System using ESP8266 (10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl4qblr5dlo
In this video, we will make an IoT-based smart agriculture
monitoring & automatic irrigation system using ESP8266
NodeMCU and Blynk IoT Cloud.
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Smart Wearable
What is Smart Wearable? Definition, functions, benefits, and
more.
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Just like smart homes, wearables remain a hot topic too among
potential IOT applications. Every year, consumers all across the
globe await the release of Apple’ smartwatch. Apart from this,
there are plenty of other wearable devices that make our life
easy such as the Sony Smart B Trainer, or LookSee bracelet, the
Myo gesture control.
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Definition of Smart Wearables
Smart wearables are consumer-grade, connected electronic
devices that can be worn on the body as an accessory or
embedded into clothing.
These include smartwatches, rings and wristbands, to name a
few, and they all have high processing power and numerous
sophisticated sensors that can glean new health insights.

Wearables is a hot topic in the market, it covers wide range of
purposes ranging from medical, wellness to fitness.
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Smart Wearable Market
The shipment volume of smart wearables globally stood at 266.3
million units in 2020, and it is projected to reach 776.23 million
units by 2026, registering a CAGR of 19.48% during the period
of 2021-2026.
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wearables-market
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Smart Wearable Devices
Watches.
Fitness trackers.
Hearables.
Smart clothing.
Glasses.
Smart jewelry.
Wearable cameras.
Body sensors.
Others
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Wearable Technology in Healthcare
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Future of Wearable Technology
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Wearable Technology in the Future Will Be Seamless and
Convenient.
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IoT Fitness Tracker
IoT-connected devices help you optimize your fitness goals and
track progress.
Fitness trackers track your daily activities like sleeping
patterns, heart rate, patterns of activity, statistics of workouts,
calories burned, and more. These devices do all this through
sensors that collect data from your skin.
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Video: Smart Wearable
The Future of Tech is Wearables (8 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCvwPAZx_o0
Wearable NFTs anyone? Fashion marketplaces selling looks for
the Metaverse (5 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRqjnM2yv-s
Would you pay tens of thousands of bucks to buy clothes that

you could never wear in real life?
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Smart Car
What is Smart Car? Definition, functions, benefits, and more.
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Connected car technology is a vast and an extensive network of
multiple sensors, antennas, embedded software, and
technologies that assist in communication to navigate in our
complex world. It has the responsibility of making decisions
with consistency, accuracy, and speed. It also has to be reliable.
These requirements will become even more critical when
humans give up entirely the control of the steering wheel and
brakes to the autonomous or automated vehicles that are being
successfully tested on our highways right now.
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Smart Car
Connected to various media technologies such as smart phones
or navigation systems, automobiles today are transforming into
so-called 'smart cars’.
Smart cars are not just mechanical devices, but information
media systems.
The smart car is a prosthesis that assists the driver, enhancing
the original function of the car, and provides a new place
environment to the driver by composing a hybrid space where
information space and actual space are fused. T

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What is a Smart Car?
Also known as intelligent cars, smart cars are vehicles that are
equipped with system-driven forms of artificial intelligence.
The underlying concept of the smart car is to free the driver
from many of the mundane tasks associated with driving,
making the act of driving more pleasant.
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Self-driven Cars
Self-driving cars are revolutionizing transportation.
The cars are equipped with many ultrasound sensors, cameras,
precision GPSs, and computers.
The combination of the on-board equipment allows the
computers to identify, other cars, lanes, pedestrians, and
obstructions.
This information allows the car to stay in its lane, stop when
required, and weave around obstructions.
Some of the manufacturers in the "autonomous car" market are
Tesla Motors, General Motors, Volvo, and Mercedes-Benz.
Corporations such as Waymo, Google's sibling, and Uber are
also designing and testing the technology.
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Self-driven Cars
The road to complete autonomy using this technology is
complicated.
There have been many high-profile crashes and some serious
accidents involving self-driving cars.
Some states within the USA have already approved limited use
of self-driving cars but researchers believe it will be a few
years before the technology becomes mainstream.
Once the technology is proven, what is next? Self-driving
trucks? Airplanes? Trains?
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Self-driven Cars
We’ve seen a lot about self-driven cars. Google tried it out,
Tesla tested it, and even Uber produced a version of self-driven
cars that it later shelved.
Since it’s human lives on the roads that we’re dealing with, we
need to ensure the technology has all that it takes to ensure
better safety for the passenger and those on the roads.
The cars use several sensors and embedded systems connected
to the Cloud and the internet to keep generating data and
sending them to the Cloud for informed decision-making
through Machine Learning.
Though it will take a few more years for the technology to
evolve completely and for countries to amend laws and policies,
what we’re witnessing right now is one of the best applications
of IoT.

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Self-driven Cars
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Video: Self Driving Cars
How Do Self-Driving Cars Actually Work? (10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMH8dk9b3yA
Tesla has just launched its new self-driving semi truck, and
other companies like Google and Volvo are hot on their tails in
the self-driving automobile industry. But how do these cars
actually work?
How Does Tesla's Autopilot Work? (9 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECmG0nNJE98
Top 6 Autonomous Vehicles & Companies to watch in 2021-
2022 (11 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdFi3RToOBk
Self-driving technology is the next big thing?
As the development of self-driving cars progresses at a rapid
clip, numerous companies have stated their intentions to market
and sell autonomous automobiles.
Apple, recently announced that it would be producing a self-
driving car for consumers by 2024.
Amazon acquired the start up Zoox recently.

Many companies are working on developing self-driving cars,
software and hardware for autonomous vehicles of all types.
But some are further along in terms of real-world testing and
practical experience than others. Here are the top 6
startups/companies in autonomous driving technology.
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Smart Grid
What is Smart Grid? Definition, functions, benefits, and more.
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Smart Grid
One of the many useful IoT examples, a smart grid, is a holistic
solution that applies an extensive range of Information
Technology resources that enable existing and new gridlines to
reduce electricity waste and cost.
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What Is the Smart Grid?
A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital
technology that is used to supply electricity to consumers via
two-way digital communication.
This system allows for monitoring, analysis, control and
communication within the supply chain to help improve

efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and maximize
the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain.
The technologies that make today’s IoT-enabled energy grid
“smart” include wireless devices such as sensors, radio
modules, gateways and routers.
These devices provide the sophisticated connectivity and
communications that empower consumers to make better energy
usage decisions, allow cities to save electricity and expense,
and enables power authorities to more quickly restore power
after a blackout.
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The global Smart Grid Market size
According to Precedence Research, the smart grid market size is
projected to be worth around US$ 162.4 billion by 2030 and
expanding growth at a CAGR of 18.2% from 2021 to 2030.
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release/2021/12/15/2352520/0/en/Smart-Grid-Market-Size-to-
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Benefits of Smart Grid
Smart grid technology can be expressed in a single sentence: a
new electric grid with two-way communication.
Smart Grid Enables Renewable and efficient Energy Generation
Real time Billing information, Better Predictions, more Reliable

power
Smart grid is resilient, efficient and green which is good
environment
The Smart Grid as the Backbone of the Modern Smart City
Wireless technology will replace thousands of miles of cable
that would have been needed to advance the smart grid to where
it is today.
Working with smart devices and smart home
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Benefits of Smart Grid
Creating smart job opportunities
Reduce fuel costs
The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems.
Utility companies use smart grid technologies to find energy
efficiencies through various means, including monitoring
energy consumption, predicting energy shortages and power
outages, and gathering data on how different individuals and
companies use energy.
The average individual can also use insights from the smart grid
to assess their own energy use and find efficiencies in their
household.
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Why Smart Grid

The growing trend today is for municipalities to move toward
smart grid technologies for a range of reasons.
Need to improve energy usage,
Provide better customer service to their citizens,
Prepare for disasters and upgrade aging technology that is
expensive to maintain
As well, advances in technology have made wireless, both
cellular and RF (radio frequency), affordable and easy to use in
smart grid applications.
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Why Smart Grid
According to Scientific American there are 200,000 miles of
high voltage transmission lines in the United States that
collectively carry more than one million megawatts of
electricity.
The problem for the U.S. is that a lot of this infrastructure was
built in the twentieth century in a multi-billion-dollar project
conceived and executed largely before the invention of the
Internet, and certainly before cellular (and RF technologies)
technology emerged as a viable replacement of expensive cable.
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How Smart Cities Are Adopting Smart Grid Technology
Smart city applications include everything from smart city
lighting, energy management and intelligent traffic management
to water treatment and wastewater management.
Sensors in traffic lights can send information back to a central
authority for decision making.
With intelligent traffic systems, both surface traffic and public

transportation can be managed with routing and traffic lighting
to improve or eliminate congestion.
IoT sensors in streetlights can also adjust off and on timing and
brightness according to real time conditions.
Sensors can also send out an alert if a light needs servicing.
No need to wait for a call from an angry customer complaining
about streetlights being out.
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Application of Smart Grid
fault protection, outage management, dynamic control of
voltage, weather data integration, centralized capacitor bank
control, distribution and substation automation, advanced
sensing, automated feeder reconfiguration.
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Videos for Smart Grid
The Future of Energy: Smart Grid and the Industrial IoT (4 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0ZQc3tJCwQ
The power grid is changing. With the proliferation of renewable
generation technologies and drive to improve demand response,
the grid's current architecture must change to realize the
promise of the IIoT.
The Smart Grid Explained - An Understanding for Everyone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L31dHXP6i0
EPCE, the Energy Providers Coalition for Education
(www.epceonline.org) with Common Craft present this video
intended to provide a simple explanation of what smart grid
does, is capable of and why it's important.

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Industrial IoT (IIoT)
What is Industrial IoT (IIoT)? Definition, functions, benefits,
and more.
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What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the extension
and use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and
applications.
With a strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication, big data, and machine learning, the IIoT
enables industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and
reliability in their operations.
The IIoT encompasses industrial applications, including
robotics, medical devices, and software-defined production
processes.
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Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) market size worldwide
The global market for industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) was
sized at over 263 billion U.S. dollars in 2021. The market is
expected to grow in size in the coming years, reaching some
1.11 trillion U.S. dollars by 2028.

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Application of IIoT
IIoT can be used to monitor and control the heating, lighting,
energy consumption, fire protection, employee safety and many
other systems for multiple buildings from a central location.
The real-time machine data can be transferred to a central cloud
application, using industrial communication networks.
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Use of IIoT by industrial companies
ABB: Smart robotics
Airbus: Factory of the Future
Amazon: Reinventing warehousing
Boeing: Using IoT to drive manufacturing efficiency
Bosch: Track and trace innovator
Caterpillar: An IIoT pioneer
Fanuc: Helping to minimize downtime in factories
Gehring: A pioneer in connected manufacturing
Hitachi: An integrated IIoT approach
John Deere: Self-driving tractors and more
John Deere: Self-driving tractors and more
Shell: Smart oil field innovator
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Benefits of IIoT
Increase productivity and uptime.
Improve process efficiencies.
Accelerate innovation.
Reduce asset downtime.
Enhance operational efficiency.
Create end-to-end operational visibility.
Improve product quality.
Reduce operating costs.
Predictive Maintenance.
Quality Control.
Safer Operating Environment for Workers. ...
Inventory/Supply Chain Management.
Process Optimization.
Customer Satisfaction.
AI Supercharging IIoT.
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Manufactures are using (IIoT)
For supply chain to delivery
For organized view of production,
For process and product data,
For big data analytics and predictive modeling,
For prevent defects and downtime,
For maximize equipment performance,
For cut warranty costs,
For boost production yield and enhance the customer

experience.
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What is difference between IoT and IIoT?
They both connect devices to the internet and make them
smarter.
The difference is that IoT works to make consumers live more
convenient and easier, where IIoT works to increase safety and
efficiency on production facilities.
IoT is B2C (business-to-consumer) and IIoT is B2B (business-
to-business).
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Security considerations and challenges of IIoT
Many security problems associated with the IIoT stem from a
lack of basic security measures in place.
With IIoT implementations, three areas need to be focused on:
availability, scalability, and security.
Security, however, is where many can stumble when integrating
the IIoT into their operations.
Manufacturers should bIIoT adopters have responsibility of
securing the setup and use of their connected devices, but
device manufacturers have the obligation of protecting their
consumers when they roll out their products.
e able to ensure the security of the users and provide preventive
measures or remediation when security issues arise.
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IIoT - The 4th Industrial Revolution
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Video: IIoT
What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)? (9 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmbUJEShA-8
IIoT vs Digital Transformation vs Industry 4.0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-ALemUcgsU
We get this question so often that we decided to make a video to
explain what is IIoT? What is Industry 4.0? And what is Digital
Transformation? And how do they relate!
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IoT Smart Retail Shop
What is IoT Smart retail shop? Definition, functions, benefits,
and more.
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What is smart retail in IoT?
In the future, data gathered in stores has unlimited potential in
helping retailers improve operational efficiency, better

understand their customers and deliver personalized
experiences: dynamic pricing, personalized offers and
customized products and services.
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Applications of IoT technology for Retail
The installation of WiFi trackers in commercial spaces allows
you to collect and record the unique signal that each phone
sends in the search for WiFi network and use that information to
track the customer through an area and build a profile around
their buying habits.
For example, we can collect:
Time that customers smartphone has waited on the checkout line
What time customer came in
What time customer left
Doors used by customers
Areas of the store visited by customers
Customer stay time in each area
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Meshlium Scanner
Small Tracker
Medium Tracker
Carbon Dioxide Monitor
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IoT in retail industry
The use of IoT in retail industry is tightly connected to GPS and
RFID technologies that help brands track products through the

entire supply chain process.
It gives retailers the visibility they need to monitor product
movement, conditions and track location as well as predict a
precise delivery time.
Amazon.com alone made an incredible leap from an average of
2 billion monthly visitors in 2019 to 2.3 billion in 2020 and a
record 2.8 billion in February 2021.
Today’s technology has the capability to break the wall between
brand, product, and customer. Many brands have already started
turning to IoT in retail which is expected to grow to $94.44
billion through 2025.
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IoT Market in Retail Applications
NEW YORK, Feb. 21, 2022 /PRNewswire/ --
The Internet of Things (IoT) market in retail applications is
expected to grow by USD 44.80 bn from 2021 to 2026,
according to Technavio.
However, the growth momentum of the market will decelerate at
a CAGR of 16.48%.
Technavio analyzes the market by technology (RFID, sensors,
NFC, cloud services, and others) and geography (APAC, North
America, Europe, MEA, and South America).
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iot-market-in-retail-applications-to-grow-by-usd-44-80-bn--
technavio-301485763.html
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Advantages of using IoT in Retail

Reduce inventory costs.
Improve customer satisfaction.
Automate your inventory control.
Facilitate inventory control.
Keep track of your margins.
Improve your forecasting.
Adopt a just-in-time relationship with suppliers.
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The role of Internet of Things in retail industry
The concept of IoT opens a wide range of opportunities in many
fields, including transportation, healthcare, workplace, and
retail.
These two most common applications of IoT in retail sector give
a general idea of how this technology can be used in this space:
Data gathering and sharing. Using sensors, retail IoT devices,
products and environments can collect important data on an
entire product and shopping lifecycle. After this data is
processed and analyzed, it is transformed into valuable insights
that help retail managers make informed decisions and improve
retail experience and operations
Acting based on collected data. IoT-enabled machines and
connected stores can be partially or fully automated to drive
efficiency, sustainability and resilience to retail operations and
processes.
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industry/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20IoT%20in,predict%20a
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Retail Applications
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IoT Retail Shops
If you haven’t already seen the video of Amazon, Go – the
concept store from the eCommerce giant, you should check it
out right away. Perhaps this is the best use of the technology in
bridging the gap between an online store and a retail store.
The retail store allows you to go cashless by deducting money
from your Amazon wallet.
It also adds items to your cart in real-time when you pick
products from the shelves.
If you change your mind and pick up another article, the
previous one gets deleted and replaces your cart with the new
item.
The best part of the concept store is that there is no cashier to
bill your products.
You don’t have to stand in line but just step out after you pick
up your products from shelves. If this technology is effective
enough to fetch more patronage, this is sure to become a norm
in the coming years.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
Personalized communications based on IoT-collected data

Target uses IoT-based beacons to collect user data and send
hyper-personalized content.
A visitor can download a Target mobile app for iOS and
Android and get product recommendations corresponding to the
department they are shopping in.
The system of notifications operates like a newsfeed, where all
content is sorted by relevance based on the part of the store the
user’s exploring.
This way, Target successfully shifts the focus to the customer,
manages to communicate with in-store visitors more efficiently,
and cuts the idle browsing time.
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Optimizing product usage
Rolls Royce uses the Internet of Things to improve the
maintenance of its aircraft engines.
The brand collects data about the state of an engine on a daily
basis and alerts clients as soon as there’s a need for active
maintenance.
This way, end-users can avoid damage while the brand receives
important information on product usage to further improve
design and performance.
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Monitor and predict in-store wait times
Disney World has introduced its first IoT-enabled wearable

MagicBand to provide guests with better service, manage lines,
automate payment and guest management, etc.
Today's MagicBand offers guests a wide range of features for
exciting immersive experiences around Disney World and soon
also in Disneyland.
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Using wearables for loyalty programs
Wearable technology has been a known success for fitness and
healthcare.
However, wearable IoT application in retail is not limited to
tracking location data.
In fact, retail companies can benefit from using wearables in
many different ways, for example, to identify loyal clients and
provide extra services.
Hotels use wristbands to identify premium guests and offer
bonuses and discount programs for their stay.
Wristbands are a non-invasive way to offer a loyalty program
and say ‘thank you’ to those who have supported the brand for a
long time.
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industry/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20IoT%20in,predict%20a
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Keep the customer updated on the product delivery status

ParceLive is a shipment tracking service that allows users to
monitor parcels in real-time.
The company tracks deliveries with built-in GPS trackers and
collects data on shipping speed, conditions and location.
Using the data from a combination of sensors, the company can
even alert clients if their package was dropped or potentially
damaged.
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Future Retail Shopping
Innovations like the Internet of Things (IoT), AI and robotics
are transforming our world in endlessly inventive ways.
One sector experiencing a massive impact from this tech is
retail – IoT features, and functions are endlessly evolving to
meet the shifting demands of the next generations of shoppers.
The future of retail will feature a high level of online
penetration.
The best suppliers will establish direct-to-consumer
relationships, where retailers will no longer serve as the
gatekeeper to the customer.
Walmart Metaverse Shopping envisions a more complicated
online shopping experience is an example for future retail
shops!
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shoppers/
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The future of retail is on the Internet of Things
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things/
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Video: IoT Smart Retail Shop
Amazon Go – SNL (3 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS9U3Gc832Y
A commercial advertises a new grab-and-go shopping
experience.
An Inside Look At How Amazon Go Works (10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo89Ed-PYQ8
An Inside Look At How Amazon Go Works In this video, we
break down An Inside Look At How Amazon Go Works.
This is how
Walmart envisions Shopping in the Metaverse! (3
min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6UYGwPaLf8
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IoT Smart Traffic Management
What is IoT Smart Traffic Management? Definition, functions,

benefits, and more.
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How IoT is used in traffic management?
Sensors installed in key locations may collect data on high-
traffic crossings and areas where cars are diverted using IoT
technology.
Big data may be used to further analyze this information and
determine alternate routes, as well as improve traffic signals to
reduce congestion.
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U.S. smart Traffic Management System Market
The global intelligent traffic management system market size
was valued at USD 9.70 billion in 2021 and is expected to
expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.1%
from 2022 to 2030.
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Benefits IoT for Traffic Management
Enhance Customer Experience.
Improved Safety.
Operational Performance.
Environmental Improvements.

Traffic Management.
Toll and Ticketing.
Connected Cars.
Vehicle Tracking Systems.
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How is the Internet of things being used in Traffic management?
One of the most significant infrastructure challenges faced by
emerging countries today is traffic management.
Developed nations and smart cities are already taking advantage
of IoT to reduce traffic congestion.
Smart traffic management, includes elements such as smart
parking sensors, smart lighting, smart roads, and smart accident
aid, among others.
Managing Traffic Lights
Management and Prevention of Road - Accidents
Cameras and Sensors
Parking with Insight
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Video: Smart Traffic Management
AI Based IoT Road Safety and Traffic Management (6 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UekJZEaw9Ec
Vehicle tracking and traffic data collection are of great
significance with applications in intelligent traffic management,
law enforcement, road infrastructure development as well as
intelligent cities.

Smart Traffic Management System Using Internet of Things (2
min student project)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiVn1a2yTEE
We are presenting an innovation project for the betterment of
our existing traffic regulation and surveillance system. The
project will watch the traffic density and according to that it
will operate the signals.
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More IoT Applications
IoT Sensors
IoT Data Analytics
IoT Tracking and Monitoring System
IoT Connected Factory
IoT Supply Chain Management
IoT in Transportation
IoT - Advanced Advertising
IoT Water/ Waste Management
IoT in Education
IoT Identity Protection
IoT in Banking
IoT in Government
IoT in Defense
IoT Environmental
IoT Law Enforcement
IoT Asst tracking
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IoT Environmental Monitoring Application
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a. Waste Management
b. Vehicle Tracking
d. Extreme Weather
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IoT Environmental Monitoring Application
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Powerful, advanced systems currently used for weather
forecasting allow deep monitoring, but they suffer from using
broad instruments, such as radar and satellites. These
instruments that are used for small details lack the accurate
targeting potential for smart technology.
Now, through the new IoT advances, the IoT system promises
more data that fine-grain, better flexibility, and accuracy.
Effective weather forecasting procedures require high detail as
well as flexibility in instrument type, range, and deployment.

This results in early responses to prevent loss of life and
property through early detection.
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IoT Law Enforcement Applications
Court System
Policing
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Law enforcement can be hard. IoT acts as a device of regulation
enforcement that helps reduce exertions and decisions on people
through better information, statistics sharing, and superior
automation. IoT systems shave expenses with the aid of
reducing human labor in certain regions along with positive
traffic violations.
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Conclusion
The above applications of the Internet of Things give us only a
partial picture of the enormous potential of this technology.
Creating smart connected systems in home, city, health, farms
and other areas provides a great many benefits for citizens
around the world, not only to improve quality of life, but also to
ensure sustainability and the best possible use of resources.
The quality of smart applications are dependent on a unified
approach from government as well as the private sector and
users themselves.
With the correct support and infrastructure, however, smart
applications can use advances such as the Internet of Things to
enhance the lives of residents and create joined-up living
solutions for the growing global relationship.

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References/Video Clips
INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 8: Fall 2022
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
[email protected]
1
Internet of Things Sensors, Gateway, Hardware and Software
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UoNA-ST560-SUM-2022, Internet of Things (IoT)
Contents
Introduction
IoT Sensors
What is sensor?
Smart Sensor Network
Sensor Market
IoT Hardware
IoT Actuator

IoT Gateway
Raspberry Pi and Arduino
IoT Software
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
IoT Sensors, hardware and software are the most important parts
of IoT ecosystems.
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors, which
are becoming widely available.
Sensors play an important role in creating solutions using IoT
and IIoT.
Sensors are devices that detect external information, replacing it
with a signal that humans and machines can distinguish.
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Introduction
IoT hardware involves the tangible components and devices
used to enable connectivity, such as IoT sensors, computer
chips, actuators, cables, smart devices and devices for routing,
bridges, etc.
These IoT devices manage key tasks and functions such as

system activation, security, action specifications,
communication, and detection of support-specific goals and
actions.
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action
through platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and
middleware.
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Sensors
1
5
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5
What is sensor?
Sensors are devices, which help in interacting with the physical
environment.
The data collected by the sensors must be stored and processed
intelligently in order to derive useful inferences from it.
Note that we broadly define the term sensor; a cell phone or
even a microwave oven can count as a sensor if it provides
inputs about its current state (internal state + environment).

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What is IoT Sensor?
In general, a sensor is a device that measures physical input
from its environment and converts it into data that can be
interpreted by either a human or a machine.
Sensors enable the Internet of Things (IoT) by collecting the
data for smarter decisions.
Therefore, IoT sensor data is the data collected by devices
found on the Internet of Things (IoT).
These devices can be anything are used to sense Light, Sound,
Heat , Pressure, Images etc.
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Market Size of IoT Sensors
People use IoT sensors to measure temperature, Humidity,
pressure, Motion Detection, Accelerometer, Gyroscope sensors,
Distance Sensors, Light Sensors. Optical Sensors and IR
Sensor/Infrared Sensor.
The IoT Market size was valued at USD 300.3 billion in 2021
and is projected to grow USD 650.5 billion by 2026, at a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.7% from 2021 to
2026.
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Position of Sensors in IoT System
Protocol
Sensors
Communications
Networks
Position of Sensors in IoT Systems
Sensors, Gateway, Communication and Protocols
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Understanding IoT Sensors: the Basics
Sensors convert various forms of physical energy into electrical
energy, allowing microcontrollers, Raspberry Pi and Arduino to
read changes in the physical world.
Measure soil Moisture with Arduino – Gardening
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The simplest sensors read changes in mechanical energy,
usually by moving electrical contacts.
For example, the pushbutton or switch converts mechanical
energy (e.g., your finger’s press) into electrical energy by
closing a connection between two metal contacts.

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The potentiometer is another sensor that reads mechanical
energy changes: a metal contact called a wiper slides along a
resistor, effectively short circuiting the resistor into two halves
and creating a voltage divider circuit.
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Analog and Digital Sensors:
Analog sensors are much different than digital sensors and
typically have less features.
Analog sensors create analog signals from the quantity that is
sensed. In comparison, digital sensors produce digital signals
when performing a measurement.
The most common types of analog sensors include sound
sensors, light sensors, temperature sensors, and pressure
sensors.
Typical example of a digital sensor can be a door sensor, which
gives the output in two states either normally closed (NC) when
the door is open or normally open (NO) when the door is
closed.
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Before using sensors:
First you should know the range of the sensor which can read
and deliver.
Second you should know the range of possible values your
application requires.
Light Dependent Resistors, LDR
Moisture Sensor
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Resistive Sensors
Many sensors work by converting the energy they read into a
changing electrical resistance by using a variably resistive
material at their heart.
For example, force sensors and stretch sensors are made of a
partially conductive rubber.
Force sensors
Stretch sensors
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976
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Optical Sensors
Light is used in many sensors in a variety of ways.
Light-emitting diodes, light-dependent resistors, and
phototransistors can be combined to sense dust, measure
distance, or determine reflected color.
Light is also used in some ranging sensors to determine distance
from a sensor to a target.
https://vimeo.com/album/2801639/video/102042976#t=3m41s
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Ranging Sensors
Many sensors measure movement or distance indirectly, by
sending out a pulse of light or sound and reading the reflected
signal when it bounces off a target.
These are called ranging sensors because they read a range of
distance.
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Data Sheets
When you shop for sensors, you need to look at the data sheet to
learn how they operate.

Click
18
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Data Sheets
The data sheet will usually include the following essential facts:
a text description of the sensor and its operation;
a pin diagram to tell you what pins perform what functions;
a table of electrical characteristics that tells you what the
supply voltage is, what the operating current is, and what the
output is, along with other electrical and physical properties;
a graph or conversion formula that relates the input energy to
the output energy;
a mechanical description of the sensor itself.
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Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
Once you understand how a sensor works and what its output
will be, you should connect it to your microcontroller and write
a simple program to read the output.
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Using a Sensor With a Microcontroller
Don’t jump right into writing a complex program.

Write the smallest program necessary to read the sensor’s
changing values and output them for debugging purposes.
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Desirable functions for sensor nodes
ease of installation
self-identification
self-diagnosis
reliability
time awareness for coordination with other nodes
some software functions and DSP (digital signal processing)
standard control protocols and network interfaces
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Smart Sensor Network
Smart sensor network, is a network consist of several smart
equipment called “Node” which distribute in different places to
do a special task with an especial goal.

Wireless sensor network
Sensor Node
Gateway
Router
Wired sensor network
Sensor Node
Gateway
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Objectives for smart sensors
Moving the intelligence closer to the point of measurement
Making it cost effective to integrate and maintain distributed
sensor systems
Creating a confluence of transducers, control, computation, and
communications towards a common goal
Seamlessly interfacing numerous sensors of different types
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An architecture of a smart sensor
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Sensor networks
Sensor networks are the key to gathering the information needed
by smart environments, whether in buildings, utilities,
industrial, home, shipboard, transportation systems automation,
or elsewhere.
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Wireless sensor networks
Wireless Networks connect any devices or computer using radio
waves, infrared, or any other wireless media.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
The networks typically run Low Power Devices
Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of
sensors (or actuators)
Dr Payam Barnaghi, Dr Chuan H Foh Centre for
Communication Systems Research lectronic Engineering
Department University of Surrey
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complexity of wireless sensor networks
Data Acquisition
Data Distribution
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensors should be many, small and cheap
Limited resources – memory, CPU and energy
Should be able to operate unattended, for many years
Recharging the battery is too difficult or too costly
Most of the energy is consumed by the communication

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IoT and Wireless Sensor Networks
Integrate cars into the IoT, let them communicate!
Special case of vehicular networks
Cars are more and more intelligent devices
Tons of sensors: engine temperature, brake temperature, tire
pressure, parking radars, wheel speed, rain, detection, fuel
consumption, seat occupancy, etc...
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Note
Security of the sensors leads to the security of the Internet
network.
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32
Top 10 Arduino-Sensors with Projects for Beginners
Click
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IoT Definition with focus on sensing
Internet of Things devices is the aggregation of all the sensing
modules that are linked to the Cloud – either directly or through
a gateway.
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Sensing technology
Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Nanotechnology
MEMS devices smaller than 1 mm
Accelerometers, gyroscopes, microphones integrated into
smartphones, digital cameras, cars, etc.
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Example: Sensing technology
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Example: wide range of Cell Phone sensors
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Example: Light Dependent Resistance (LDR)
LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the
brightness of the light falling on it.
It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness,
but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness
illuminated.
It responds to a large part of light spectrum.
LDR is placed as potential divider circuit so that output voltage
will vary according to its resistance or light falling on it.
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Example: Thermistor
Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors.
Two types available NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient)
and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).
PTC is used in all kit which uses CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) e.g.,
T.V., monitor in series with Degassing coil.
All conductor and semi-conductor resistance is affected by heat.
You can use any semiconductor device such as transistor, diode
etc. as NTC type thermistor.
For PTC type thermistor you can use thin wire of many turn for
e.g. you can also use small step-down transformers primary
connection.
Thermistor are inexpensive device.

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DHT11 Temperature/Humidity Sensor
Specification
40
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Sensors and IoT Market
The high demand and the production of sensor hardware on the
IoT makes objects economical in entering sensor sets.
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Sensor Market
The major factors driving the growth of the IoT sensors market
include development of cheaper, smarter, and smaller sensors.
The cost of internet-connected sensors is coming down
A lot more money is being poured into the IoT
Expanded internet connectivity
High adoption of "remotes," especially smartphones
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Sensors and IoT Market
Sensors as the infrastructure, are leading and shaping the IoT
market.
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43
Wearable Electronic Market in 5 categories
http://www.yole.fr/iso_upload/Samples/Yole_IoT_June_2014_S
ample.pdf
Wearable electronics is a new big opportunity for sensors
1
2
3
4
5
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Transducer, Sensor and Actuator
Transducer
a device that converts a primary form of energy into a
corresponding signal with a different energy form

Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic,
optical, chemical, etc.
take form of a sensor or an actuator
Sensor (e.g., thermometer)
a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus
acquires information from the “real world”
Actuator (e.g., heater)
a device that generates a signal or stimulus
real
world
sensor
actuator
intelligent
feedback
system
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45
Sensor Systems
Typically interested in electronic sensor
convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
General Electronic Sensor
primary transducer: changes “real world” parameter into
electrical signal
secondary transducer: converts electrical signal into analog or
digital values
usable

values
real
world
analog
signal
primary
transducer
secondary
transducer
sensor
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Sensor Systems
Typical Electronic Sensor System
Sensor
Input signal
(measured)
microcontroller
signal processing
communication
sensor data
analog/digital
Network
display
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Sensor and smart Sensor
Sensor collect and process data to detect the changes in physical
status of things.
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Smart Sensors
A smart sensor is a sensor that provides extra functions beyond
those necessary for generating a correct representation of the
sensed quantity.
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Smart Sensors
The smart environment needs information about its
surroundings as well as about its internal workings.
To collect and process data to detect the changes in physical
status of things.
Sensory data comes from multiple sensors of different
modalities in distributed locations.
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IoT Sensing
The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects
within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse,
database, or cloud.
The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on
required services.
The IoT sensors can be smart sensors, actuators or wearable
sensing devices.
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How Sensor work
https://giphy.com/search/temprature-sensor
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How Sensor work
S
e
N
S

O
r
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Example: WATER SENSOR ALARM USING LM380
This is a Water Sensor Alarm Circuit for warn the water level,
by when sensor point touch the water or the rain.
The circuit have a voice loud warn here immediately.
By this circuit uses the integrated circuit LM380 , usual use be
power amplifier IC the small-sized , seek buy easy , be usable
not difficult. For friend's loudspeaker choose use 8 ohm small-
sized all right. For power supply source 9V sizes arrive at 12V
all right. The detail is other , see in the circuit better yes.
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IoT Sensors types
Noise levels;
The presence or absence of certain kinds of objects;
Mechanical stress levels on attached objects;
The current characteristics such as speed, direction, and size of
an object.
There are many types of sensors depending upon the type of
sensing required
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Different types of sensors
Radar
Lidar
Polaroid Sonar
Electrostatic Ultrasonic
Scanning Laser Detector
Sonar
Ground Radar
Sick Laser
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Different types of sensors
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MultiSensor 6
UV sensor

Vibration sensor
Humidity sensor
Light sensor
Temperature sensor
Motion sensor
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Example: Motion sensor
Motion sensor is perfect for more than just an intelligent
security system.
With a 5-meter range and a 120° field of view, MultiSensor 6
captures motion data that can be used for everything from
security to heating management to energy saving.
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Sensors in smart home
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barometric pressure sensor- to capture and adjust interior
conditions of their apartment.
Motion activated sensors – As the name implies, these types of

home security sensors are used to detect an intruder’s presence.
Glass break Sensors – Once a window is broken the smart house
sensor sends a signal back to your smart home panel.
Door contacts – Once armed, a signal is sent to the smart home
control panel if the door is opened.
Windows contacts – Operates in a similar manner to door
contacts and sends notifications to smart house control systems.
These sensors are basically used to enhance your windows home
security levels
Microphone- to provide sound information.
Microphone near the sink to detect and classify major activities
occurring within a bathroom including showering, brushing of
teeth, washing hands, flushing, and urination.
Clearly in spaces such as bathrooms where the use of video
sensors is not socially acceptable, sounds could provide an
alternative source of information.
60
A smart home refers to a residence augmented with sensors to
observe the environment and devices/actuators to provide
proactive services with the goal to improve the occupant’s
experience.
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Programmers need to include the corresponding header file,
instantiate the sensor class they need and then manipulate the
object.
The next step is to activate and open the chosen sensor.
Then, it starts retrieving data. When it detects changes greater
than the default threshold, it means that an unexpected activity
is happening.
So, it triggers the buzzer from the alarm service.
62
IoT Wearable Sensors
Physiological sensors on IoT
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Wearable Sensors: Medical services example
Information
interventions
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Figure illustration of a remote health monitoring system base on
wearable sensors.
Health related information is gathered via body-worn wireless
sensors and transmitted to the caregiver via an information
gateway such as a mobile phone. Caregivers can use this

information to implement interventions as need
64
IoT
Hardware
2
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65
What is IoT Hardware?
Hardware plays an essential role in successfully rolling out an
IoT solution.
IoT hardware involves the tangible components and devices
used to enable connectivity, such as IoT sensors, computer
chips, gateways, actuators, cables, edge devices and smart
devices (such as cellphone and tablet).
IoT devices help to facilitate the flow of data through a
manufacturer's technology stack, enabling organizations to use
machine data at every level and department of the organization.
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IoT Hardware: Actuator, Gateway, …

Sensor
Gateway
Cloud
D2D
Wireless Communication
D2D
D2D
Actuator
End user
Smart Phone
Web
Input
Smart Device
OR
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Example of IoT Hardware: Actuator
An actuator is a device that is used to effect a change in the
environment such as the temperature controller of an air

conditioner.
The three main types of actuators are pneumatic (air pressure),
hydraulic (fluid pressure) and electric.
The most common kind of actuator is an electrical one which
can take electrical energy from DC or AC and turn it into
mechanical energy.
Because this is a clean and easily available technology,
electrical actuators are popular for many types of industry and
things like multi-turn valves.
Electrical Actuator
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Example of IoT Hardware: Gateway
An Internet of Things (IoT) gateway is a physical device or
software program that serves as the connection point between
the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices.
IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between
different networks and protocols.
Another function of gateway is to translate different network
protocols and make sure interoperability of the connected
devices and sensors.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-
internet-of-things/
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What is an IoT Gateway Device?
An IoT gateway device bridges the communication gap between
IoT devices, sensors, equipment, systems and the cloud.
By systematically connecting the field and the cloud, IoT
gateway devices offer local processing and storage solutions, as
well as the ability to autonomously control field devices based
on data input by sensors.
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IoT Gateway
Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the
collected data from thousands of sensors locally before
transmitting it to the next stage.
In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to compatibility of
TCP/IP protocol.
IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and
transmitted data with higher order encryption techniques.
It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect
the system from malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-
internet-of-things/
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IoT Gateway
IoT gateways perform several critical functions such as

device connectivity,
protocol translation,
data filtering and processing, security,
updating,
management and more.
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What to Look Out for in IoT Gateway Manufacturers
There are a few things you need to consider about your IoT
gateway device before purchasing one.
Network Security
Downtime
Connectivity Issues
Remote Updates
Power
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How to Secure an IoT Gateway
There are three key core principles of security - confidentiality,
integrity and authentication.
You will need to ensure that all communications between the
gateway and devices are meeting each of the three principles
while communication is happening in the internal and external
networks.
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How to Secure an IoT Gateway
It is also worth noting that the gateway is often the first to be
attacked because of two reasons:
It has a higher processing power, which it can use to run more
intensive applications. More power means better software, but
better software means more vulnerabilities for a hacker to
exploit.
Because of its location as an Edge device between the internet
and the intranet, the gateway is the point of entry for any threat
vector (as well as a system’s first line of defense).
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Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi
What is Raspberry Pi
The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board
computers developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry
Pi Foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer
science in schools and in developing countries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi
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Example of IoT Hardware: Raspberry Pi 400
Raspberry Pi 400 is your complete personal computer, built into
a compact keyboard.

Featuring a quad-core 64-bit processor, 4GB of RAM, wireless
networking, dual-display output, and 4K video playback, as well
as a 40-pin GPIO header, it's the most powerful and easy-to-use
Raspberry Pi computer built into a neat and portable keyboard.
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Raspberry Pi 400 is powerful
For teachers. For learners.
Raspberry Pi 400 is the perfect educational tool for students of
all ages.
Low-cost and portable, it is ideal for home study, and for
teaching computing concepts like programming, physical
computing, and networking.
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Example: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B?
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Different tapes of Raspberry Pi

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