immunology presentation

1. WELCOME

2. Presented by Presented to
Md Robel Ahmed Forhad Karim Saikot
Roll No 140603 Assistant professor
Dept. OF Dept. OF
Genetic engineering and Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology Biotechnology

3.  Immunity and immune response
 components of immune system
 Types of immunity
 components of innate immunity
 Mechanism of innate immunity
 Adaptive immunity
 Details of T cell
 Details of b cell
 Immune response
 Humoral and cell mediated immunity
 process of antibody mediated response
 Lymphoid organs

4.  Types of lymphoid organ
 cell surface Marker
 Inflammation
 Mechanism of inflammation
 NK CELL AND ITS ACTIVITY
 Phagocytosis
 process of Phagocytosis

5. Immunity and immune responses
 The state of protection from infectious disease
 Defense mechanisms via immune
systems and its production.
 Activation of our protection
from foreign macromolecules or invading
organisms.

6. Components of the Immune System
Antibodies[immunoglobulin]
produced by B cell , Bind with antigen of pathogen
Basophils
White blood cells, produce histamine
involved in allergic reaction
chemotaxis
process uses chemical substance
attract pathogen to specific site
Cytokines
protein molecule secreted by immune cell
act as immune system's messenger
help to regulate immune response

7.  Dendritic cell
derived from white blood cells.
help T cell to recognize foreign cell
 Helper T cell
Help B cell to produce antibodies against pathogen
stimulate macrophage
Ingest pathogen
 Human Leukocyte Antigen[HLA]
Identification molecule located on cell surface
Unique for each person
 Interleukin
messenger secreted from WBC
affect other WBC

8. Macrophages
Develop from monocytes
Help T cell to identify microorganism
Ingest bacteria and other foreign cell
present in lungs , skin, liver
Major histocompatibility complex[MHC]
Mast cell
Release histamine and other substance
Involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction

9. TYPES OF IMMUNITY
.
Innate Immunity Adaptive immunity

10. Components of innate immunity
 Mechanical Barriers;
Skin & mucous membrane
 Chemical Barriers;
1. Acidic gastric secretions
2. Low pH of the skin
3. Lysozyme
4. Gastric & Duodenal enzymes
5. Antibodies & inhibitors
6. Interferon
7. Complement protein
8. Antimicrobial peptides
 Phagocytosis
 Inflammation (Microphage)
 Acute-phase proteins

11. Mechanism of Innate Immunity

12. Adaptive Immunity
 Acquired immune system
 Highly specific to a specific antigen
 Slower response
 Need help from other cells to see pathogen
related proteins
 Make tools to target specific antigen
 Remember infection
 B-cells , T-cells and Antibodies

13. Details of T-Cell
 T-cell lymphocytes is THYMUS(maturation) derived cells.
 It constitutes almost 80% of human peripheral lymphocytes.
T-cell
Helper
Cytotoxic
suppressor
Natural killer T-cell
Memory

14. Details of B- cell
 bone marrow(maturation) derived cells.
 constitutes almost 10% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
 produced in the bone marrow and are migrated to secondary lymphoid organs and
tissues for maturation.
B-cell
Memory cell
Plasma cell

15. Humoral or antibody
mediated
.
Cell mediated
response
Types of Immune
response
Mechanism by which, our body
recognizes and defends itself against
bacteria,
viruses, and substances that appear
foreign and harmful to the body.

16.  Uses antibodies in extracellular fluid.
 such as mucous secretions, blood plasma, and lymph to combat
antigens.
 antibodies, produced from B cells,
 primarily attack bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses that
invade body fluids.
 They also attack transplanted tissues.
B-cell
antigen-
antibody
complex
Clonal
selection
differentiatio
n
Plasma B-cell
Memory B-
cell

17. Virus inters into
immune system
Antibody coated
the virus
So virus cannot
infect new cell
Trapped virus is
destroyed

18.  Centered by T-cell lymphocytes
 attack foreign organisms rather than using antibodies.
 effective against helminthes, fungi, and protozoa.

19. Cell mediated Immune response

20. Lymphoid Organs
Stationed throughout the body.
 Concerned with the growth, development & differentiation of
lymphocytes.
 Interconnected by the blood vessels & lymphatic vessels.
 Involved in specific as well as non-specific immunity.

21. Types of Lymphoid Organs
a. Primary lymphoid organ
 The thymus
 Mammalian ‘‘bursa equivalents’’
 Bone marrow
b. Secondary lymphoid organ
 The lymphatic system
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen

22. Cell Surface Marker
 A surface protein, glycoprotein, or group of proteins that distinguish a cell or subset of
cells from another defined subset of cells.
 Act as antigenic determinant.
For example, T cell and B cell surface markers identify their lineage and stage in the
differentiation process.

23. Inflammation
 Biological response of body against harmful stimulation
 Limits the spread of infections.
 involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
 eliminate the initial cause of cell injury.
 Initiate tissue repair.
 considered as a mechanism of innate immunity,

24. Mechanism of Inflammation

25. Natural killer cell
 type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
 provide rapid responses to viral-infected cells.
 triggering cytokine release, causing lysis or apoptosis.
 kill cells that are missing "self" markers of MHC class 1.
 MHC I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by other immune cells, such as T
lymphocyte cells.

26. Activity of NK Cells

27. PHAGOCYTOSIS
 process by which a cell often a phagocyte or a protist engulfs a solid particle.
 form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome.
Steps:
i) Oxygen dependent degradation: depends on NADPH and the
production of reactive oxygen species.
ii) Oxygen independent degradation: depends on the release of
granules, containing photolytic enzymes such as defensis lysozyme, and
cationic proteins.

28. Process of Phagocytosis

29. Concept &Design
Robel Ahmed