About the Sediment

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Fundamentals of Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering
(AGL308)
Mr. Rohitashv Nagar
Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy
School of Agricultural Sciences
Career Point University, Kota (Raj.)

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Lecture-3
Sediment

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Sediment: A fragmented material originated due to physical/
chemical disintegration of rock and transported by air/ water.

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Sources of sediment:
Mostly from erosion
 From catchment
 Land slide
 Stream bank
 Gully erosion
 Flood occurrence

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Factors affecting sediment yield
A. Watershed factor:
Size and shape of watershed play a major role in sediment yield,
larger watershed contribute more compared to smaller one
Fern shaped watershed yields less compare to fan shaped
watershed.
 Soil type:
Coarse textured soil gets detached easily as compared to fine
textured soil, but the transportation ability is just the reverse

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Land slope:
It increases the runoff velocity and thereby energy to carry
the stuffs.
Vegetal cover:
It decreases the sediment carrying capacity.

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B. CLIMATIC FACTORS:
Temperature:
Atmospheric temperature reduces soil moisture, making wind
erosion to play a major role.
Nature of precipitation:
Snow fall does not cause much erosion, as it is melted water is
absorbed by soil and does not make it effective for runoff.

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Sediment Transportation
Transportation of Sediment (cumulatively known as yield) begins
by the action of falling of rain drops during storms occurrence.

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Processes of Sediment transportation
• Sediment transportation process occurs in three (3) different categories.
 Saltation:
• Saltation occurs in relatively coarser sediment, transported by bed load slide,
rolling and short skips.
 Suspension:
• Transportation of small size sediment particles by flowing fluid in suspension
form.
• Saltation process changes to suspension, when particles size are small.
 Surface creep:
• For large size sediment particles, transported by creeping along the stream bed.

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Sediment load
• Total amount of sediment carried by runoff/stream flow – are
four (4) different types.
 Contact load
 Saltation load
 Suspended load
 Bed load

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• Contact load:
 Sediments moving along the stream bed by the action of
rolling or sliding process. it is always in contact with stream
bed.
• Saltation load:
 a transition stage between bed load and suspended load
characterized by bouncing of sediment particles along stream
bed small particles of sand and gravel are moved in this
fashion.

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• Suspended load :
Very fine particles move in suspension form along with flowing
fluid. Based on size of sediment, they are classified as
 Coarse sediment (> 0.20 mm)
 Medium sediment (< 0.20 > 0.075 mm)
 Fine sediment ( < 0.075 mm)

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• Bed Load:
 Large size sediment, transportation by
rolling/sliding/action on/near stream bed (depends on stream
velocity)
 Saltation is intensified when there is increment in flow velocity
 Transportation of bed load is the last and final stage of
suspended load

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