3. INTRODUCTION TO SOIL EROSION
Definition :
Soil erosion is the detachment, transport & deposition of soil particle on land
surface - termed as loss of soil.
Measured as mass /unit area - tonne/ha or Kg/sq.m
Soil loss is of interest primarily On-site effect of erosion such as loss of crop
productivity.
Off site effect of erosion are siltation in ditches, streams , reservoirs.
Sediment generated by erosion processes are prime carrier of agricultural
chemicals that pollutes stream or lakes.
4. SOIL EROSION PROBLEM
Soil is the most precious gift of nature –Prime resource -for food,
fodder etc. -Soil mismanaged = less productivity.
In India, more than 100 million hectares -soil degraded.
Ab ou t 17 tones/ha soil detached annually->20% of this is transported
by river to sea -10% deposited in reservoir results 1 to 2% loss off
storage capacity.
Soil erosion deteriorates soil quality & reduces productivity of natural,
agricultural & forest ecosystem.
Soil erosion deteriorates quality of water.
Increased sedimentation causes reduction of carrying capacity of
water bodies.
11. MECHANISM OF EROSION
Begins with raindrops striking bare soil dislodging particles.
Intense rains seal surface.
W H E N r a i n f a l l exceeds infiltration water is stored in small depressions.
O N C E depressions are filled, runoff begins.
INITIALLY water flows in a discontinuous sheet.
Eventually it concentrates into small channels or rills.
T h e runoff now has energy to break off particles and cut deeper.
T h e amount of erosion caused by sheet and rill erosion increases with
slope and distance.
Rills may eventually form gullies.
12. SOIL EROSION PARAMETERS
S o i l erosion – function of:
Erosivity – ability to erode : depends on rainfall.
Erodibility – Resistance offered to restrict erosion
(property of soil)
Topography – property of land.
Management – contributed by man.
Erodibility: Detachability & transportability.
Topography: Slope, length, relation to other land
Management: Land use & crop management.
13. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
Geological erosion, Natural erosion & Erosion from activities of
human & animals.
Geological erosion: -Soil forming anddistribution-Long time process
H u m a n and animal: Tillage, removal of plants and Tillage, removal
of plants and other vegetation- accelerated erosion
Stream bank erosion
Landslide, Volcanic eruption, flooding
W a t e r and wind: major factors of soil erosion
15. SURFACE EROSION BY WATER
• It is caused by the action of
rain water , which removes the
soil byfallingasrain dropsas well
as by its surface slope action.
17. WATER EROSION
SPLASH EROSION
1. This type of soil erosion occurs when the falling drops splash on
the soil.
SHEET EROSION
1. Thesoil is removed in small but uniform amounts from all over and
therefore, does not leave a mark behind.
21. RILL EROSION
1. Therun off water moves rapidly & cuts small stream like structure
GULLY EROSION
1. Several rills converge towards the steep slopes & join to form board channels of
water called gullies.
STREAM BANK EROSION
1. The rivers during floods splash their water against the banks &
through them.
24. Streambank
Erosion
When a stream is straightened or widened,
streambank erosion increases. Accelerated
streambank erosion occurs until the stream
reestablishes a stable size and pattern.
When land use changes occur in a
watershed, such as clearing of land for
agriculture or development, runoff
increases. With this increase in runoff the
stream channel will adjust to accommodate
the additional flow, increasing streambank
erosion.
25.
26.
27. PRINCIPLE OF SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION
• Ridge to valley treatment.
• Maximum possible rain water should be conserved where it falls.
• Adequate vegetal cover during rainy season.
• Storage/ disposal of excess water with safe velocity.
• Checks/ barriers along the contour to control soil erosion &
ground water recharge.
• Integration of biological and mechanical measures.
33. EROSION CONTROL
Erosion control is the practice of preventing or controlling wind or water
erosion in agricultural land development, river banks ,coastal areas, and
construction
Thethreemainprinciples:
Use land according to itscapability.
Protectthesoilsurfacewith some form of cover.
Controlrunoff before it develops by an erosiveforce.
34. 1. VEGETATION
Thesimplest and most natural wayto prevent erosion.
Plants establish root systems,which stabilizessoil and prevents soilerosion.
35.
36. SOILSTABILIZATION:
THEPLANT ROOT SYSTEMBINDTHESOILAT THE SURFACE.
INCREASE STRENGTH OF THE SOIL.
SOIL EROSION BY RUNOFF WATER AND WIND IS DECREASED.
Water managementmechanisms:
The root system abstract water from the soil which decreases erosion bywater
38. 2. CONTOUR FARMING
Contour farming or Contour plowing or Contour bunding
is the farming practice of level rows around a hill, as
opposed to farming up and down onthe hill.
41. It reduces :-
1)Amount and
2) Velocity of water moving acrossthesoil surface
or hill surface
The water break allows more time for moving the water by
infiltration into the soil.
Can reduce soil erosion by as much as 50% as compared to
uphill/downhill farming.
44. 3.RETAINING WALLS
A. A retaining wall is a structure that keeps soil, rock and water in
place so that it won’t be washed away from the rain.
B. The retaining wall serves the purpose of preventing erosion of soil by
wind, rain and flowing water, that is most likely to be due to the
wind and the rain.
46. 4. WIND BREAKS
Field windbreaks are linear planting of trees/plant
designed to reduce wind speed in open fields, preventing soil
erosion and protecting crops from wind damage.
Field wind breaks are typically planted in multiple rows
perpendicular to prevailingwinds.
47.
48. MULCHING
In mulching, a material is placed on the soil surface to
maintain moisture, reduce weed growth, reduce soil
erosion and improve soilconditions.
Mulching can help to improve crop yield and optimise
water use&reducesoiland watererosion.