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Mario Enrique Rosales
Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia
Se desea alimentar una carga industrial por medio de una red de distribución eléctrica.
Para simplificar el análisis se utilizará un sistema de potencia monofásico. Se prevé que la
demanda promedio de la carga industrial sea de 10 MW. La industria tiene cargas reactivas
que la hacen funcionar con un factor de potencia de entre 0.75 y 0.85.
Calcula el límite superior e inferior de la potencia aparente consumida por la industria,
tomando en cuenta la demanda promedio para ambos factores de potencia. En ambos casos
dibuja el circuito eléctrico equivalente (monofásico) utilizando una resistencia para
representar el consumo de potencia real y un elemento reactivo (inductor o capacitor según
corresponda) en paralelo con la resistencia para representar el uso de potencia reactiva. Para
ambos casos, calcula la cantidad de compensación reactiva en VAr que se tendría que
poner en paralelo con la carga para llevar el factor de potencia a 1.
Finalmente, propón en nivel de voltaje del alimentador primario que alimenta a la industria
para la carga en su peor escenario (mayor consumo de potencia) para poder utilizar un
conductor que soporta 300 A RMS.
Para el análisis del sistema de suministro de potencia eléctrico, utiliza tu criterio y define los
siguientes elementos:
• a. Cálculo de potencia aparente mínima y máxima.
• b. Circuitos equivalentes.
• c. Cantidad de compensación de potencia reactiva requerido.
• d. Nivel de voltaje adecuado para el alimentador primario.
DESARROLLO
• Para fp=0.75 (Peor de los casos y el mayor consumo de potencia por ende es
el límite superior)
𝑓𝑝 = 0.75
𝑆 =
𝑃
𝑓𝑝
=
10𝑀
0.75
= 13.33 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(0.75) = 41.41°
• Para fp=0.85 (Menor consumo de potencia por ende es el límite inferior)
𝑓𝑝 = 0.85
𝑆 =
𝑃
𝑓𝑝
=
10𝑀
0.85
= 11.765 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(0.85) = 31.79°
Mario Enrique Rosales
Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia
• Circuito equivalente para ambos casos:
fp=0.75 fp=0.85
Nota: Los datos de voltaje y capacitancia aquí mostrados son tomados del inciso c y
d del problema. Ya que son los necesarios para corregir los factores de potencia
hasta 1.
• Cantidad de potencia reactiva necesaria para la compensación a fp=1
Para el caso de fp=0.75
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑄
𝑃
𝑄 = (𝑃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = (10𝑀)(tan(41.41)) = 8.82 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(1) = 0 → 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑄𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑝 = 1 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒
−𝑗8.82 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎)
𝑄𝑐 = 8.82𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 =
1
𝑤𝑐
𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧
𝐶 =
1
(2𝜋)(60)(8.82𝑀)
= 300.75𝑝𝐹
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 300.75𝑝𝑓
Para el caso de fp=0.85
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑄
𝑃
𝑄 = (𝑃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = (10𝑀)(tan(31.79)) = 6.62 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(1) = 0 → 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑄𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑝 = 1 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒
−𝑗6.62 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎)
P=10MWatts
Q=j8.82MVAR
𝜃=41.41°
P=10MWatts
Q=j6.62MVAR
𝜃=31.79°
Mario Enrique Rosales
Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia
𝑄𝑐 = 6.62𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 =
1
𝑤𝑐
𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧
𝐶 =
1
(2𝜋)(60)(6.62𝑀)
= 427.83𝑝𝐹
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 427.83𝑝𝑓
Nota: Todos estos resultados fueron encontrados suponiendo que la carga industrial
arroja un reactivo inductivo porque generalmente se usan motores en este tipo de
industrias.
• Nivel adecuado de voltaje para alimentar el primario
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 300 𝐴
𝑺 = (𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺)(𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 ∗)
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
13.33𝑀𝑉𝐴
300 𝐴
= 44.43𝑘𝑉
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = 44.43𝑘𝑉
Nota: Se encuentra en el nivel 3 de distribución, por lo que va desde los 30Kv hasta
los 62Kv. Se trabajo con la potencia más alta ya que el problema exigía el voltaje
necesario aun en las etapas más críticas del sistema.

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Calculo de un Sistema de Distribución, Mario Rosales

  • 1. Mario Enrique Rosales Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia Se desea alimentar una carga industrial por medio de una red de distribución eléctrica. Para simplificar el análisis se utilizará un sistema de potencia monofásico. Se prevé que la demanda promedio de la carga industrial sea de 10 MW. La industria tiene cargas reactivas que la hacen funcionar con un factor de potencia de entre 0.75 y 0.85. Calcula el límite superior e inferior de la potencia aparente consumida por la industria, tomando en cuenta la demanda promedio para ambos factores de potencia. En ambos casos dibuja el circuito eléctrico equivalente (monofásico) utilizando una resistencia para representar el consumo de potencia real y un elemento reactivo (inductor o capacitor según corresponda) en paralelo con la resistencia para representar el uso de potencia reactiva. Para ambos casos, calcula la cantidad de compensación reactiva en VAr que se tendría que poner en paralelo con la carga para llevar el factor de potencia a 1. Finalmente, propón en nivel de voltaje del alimentador primario que alimenta a la industria para la carga en su peor escenario (mayor consumo de potencia) para poder utilizar un conductor que soporta 300 A RMS. Para el análisis del sistema de suministro de potencia eléctrico, utiliza tu criterio y define los siguientes elementos: • a. Cálculo de potencia aparente mínima y máxima. • b. Circuitos equivalentes. • c. Cantidad de compensación de potencia reactiva requerido. • d. Nivel de voltaje adecuado para el alimentador primario. DESARROLLO • Para fp=0.75 (Peor de los casos y el mayor consumo de potencia por ende es el límite superior) 𝑓𝑝 = 0.75 𝑆 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑝 = 10𝑀 0.75 = 13.33 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(0.75) = 41.41° • Para fp=0.85 (Menor consumo de potencia por ende es el límite inferior) 𝑓𝑝 = 0.85 𝑆 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑝 = 10𝑀 0.85 = 11.765 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(0.85) = 31.79°
  • 2. Mario Enrique Rosales Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia • Circuito equivalente para ambos casos: fp=0.75 fp=0.85 Nota: Los datos de voltaje y capacitancia aquí mostrados son tomados del inciso c y d del problema. Ya que son los necesarios para corregir los factores de potencia hasta 1. • Cantidad de potencia reactiva necesaria para la compensación a fp=1 Para el caso de fp=0.75 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑄 𝑃 𝑄 = (𝑃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = (10𝑀)(tan(41.41)) = 8.82 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(1) = 0 → 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑄𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑝 = 1 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 −𝑗8.82 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎) 𝑄𝑐 = 8.82𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 1 𝑤𝑐 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 𝐶 = 1 (2𝜋)(60)(8.82𝑀) = 300.75𝑝𝐹 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 300.75𝑝𝑓 Para el caso de fp=0.85 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑄 𝑃 𝑄 = (𝑃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = (10𝑀)(tan(31.79)) = 6.62 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠−1(1) = 0 → 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑄𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑝 = 1 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 −𝑗6.62 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 (𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎) P=10MWatts Q=j8.82MVAR 𝜃=41.41° P=10MWatts Q=j6.62MVAR 𝜃=31.79°
  • 3. Mario Enrique Rosales Distribución de Sistemas de Potencia 𝑄𝑐 = 6.62𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 1 𝑤𝑐 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧 𝐶 = 1 (2𝜋)(60)(6.62𝑀) = 427.83𝑝𝐹 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 427.83𝑝𝑓 Nota: Todos estos resultados fueron encontrados suponiendo que la carga industrial arroja un reactivo inductivo porque generalmente se usan motores en este tipo de industrias. • Nivel adecuado de voltaje para alimentar el primario 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 300 𝐴 𝑺 = (𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺)(𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 ∗) 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = 13.33𝑀𝑉𝐴 300 𝐴 = 44.43𝑘𝑉 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = 44.43𝑘𝑉 Nota: Se encuentra en el nivel 3 de distribución, por lo que va desde los 30Kv hasta los 62Kv. Se trabajo con la potencia más alta ya que el problema exigía el voltaje necesario aun en las etapas más críticas del sistema.