Socluciones a los ejercicios del tema 8

1. 3 ESO. UNIT 8: DEVELOPMENT. ANSWER KEY
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1 a) The 10 countries with the highest HDI ratings are all developed and relatively wealthy
countries. The 10 lowest rated countries are poor and less developed.
b) The top10 representthe highlydevelopedcontinentsofEurope,NorthAmerica,andOceania,
as well as the traditional Asian leader Japan. The lowest 10 are all African nations.
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2 Indexestomeasure developmentbycountryusuallytake intoaccountsuchfactorsasliteracy,
life expectancy,and standards of living.Factors range from access to water and health care to
level of industrialisation.
3 Rankingsof countriesaccordingto the Human DevelopmentIndexincludeveryhigh(mostof
Europe,the USA and Canada,Argentinaand Chile,AustraliaandNew Zealand,JapanandSouth
Korea);high(muchof SouthandCentralAmerica,andpartsof NorthAfricaandthe MiddleEast);
medium (China, India, south-east Asia); and low (much of Sub-Saharan Africa).
7 Yes: economic growth promotes social development.
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1 Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Sudan, South Sudan and Japan all have high debt
levels. Except for Sudan and South Sudan these are all advanced economies. In general, debt
levels are lower in emerging and less developed countries.
2 Russia, India, South Africa, etc., all have growing debt levels.
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1. Open answers
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3. Open answers.

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3 International organisations like the IMF and OECD, developed countries, and NGOs such as
Oxfam,the Red Cross, or Doctors withoutBordersare the main providersof foreignaidto less
developedcountries.Stateaidisgivenascredit,debtrelief,andfundingaccompaniedbyspecific
conditions. NGOs help ‘on the ground’ – their volunteers and paid workers are involved in
development and assistance missions.
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5 Efficient administration is key to development because it prevents corruptionand enables a
country to attract more international aid and investment.
6 Model answer. In order for world trade to promote greater development and lead to more
equitable outcomes,itisimportantto establishfairnessof tradingconditions:higherpricesfor
raw materials that originate in poorer countries; the elimination of high customs duties; and
reductions in state subsidieswithin the richer nations so that less developed economiescan
compete.
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2 Social exclusionisthe situationof poor people livinginwealthycountries,whoare not given
basic rights such as decent housing, employment and healthcare.
3 The elderlywidowwithoutapensionisatriskof poverty,andmaynotbe abletoafforddecent
housing. Also at risk of poverty, the unemployed person may find unemployment benefits
insufficient.Inprinciple,asingle motherreceivingasalaryis not at riskof povertybutshe may
have difficulty covering all her costs.