The document provides information about different climate zones and climate types around the world. It discusses the key characteristics of cold zones located near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles which experience very low temperatures. Temperate zones between the Tropics and polar circles experience mild and variable temperatures. Hot zones between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn always experience high temperatures. The greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change are also summarized as being interrelated processes impacted by human activities like deforestation and burning fossil fuels. Specific climate data is given for locations representing Mediterranean, oceanic, tropical, equatorial, hot desert, and continental climates.

1. 1 ESO. SECOND TERM. ANSWER KEY
UNIT 4:
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2. The atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It regulates temperatures by
preventing the Earth from becoming too cold at night and allowing heat to circulate.
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1. Temperature is the amount of heat in the atmosphere, measured with a thermometer and
expressed in degrees Centigrade (°C).
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5
Climate Zone Where? Temperatures
Coldzone Arctic Circle Verylow
Temperate zone Northfrom Tropicof Cancerto Arctic Circle Mild andvariable
Hot zone BetweenTropicsof CancerandCapricorn Alwayshigh
Temperate zone Southfrom T. of Capricornto Antarctic Circle Mildand variable
Coldzone AntarcticCircle Verylow
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1. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air in a particular place on the Earth’s Surface.
2. a) An anticyclone; b) A depression; c) less; d) higher
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1. The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which a mixture of carbon dioxide and water
vapour preventssolarheatfrom leavingthe Earth’s surface. Global warming is the increase of
average temperatures at the Earth’s surface. Climate change is the phenomenon by which
climates become more extreme and less predictable, with increased flooding in some regions
and drought in others. These three factors are interrelated. Throughout the 20th and 21st
centuries,humanactivitieslike deforestationandthe burningof fossil fuelshave causedcarbon
dioxide levels in the Earth’s atmosphere to rise. This has led to an increase in average
temperatures and therefore global warming, which in turn results in climate change.

2. UNIT 5:
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1. a) Rainforests can be found in America, Africa, and Asia.
b) Temperatures in Surinam, near the Equator, remain a constant 25 °C year throughout the
year; precipitation is always present but its intensity varies, from lower levels in the autumn
months to higher ones in springtime.
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2. a) Rainforests are divided into three layers of vegetation: the forest floor, with ferns and
otherplantlife adaptedtolittlelight;the middleorcanopy,wherethereisthickvegetation;and
the top, where tall emergent trees rise above the canopy.
b) The darkest layer is the forest floor, because most sunlight is captured at higher levels.
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1. a) Tropical climates can be found on the continents of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
b) Temperaturesare similarinwetanddry tropical climates,atbetween about 25 °C and 30 °C
year round.
c) The main difference betweenthe tropical andequatorial climatesisthe variationof rainfall.
Equatorial rainforestsreceive precipitationall yearround,whiletropical areashave wetanddry
seasons.
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2. Hot desertsare foundin tropical regions.Theyare always veryhot during the day, although
temperaturesdrop sharplyatnight.Colddesertsare locatedintemperate zones,andexperience
very hot summers and very cold winters.
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1. a) Mediterraneanclimatesare found aroundcertaincoastal regionsonall continentsexcept
Antarctica.
b) The average temperature in Athens over the course of the year is under 20 °C.
c) Total annual precipitationinAthensaveragesover400 mm, withthe summermonthsbeing
the driest.
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3. 1. a) Oceanic climates can be found in most of nonMediterranean Europe, in the southern
regions of Africa, Oceania and America, and on the north-west coast of North America.
b) Aberdeenexperiencesmildvariationsintemperature throughthe year, from summerhighs
near 15 °C to winter lows near 0 °C.
c) Aberdeen experiences steady rainfall all year round.
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1. a) Continental climatesare widespreadinthe temperatezonesof the northernhemisphere.
b) The coldest months in Toronto are January and February, when temperatures remain
consistently below freezing, at close to –10 °C.