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Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim

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Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim

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Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials Mohamed Bououdina University of Bahrain, Bahrain J. Paulo Davim University of Aveiro, Portugal A volume in the Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series
Published in the United States of America by Engineering Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials / Mohamed Bououdina and J. Paulo Davim, editors. pages cm Summary: “This book presents a detailed analysis of current experimental and theoretical approaches surrounding nanoma- terials science and applications in fields such as biomedicine, renewable energy, and synthetic materials”-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4666-5824-0 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5825-7 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5827-1 (print perpetual access) 1. Nanotechnology. 2. Nanostructured materials. I. Bououdina, Mohamed, 1965- editor of compilation. II. Davim, J. Paulo, editor of compilation. T174.7.H367 2014 620’.5--dc23 2013051201 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) (ISSN: 2327-5448; eISSN: 2327-5456) Managing Director: Production Editor: Development Editor: Acquisitions Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Lindsay Johnston Jennifer Yoder Allison McGinniss Kayla Wolfe Michael Brehm Jason Mull
Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series • Applications of Chemoinformatics • Biochemical Food and Medical Engineering • Chemical Engineering • Computational Drug Design • High Performance Computer and Chemoinformatics • Industrial Chemistry • Knowledge Representation • Materials Engineering • Particle Technology • Process Systems Engineering J. Paulo Davim University of Aveiro, Portugal ISSN: 2327-5448 EISSN: 2327-5456 Mission The cross disciplinary approach of chemical and materials engineering is rapidly growing as it applies to the study of educational, scientific and industrial research activities by solving complex chemical problems using computational techniques and statistical methods. The Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series provides research on the recent advances throughout computational and statistical methods of analysis and modeling. This series brings together collaboration between chemists, engineers, statisticians, and computer scientists and offers a wealth of knowledge and useful tools to academics, practitioners, and professionals through high quality publications. Coverage IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts for publication within this series. To submit a pro- posal for a volume in this series, please contact our AcquisitionEditorsatAcquisitions@igi-global.com or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/. The Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series (ISSN 2327-5448) is published by IGI Global, 701 E. Choco- late Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com. This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually; each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series. For pricing and ordering information please visit http://www. igi-global.com/book-series/advances-chemical-materials-engineering/73687.Postmaster:Sendalladdresschangestoaboveaddress.Copyright © 2014 IGI Global. All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher. No part of this series may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global.
Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials Mohamed Bououdina (University of Bahrain, Bahrain) and J. Paulo Davim (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 375pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466658240) • US $295.00 (our price) Quantum and Optical Dynamics of Matter for Nanotechnology Mihai V. Putz (West University of Timisoara, Romania) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 527pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466646872) • US $180.00 (our price) Advanced Solar Cell Materials, Technology, Modeling, and Simulation Laurentiu Fara (Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania) and Masafumi Yamaguchi (Toyota Technological Institute, Japan) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2013 • 354pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466619272) • US $195.00 (our price) Computational Gas-Solids Flows and Reacting Systems Theory, Methods and Practice Sreekanth Pannala (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA) Madhava Syamlal (National Energy Technology Labo- ratory, USA) and Thomas J. O’Brien (National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2011 • 500pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781615206513) • US $180.00 (our price) 701 E. Chocolate Ave., Hershey, PA 17033 Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 x100 To place a standing order for titles released in this series, contact: cust@igi-global.com Mon-Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661
Editorial Advisory Board J. L. Bobet, Universite de Boredaux I, France R. Boukhanouf, Université Lille 1, France D. Fruchart, Institut Neel, France Z. X. Guo, University College of London, UK M. Ishaque Khan, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Nouar Tabet, Qatar Energy and Environment Research Institute, Qatar G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK Yokoyama, Kent State University, USA List of Reviewers Esam H. Abdul-Hafidh, Yanbu University College, Saudi Arabia H. A. Adnane, Yanbu University College, Saudi Arabia Feroz Ahmad Mir, University of Kashmir, India Iftikhar Ahmed, University of Malakand, Pakistan Rashid Ahmed, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Cheknane Ali, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, Algeria Luc Aymard, University of Picardie Jules Verne, France Rachid Belkada, Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-Conducteurs Pour l’Energitique, Algeria Yaakov (Kobi) Benenson, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Samir Boulfrad, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Saudi Arabia Costas Charitidies, University of Athens, Greece Ingram Conrad, University of West Indies, USA Eithiraj Rajagopal Dashinamoorthy, Donostia International Physics Centre, Spain E. Deligoz, Aksaray University, Turkey Thierry Djenizian, Aix-Marseille Université Equipe Chimie-Physique, France Ayub Elahi, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Mohamed Fathi, Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-Conducteurs Pour l’Energitique, Algeria Khaldi Fouad, Université de Batna, Algeria Mark Franken, University of Bath, UK Qiang Fu, University of Connecticut, USA Mounir Gaidi, Research and Technology Centre of Energy, Tunisia Rukan Genc, Mersin University, Turkey
Sevdalin Georgiev, Sofia University, Bulgaria Gopukumar, Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, India Wolfgang Hess, Freiburg University, Germany Tajammul Hussain, National Centre of Physics, Pakistan Ishrat Khan, University of Florida, USA S. S. Islam, Central University, India Tariq-ul Islam, Central University, India Yassin A. Jeilani, Spelman College, USA Dinesh Jesrotia, GGM Science College Jammu, India Anup Kale, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore Amal Kasry, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Austria G. Davon Kennedy, Georgia State University, USA R. V. Krishnarao, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA Jing Li, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA K. Maaz, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Shazim Memon, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hong Kong Abdelkrim Merad, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy Rahul Mitra, Indian Institute of Technology, India Abdul Khader Mohammad, Pharmaceutics International Inc. (PII), USA Sylvie Morin, York University, Canada Maqbool Muhammad, Ball State University, USA Gautam Mukherjee, Burdwan University, India M. Nedil, Université du Québec, Canada Kemal Ozdogan, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Liaqat Qureshi, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Michael Rajamathi, St. Joseph’s College, India S. Rath, University of Delhi, India James L. Reed, Northwestern University, USA El Hadi Sadki, United Arab Emirates University, UAE Patrik Schmuki, University of Erlangen – Nuremberg, Germany Muhammad Shahid, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia Dimtri Shtansky, National University of Science and Technology, Russia Andrey L. Stepanov, Kazan State Technological University, Russia N. Tabet, King Fahd King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Bashir Tahir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Muhammet Toprak, KTH Institute, Sweden Jay Wadhawan, University of Hull, UK Lon J. Wilson, Rice University, USA Xing-Hua Xia, Nanjing University, China Y. Yagoub, University of Ottawa, Canada M. Zaabat, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria Zulkarnain Zainal, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Hadi Zareie, Gediz Üniversitesi, Turkey
List of Contributors Aïssa, Brahim / MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1..........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::11,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2108 Ali, Zahid / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2...................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2376 Al-Nashef, InasMuen / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6............................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6376 Barbhuiya, Salim / Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1164 Bayir, Ece / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1....................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1447 Benouaz, Tayeb / Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2..................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2492 Bilgi, Eyup / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2..................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2447 Boukherroub, Rabah / Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3....................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3176,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7196 Boumaza, Nawel / Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1.................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1492 Bououdina, Mohamed / University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2..................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2312 Brimmo, Ayoola / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1..............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1268 Das, Manash R. / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3...................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3196 Deshmukh, Ashvini B. / CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4..............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4196 Emziane, Mahieddine / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1.............................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1226,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2268 Fruchart, D. / CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4.........................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4312 Goumri-Said, Souraya / King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2...................................................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2431,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3492 Guo, Z. X. / University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3.....................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3312 Harruna, Issifu / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2.................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::226 Hussain, Najrul / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2...................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2196 Hussain, Rafaqat / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7...........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7376 Kamaja, Chaitanya Krishna / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1.................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1176 Kang, DaeJoon / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8..........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8376 Kanoun, Mohammed Benali / King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1.................................................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1431 Khayyat, Maha Mohamed / Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2..........................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::21,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1108 Li, Huayang / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1......................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::126 Li, Mingguang / Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1..................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1146 Melnyczuk, John M. / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::189 Nafady, Ayman / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 ......................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4376 Palchoudhury, Soubantika / Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2.............................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::289 Penchovsky, Robert / Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1........................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1414 Rajaperumal, M. / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2176 Rana, Usman Ali / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3...................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3376 Roy, Manish / Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1.....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::162
Sarfraz, Mansoor / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5..................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5376 Shah, K. A. / Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 .....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1131 Shah, M. A. / National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2131 Shakir, Imran / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1..............10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1376 Sharma, Ponchami / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1..............10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1196 Shelke, Manjusha V. / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4.......................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4176,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5196 Souier, Tewfik / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1..................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1343 Szunerits, Sabine / Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 ....................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6196 Urkmez, Aylin Sendemir / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3...........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3447 Walker, G. / University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1.......................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1312 Yoosuf, Rahana / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2...............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2226
Table of Contents Preface10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chpre.................................................................................................................................................. xx Chapter 110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris..............................................................................................................110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2 Chapter 210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Functionalization of Carbon Nanocomposites with Ruthenium Bipyridine and Terpyridine Complex.................................................................................................................................................2610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1 Issifu Harruna, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2 Chapter 310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications......................6210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Manish Roy, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1 Chapter 410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles................................................................8910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 John M. Melnyczuk, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1 Soubantika Palchoudhury, Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2 Chapter 510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications...................................................................10810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2 Chapter 610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes.........................................................................13110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 K. A. Shah, Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 M. A. Shah, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2 Chapter 710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule . Levels...................................................................................................................................................14610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Mingguang Li, Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1
Chapter 810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry....................................................................16410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Salim Barbhuiya, Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1 Chapter 910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion . and Storage...........................................................................................................................................17610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chaitanya Krishna Kamaja, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1 M. Rajaperumal, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2 Rabah Boukherroub, Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3 Manjusha V. Shelke, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4 Chapter 1010.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications..................................................19610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Ponchami Sharma, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1 Najrul Hussain, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2 Manash R. Das, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3 Ashvini B. Deshmukh, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4 Manjusha V. Shelke, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5 Sabine Szunerits, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 Rabah Boukherroub, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7 Chapter 1110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 In2 X3 (X=S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Thin Films: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications..............22610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1 Rahana Yoosuf, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2 Chapter 1210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics....................................................................................................26810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Ayoola Brimmo, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2 Chapter 1310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical . Properties.............................................................................................................................................31210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1 Mohamed Bououdina, University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2 Z. X. Guo, University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3 D. Fruchart, CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4 Chapter 1410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites............................................................34310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Tewfik Souier, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1
Chapter 1510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects..............................................................................................................37610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Imran Shakir, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1 Zahid Ali, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2 Usman Ali Rana, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3 Ayman Nafady, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 Mansoor Sarfraz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5 InasMuen Al-Nashef, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6 Rafaqat Hussain, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7 DaeJoon Kang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8 Chapter 1610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Nucleic Acids-Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications.............................41410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Robert Penchovsky, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1 Chapter 1710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects................................43110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Mohammed Benali Kanoun, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2 Chapter 1810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy..........................................................................44710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Ece Bayir, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1 Eyup Bilgi, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2 Aylin Sendemir Urkmez, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3 Chapter 1910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber........................................................................................................................................49210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Nawel Boumaza, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1 Tayeb Benouaz, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3 Compilation of References10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chcrf ................................................................................................................ 505 About the Contributors10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chatc..................................................................................................................... 605 Index10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chidx................................................................................................................................................... 615
Detailed Table of Contents Preface10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chpre.................................................................................................................................................. xx Chapter 110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris..............................................................................................................110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2 The presence in space of orbital debris, particularly in low earth orbit, presents a continuous hazard to orbiting satellites and spacecrafts. The development of self-healing materials offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. This chapter reviews the various self-healing technologiescurrentlybeingdeveloped.Self-healingsystemscanbemadefromavarietyofpolymersand metallic materials. An overview of various self-healing concepts over the past two decades is presented. Finally, a perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Chapter 210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Functionalization of Carbon Nanocomposites with Ruthenium Bipyridine and Terpyridine Complex.................................................................................................................................................2610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1 Issifu Harruna, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2 Rutheniumbipyridineorterpyridinecomplexesfunctionalizedcarbon-basednanocompositeshavespecial properties in the electromagnetic and photochemical research field. The aims of this chapter include development of functionalized fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with ruthenium complex and characterization of their nanostructural properties. Such nanocomposites can be accomplished using either covalent or non-covalent functionalization methods.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002
Chapter 310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications......................6210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Manish Roy, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1 Various thin films used for tribological applications are classified under four heads. Based on their load vs. displacement curves, which have some characteristics features, the ratio of nanohardness to elastic modulus and the ratio of cube of nanohardness to square of elastic modulus are evaluated in this chapter. It is demonstrated that depending on the type of film used, these ratios vary within a certain range. For soft self-lubricating films, these ratios are very low; whereas for hard self-lubricating film, these ratios are quite high.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Chapter 410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles................................................................8910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 John M. Melnyczuk, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1 Soubantika Palchoudhury, Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2 Iron oxide nanoparticles show great promise in bio-applications like drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermia. This is because the size of these magnetic nanoparticles is comparable to biomolecules and the particles can be removed via normal iron metabolic pathways. These nanoparticles are also attractive for industrial separations and catalysis because they can be magnetically recovered. However, the size, morphology, and surface coating of the iron oxide nanoparticles greatly affect their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Therefore, nanoparticles with tunable characteristics are desirable. This chapter elaborates the synthesis techniques for the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with good control over reproducibility, surface and magnetic properties, and morphology. The well- known co-precipitation and thermal decomposition methods are detailed in this chapter. The surface modification routes and characterization of these nanoparticles are also discussed. The chapter will be particularly useful for engineering/science graduate students and/or faculty interested in synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles for specific research applications.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Chapter 510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications...................................................................10810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2 Surfaces and interfaces have a special significance to nanotechnology because the surface/volume ratio of nanomaterials is larger than for the bulk ones. Therefore, interfaces of nanomaterials are more important to the properties of the nanomaterials than for larger scale materials. Moreover, crystal growth and more particularly Nanowires (NWs) growth occurs at the interfaces between the growing crystals and the supply media. This chapter focuses on the silicon nanowires grown using a Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) concept. One of the key advantages of VLS is that controlled placement or templating of the seed metal produces templated NW growth. This templating is required for integration of NWs with other devices, which is desirable for many applications. The authors discuss issues on the discovery of fundamentally new phenomena versus performance benchmarking for many of the Si-NW applications. Finally, the authors attempt to look into the future and offer their personal opinions on the upcoming trends in nanowire research.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005
Chapter 610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes.........................................................................13110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 K. A. Shah, Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 M. A. Shah, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2 Carbon nanotubes have attracted the scientific community throughout the world, and in the past decade, a lotofworkhasbeenreportedrelatedwithsynthesis,characterization,andapplicationsofcarbonnanotubes. This chapter is written for readers who are not familiar with the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotubes. The structure of carbon nanotubes, types of the carbon nanotubes, Brillouin zone of carbon nanotubes, and band structure of carbon nanotubes are discussed at length, which will serve as foundation for the study of Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes. The Density of States (DOS) of single walled carbon nanotubes are illustrated by an example which will encourage readers to calculate the DOS of any type of carbon nanotube. The Raman modes of vibration are discussed, and Raman spectroscopic analysis is presented by considering the typical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Chapter 710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule . Levels...................................................................................................................................................14610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Mingguang Li, Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1 Polymeric nanoparticles have been increasingly studied and applied in a variety of areas, most commonly in biomedicine. The efficiency and toxicity are two aspects that need to be considered for nanoparticles, andbotharecloselyrelatedtothepharmacokineticsofnanoparticles.Inthischapter,thepharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles were introduced at the whole body level (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), organism level (transportation within organs and pass through physiological barriers), cell levels (binding to cell surface, endocytosis, intracellular transition, and exocytosis), and molecule level (protein binding and ligand-receptor binding). Examples were also given to illustrate the modeling of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles at different levels. A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles will facilitate the applications in various areas such as drug delivery and disease diagnosis.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Chapter 810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry....................................................................16410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Salim Barbhuiya, Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1 Theapplicationofnanomaterialsinvariousappliedfieldshasgainedworldwiderecognition.Nanomaterials have the ability to manipulate the structure at nano-scale. This leads to the generation of tailored and multifunctional composites with improved mechanical and durability performance. Recognizing this, the construction industry recently has started to use a variety of nanomaterials. The use of these materials is found to improve various fundamental characteristics of construction materials including the strength, durability, and lightness. In this chapter an attempt is made to review the use of various nanomaterials in cementitous system. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges related to their use. Finally, the strategies for using nanomaterials in construction industry for the next ten years are identified.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008
Chapter 910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion . and Storage...........................................................................................................................................17610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chaitanya Krishna Kamaja, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1 M. Rajaperumal, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2 Rabah Boukherroub, Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3 Manjusha V. Shelke, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4 Global demand of energy is increasing at an alarming rate, and nanotechnology is being looked at as a potentialsolutiontomeetthischallenge(Holtren,2007).Althoughtheefficiencyofenergyconversionand storage devices depends on a variety of factors, the overall performance strongly relies on the structure and properties of the component materials (Whitesides, 2007). Compared to conventional materials, silicon (Si) nanostructures and graphene nanosheets possess unique properties (i.e. morphological, electrical,optical,andmechanical)usefulforenhancingtheenergy-conversionandstorageperformances. Graphene can enhance efficiency of nano-Si based solar cells and battery due to its high electronic conductivity,ultrahighmobility,hightransparency,andstrongmechanicalproperty.Thischapterprovides a comprehensive review of recent progress and material challenges in energy conversion (solar cells) and storage (batteries/supercapacitors) with specific focus on composites of Si nanostructures-graphene nanosheets.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chapter 1010.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications..................................................19610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Ponchami Sharma, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1 Najrul Hussain, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2 Manash R. Das, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3 Ashvini B. Deshmukh, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4 Manjusha V. Shelke, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5 Sabine Szunerits, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 Rabah Boukherroub, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7 Graphene is one of the most interesting materials in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit unique physical and chemical properties due to their reduced size and high density of corner or edge surface sites. The metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites not only possess favorable properties of graphene and metal oxide, but also greatly enhance the intrinsic properties due to the synergistic effect between them. These composites are used for catalysis, supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, solar cells, sensors, removal of pollutants from water, etc. There is a very broad scope of further research for the development of metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites with enhanced properties for different applications. This chapter deals with a comprehensive review of the current research activities from the viewpoint of chemistry and materials science with a special focus on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of metal oxide-graphene nanocomposite materials.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010
Chapter 1110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 In2 X3 (X=S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Thin Films: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications..............22610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1 Rahana Yoosuf, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2 Indium chalcogenide thin film semiconductor compounds In2X3 (with X being a chalcogen atom, i.e., S, Se, or Te) are important materials in many current technological applications such as solar cells, micro- batteries, memory devices, etc. This chapter reviews the recent progress in In2X3 (X = S, Se, or Te) thin filmresearchanddevelopment,withaparticularattentionpaidtotheirgrowthandprocessingmethodsand parameters, and the effects that these have on the films microstructure. The intimate relationship between their fabrication conditions and the resulting physico-chemical and functional properties is discussed. Finally, results pertaining to the fabrication and characterization of these thin film materials, as well as the main devices and applications based on them are also highlighted and discussed in this chapter.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Chapter 1210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics....................................................................................................26810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Ayoola Brimmo, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2 Recent developments show that the exceptional physical, optical, and electrical properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have now caught the attention of the Photovoltaics (PV) industry. This chapter provides an updated and in-depth review of some of the most exciting and important developments in the application of CNTs in photovoltaics. The chapter begins with a discussion of the underlying properties of CNTs that make them promising for PV applications. A review of the literature on the application of CNTs in the photoactive layer of Silicon (Si)-based heterojunctions, as anchors for light harvesting materials in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and as components of other organic solar cells (OPVs), is then presented. Findings portend the promise of CNTs in bridging the gap between the two classes of solar cells currently in the market. Since the technology is in its early stages, it is generally limited by a general lack of understanding of CNTs and their adequate growth mechanisms.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Chapter 1310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical . Properties.............................................................................................................................................31210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1 Mohamed Bououdina, University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2 Z. X. Guo, University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3 D. Fruchart, CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4 Hydrogen is a promising and clean fuel for transportation and domestic applications, but is difficult to store. Many systems have been investigated in order to improve the maximum hydrogen storage capacity (reversibility),highkinetics,moderateequilibriumpressureand/ordecompositiontemperature,andbetter cyclability. In this chapter, a review of studies related to stability of Zr-based Laves phase system as well as in-situ neutron diffraction investigation, the kinetics of TiFe, surface treatment of LaNi5 system, mechanically alloyed Mg-based hydrides, and graphite nanofibers are reported.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013
Chapter 1410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites............................................................34310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Tewfik Souier, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1 Inthischapter,themainscanningprobemicroscopy-basedmethodstomeasurethetransportpropertiesin advanced polymer-Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites are presented. The two major approaches toinvestigatetheelectricalandchargetransport(i.e.,ElectrostaticForceMicroscopy[EFM]andCurrent- Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy [CS-AFM]) are illustrated, starting from their basic principles. First, the authors show how the EFM-related techniques can be used to provide, at high spatial resolution, a three-dimensional representation CNT networks underneath the surface. This allows the studying of the role of nanoscopic features such as CNTs, CNT-CNT direct contact, and polymer-CNT junctions in determining the overall composite properties. Complementary, CS-AFM can bring insight into the transport mechanism by imaging the spatial distribution of currents percolation paths within the nanocomposite. Finally, the authors show how the CS-AFM can be used to quantify the surface/bulk percolation probability and the nanoscopic electrical conductivity, which allows one to predict the macroscopic percolation model.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Chapter 1510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects..............................................................................................................37610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Imran Shakir, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1 Zahid Ali, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2 Usman Ali Rana, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3 Ayman Nafady, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 Mansoor Sarfraz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5 InasMuen Al-Nashef, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6 Rafaqat Hussain, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7 DaeJoon Kang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8 One of the greatest challenges for the modern world is the ever-increasing demand of energy, which may soon outstrip the amount of natural resources that can be obtained using currently known energy conversion and energy storage technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. It appears that the maximum output efficiencies of these devices have already reached the intrinsic limits of almost all electrocatalyst materials. Hence, it is a high time to think about new materialarchitecturesbycontrollingsize,shape,andgeometry,aswellascompositionthatcanpotentially make a significant improvement in the performance of these electrochemical devices. Among several known electrocatalyst materials are nanomaterials and their composites due to their unique electrical, mechanical, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics. These materials have opened a whole new territory of possibilities in designing high performance energy storage and conversion devices. In this chapter, the authors review the recent progress in energy storage and conversion devices that utilize various nanomaterials and their composite materials and identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015
Chapter 1610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Nucleic Acids-Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications.............................41410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Robert Penchovsky, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1 Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a valuable field that integrates research from science and technology to create novel nanodevices and nanostructures with various applications in modern nanotechnology. Applicationsofnanobiotechnologyareemployedinbiomedicalandpharmaceuticalresearch,biosensoring, nanofluidics, self-assembly of nanostructures, nanopharmaceutics, molecular computing, and others. It has been proven that nucleic acids are a very suitable medium for self-assembly of diverse nanostructures andcatalyticnanodevicesforvariousapplications.Inthischapter,theauthorsdiscussvariousapplications of nucleic-based nanotechnology. The areas discussed here include building nanostructures using DNA oligonucleodite, self-assembly of integrated RNA-based nanodevices for molecular computing and diagnostics, antibacterial drug discovery, exogenous control of gene expression, and gene silencing.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Chapter 1710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects................................43110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Mohammed Benali Kanoun, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2 First-principlescalculationsareperformedbytakingintoaccountthestrongcorrelationeffectsonceria.To obtain an accurate description including f electrons, the authors optimized the Coulomb U parameter for useinLocal-DensityApproximation(LDA)andGeneralizedGradientApproximation(GGA)calculation. A good agreement with experimental data is obtained within the GGA+U (Wu-Cohen scheme). Elastic stiffness constants are found in correct agreement with the available experimental results. Born effective charge, dielectric permittivity, and the phonon-dispersion curves are computed using density functional perturbation theory. The origin of magnetism in undoped ceria with intrinsic defects is investigated. The authors show that both of Ce and O vacancies induce local moments and ferromagnetism without doping ceria by magnetic impurities in this chapter.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Chapter 1810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy..........................................................................44710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Ece Bayir, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1 Eyup Bilgi, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2 Aylin Sendemir Urkmez, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3 Cancer is a wide group of diseases and generally characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells whose metabolic activities are disrupted. Conventionally, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are used in the treatment of cancer. However, in theory, even a single cancer cell may trigger recurrence. Therefore,thesetreatmentscannotprovidehighsurvivalratefordeadlytypes.Identificationofalternative methods in treatment of cancers is inevitable because of adverse effects of conventional methods. In the last few decades, nanotechnology developed by scientists working in different disciplines—physics, chemistry, and biology—offers great opportunities. It is providing elimination of both circulating tumor cells and solid cancer cells by targeting cancer cells. In this chapter, inadequate parts of conventional treatment methods, nanoparticle types used in new treatment methods of cancer, and targeting methods of nanoparticles are summarized; furthermore, recommendations of future are provided.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018
Chapter 1910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber........................................................................................................................................49210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Nawel Boumaza, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1 Tayeb Benouaz, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3 The authors solve the propagation soliton perturbation problem in a nonlinear optical system based on a single mode optical fiber by introducing Rayleigh’s dissipation function in the framework of variational approach. The adopted methodology has facilitated the variational approach to be applied on a dissipative system where the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian are difficult to solve. The authors model the propagation in a nonlinear medium by using a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). This is a mathematical model used to describe the optical fiber. The chapter is focused on the propagation of perturbed solitary waves in single mode fiber.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Compilation of References10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chcrf ................................................................................................................ 505 About the Contributors10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chatc..................................................................................................................... 605 Index10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chidx................................................................................................................................................... 615
xx Preface Nanoscience has been defined as the manipulation of matter as the nanoscale, as well as the discovery of new nanomaterials with fascinating properties (mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, catalytic, etc.) and performances due to the quantum size effect, whereas Nanotechnology deals with the manufactur- ing of nanodevices. Nanotechnology offers a broad range of technological applications and industries includingsemiconductors,autoandaerospace,pharmaceuticalandbiomedical,cosmetics,biotechnology, energy and environment, food, forensic, military, etc. Known as the 5th industrial revolution, it has and continues to attract a large number of scientists worldwide. It is reported that by 2015, Nanotechnology may spawn a $ 1 trillion market and the job projection is around two million with additional 5 million jobs in support industries. Additionally, the emergence of Nanotechnology has created a new dynamism in our scientific and academic world: (1) drastic increase of the research funds towards nanotechnology andnationalnanotechnologyinitiativesweredevelopedbymanycountries;(2)thenumberofconferences and publications (papers, books, proceedings) has increased drastically due to the extensive research work carried out by the researchers; (3) new established academic programs at all levels; (4) new courses and disciplines emerged including nano-chemistry, nano-physics, nano-biotechnology, nano-medicine, nano-engineering, nano-ethics, etc; (5) commercialization of new products and the establishment of new technologies and industries based on nanotechnology leading to the creation of new and important number of jobs, which will have great effects on the future of global economy; (6) new journals and books which attract a wide and large audience; etc. The handbook consists of 2 volumes with a total number of 19 chapters covering a wide range of topics from point of view experimental, fundamental, and applications view, written by experts and eminent scientists in each field. This handbook will present experimental and fundamental approaches and in depth understanding of the chemical/physical/mechanical/electrical/biological/etc. properties of nanostructured/advanced materials followed by some potential applications in biomedical field, renewable energy, semiconduc- tors industry, etc. In addition, it will promote the emerging field of nanotechnology in various science and engineering disciplines. This handbook contains various hot topics related to energy conversion and storage, biomedical field, semiconductors, construction, telecommunication, etc., and thus will target a large audience such as academics, scientists, post-graduates students, engineers, etc. The first chapter “Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites StructuresCausedbyOrbitalSpaceDebris,”consistsofareviewonmaterialsself-healingwhensubjected to any chemical or/and mechanical or/and thermal, etc. It contains some important concepts (such as quantification of healing efficiency which can be assessed by various tests such as Fatigue, Tear, etc.)
xxi and presents some self-healing systems including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials then coat- ing systems for metallic structures, etc. The new concept/property of self-healing being considered in engineeringapplicationsisincorporatedasduringthedesignandmanufacturingofmaterials,thusadding new functionality of self-repair for counteracting service degradation. Additionally, it was reported that self-healing results in increasing material lifetime, reducing replacement costs, and improving product safety. In terms of self-healing systems, a variety of polymers and metallic material can be used. Chapter2isdevotedtothestudyoffunctionalisationofcarbon(fullerene,carbonnanotubes,graphene)- based nanocomposites by ruthenium (Ru-bipyridine and Ru-terpyridine)-based complexes. This type of material shows some particular catalytic, electrochemical, or magnetic properties, and offers some potential applications in energy storage, biochemical sensors, photo-induced mechanical actuation, etc. The chapter focuses the synthesis methods of Bipyridine/Terpyridine ligands followed by Complexation with a metal center then Polymerization. After that, it presents the design of organic terpyridine Ligand spacer and polymerization complex for Nanohybrid; then it gives a detailed overview on the functional- ization (non-covalent and covalent) of some carbon nanostructures such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, with Ru bipyridine and terpyridine complexes and finally self-assembly of Ru-terpyridine metal-connected diblock metallopolymers on graphene nanoribbons. Chapter 3, “Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications,” addresses on of the most powerful technique to investigate the mechanical properties of nanostrucred materials. The author focused particularly on three materials, where a detailed study is presented: (1) ZrN films showing better corrosion resistance, improved mechanical properties, and warm golden color, thus very suitable for tribology applications; (2) amorphous carbon (a-C) known as Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) and hydrogenated a-C:H films show the combination of some useful properties such as high nanohardness, good thermal conductivity, low friction coefficient, excellent wear resistance, ultra-smoothness, and chemical inertness (applications as magnetic hard disc, MEMS, biocompatible coating,etc.);and(3)W-S-Cfilmswithananocompositestructureandshowingreasonablenanohardness and low friction coefficient, offering some potential applications such as space-related technologies, in vacuum or in aggressive environment. It was found that H/E and H3 /E2 ratios are considered as important parameters for coatings (H: nanohardness; E: elastic modulus). Chapter 4, “Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles,” covers various aspect of Fe oxides including: (1) crystal structure and properties; (2) synthesis of different morphologies (nano- spheres, nanowhiskers, nanocubes, nanoplates, nanoflowers, etc) using various methods; (3) dispersion and functionalisation of NPs using chemical processes such as ligand exchange, lipid encapsulation, polymer encapsulation, etc.; and (4) characterizations. Finally, some potential applications are presented. Chapter 5, “Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications,” is devoted to Si nanowires due to their potential and broad applications including the fabrication of integrated circuit, DNA sensors, array-based electrical and electrochemical systems, vertical surround-gate field effect transistor, high resolution Atomic Force Microscope, etc. The authors discussed some synthesis aspects of Si-NWs (lithography, physical, or chemical vapor deposition PVD or CVD methods, etc.) where a particular emphasis on catalyst role during Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) growth mechanism. After that, Nanoscale Chemical Templating (NCT) using oxygen reactive materials was presented in detail followed by some potential applications of Si-NWs such as high-resolution AFM tips, photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric devices, and sensors to end up giving directions for future research on Si-NWs. Chapter 6, “Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes,” presents background and in-depth theoretical study of carbon nanostructures (nanotubes-CNTs, nanofibers-CNFs, graphene-G) properties
xxii then focusing mainly on CNTs. It presents crystal structure and Brillouin zone, electronic band structure, and electronic Density Of States (DOS), which represent the backbone to access vibrational properties through Raman spectroscopy technique. Chapter 7, “Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule Levels,” deals with an important and crucial aspect of using Nanoparticles (NPs) for the biomedical field in terms of interaction at different levels. It starts by discussing the fate of NPs in the human body including efficiency and toxicity (which are strongly dependent on NPs shape, size, surface charge modifications, chemical composition, etc.), through ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion). Both experimental and modeling of pharmacokinetic of polymeric NPs have been presented. Then, pharmacokinetics at different levels of interaction inside the body was discussed from point of view of: (1) organ and sub-organ (lung, physiological, and biological barriers, tumor); (2) at cellular and sub-cellular level (cell surface binding, cellular uptake [endocytosis] kinetics, intracellular traffic and biotransformationkinetics,exocytosiskinetics);(3)atmolecularlevel(proteinbinding,ligand-targeting). Chapter 8, “Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry,” presents a short overview of the potential and challenging applications of Nanotechnology in some areas of construction industry. In recent years, some studies devoted to the construction industry report on some interesting results such as: (1) nanoparticles (Zn, Sio2 , Fe2 O3 , and halloysite clay) were embedded into a commercial epoxy resin for the enhancement of mechanical and chemical properties; (2) nano-SiO2 was investigated as additive to cementation system, as well as nano-Fe2 O3 and nano-Al2 O3 ; (3) nano-TiO2 has been reported to pro- duce “self-cleaning” and “depolluting” concrete as well as on roadway for pollution reduction; and (4) Carbon Nanotubes/Nanofibres (CNTs/CNFs) as potential candidates for use as nano-reinforcements in cement-based materials. Then the author discusses the challenges related to the use of nanomaterials as well as strategies for using then for the next ten years with some concluding remarks. Chapter 9, “Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage,” starts by highlighting energy resources/demand and that renewable energies represent only 16% (mainly solar), as well as some background about some fundamental concepts of solar cells energy efficiency and graphene as a potential material for energy conversion/storage. Then a particular focus on the potential use of Si-graphene for energy conversion and stirage, Si-NWs/graphene heterojunction device for photoelectrochemical water splitting, Si-nanostructures/graphene as anode for Li-ion batteries showing high reversible discharge capacity, and supercapcitors. Finally, the authors presents various methods for the preparation of various Si (NPs, NWs)/Graphene nanocomposites. Due to the importance of graphene, Chapter 10, “Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications,” was dedicated to metal oxides / graphene composites due to their potential application. Several oxides / methods were presented: in-situ techniques such as precipitation (Fe3 O4 , CuO); sol-gel (TiO2 );hydrothermal/solvothermal(ZnO);photo-assistedreduction(TiO2 );microwave-assistedsynthesis (Fe3 O4 and Co3 O4 ); atomic layer deposition (TiO2 ); followed by ex-situ methods such as layer-by-layer self-assembly (TiO); etc. Then, the authors presented some potential applications of MO/graphene nano- compositesincludingLi-ionbattery,supercapacitors,waterpurification,photovoltaiccells,biomedicine, and end by giving some future research directions. Chapter11,“In2 X3 (X=S,Se,Te)SemiconductorThinFilms:Fabrication,Properties,andApplications,” presents a review on the recent progress on Indium chalcogenide thin film semiconductor compounds as potential candidates as window/buffer-layer for photovoltaic devices. The authors discuss in more detail the evolution of structure and microstructure as well as optical/electrical properties modifications due to the deposition method (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer chemical vapor deposi-
xxiii tion, chemical bath deposition, spray pyrolysis, molecular beam epitaxy, etc.); the effect of deposition parameters (temperature, time, pH of the solution, type of substrate, etc.); and post-deposition treatment. Then a particular interest is devoted to the synthesis, characterizations and properties of some selected compounds including In2 Se3 , In2 Te3 , In2 S3 then ternary compounds such as In2 Se3-x Tex . Chapter 12, “Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics,” reports an in-depth review about the use of CNTs for PV. After introducing the outstanding physical properties of CNTs, the authors present some potential applications of CNTs in various PV/DSSS/OPV: CNT-Si hetero-junction solar cells based on aligned CNTs and Si-NWs, as well as some PV simulations based on molecular dynamics; Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) where CNTs replace Pt as CNT as counter electrode; incorporating CNT networks in the cell’sconductingelectrodetopromotechargetransportintheTiO2 layer,CNTasTransparentConducting Oxide (TCO) layer which is usually Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in DSSC; and CNTs in Organic PV devices (OPV). After that, the authors discuss a very important aspect of PV, trends to improve the efficiency, followed by a discussion and some recommendations and concluding remarks. Chapter 13, “Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical Properties,” presents some important aspect of hydrogen storage in materials. The authors start by giv- ing some fundamental background on hydrogen storage, thermodynamics, and kinetics, properties, and mechanisms. Then a particular focus is devoted to some potential materials including: binary hydrides; intermetallics (LaNi5, FeTi, Laves phases AB2); Mg-based materials; amorphous alloys; quasicrystals; carbon nanostcuctures (nanofibers); light complex hydrides based on alkali-metals (Li, Na, Al, B); rare- earth based hydrides thin films with optical switchable properties; and zeolites. Chapter 14, “Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites,” is devoted to the fundamental and some experimental aspects to access some properties of CNTs-Polymer nanocomposites by using some advanced probe microscopies such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Electrostatic Force Mi- croscopy (EFM); Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy (CS-AFM). After that, a particular focus is dedicated to DC(AC)-EFM imaging of embedded CNT-polymer nanocomposites films, followed by a CS-AFM investigation of bulk and surface percolation as well as electrical conductivity measurements. Chapter 15, “Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects,” presents an interesting overview on some nanomaterials as potential candidates for energy conversion and storage. After a good introduction related to fundamental aspects of electrochemical energy storage, the authors discuss each application separately: (1) nano- catalysts (Pt, Pt-M core-shell, Pt3 M, graphite-C3 N4 , etc.) for fuel cells; (2) photoelectrochemical water splitting (such as nanocrystalline α-Fe2 O3 and nano-CdSe); (3) dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs (oxide semiconductorslikeTiO2 /ZnO/SnO,nanoporousfilmcoatedwithoxidesAl2 O3 /SnO2 /ZrO2 /SrTiO3 /ZnO, etc.); cathode for Li-ion batteries (such as LiMO2 and spinel-type LiM2 O4 where M=Co, Mn, etc.); and anode for Li-ion batteries (graphite, Li2 Si5 ). Chapter 16, “Nucleic Acids Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications,” focuses on the engineering of functional systems at the molecular level offering potential applications such as molecular sensors, actuators, drug delivery devices, etc. After a good introduction on some very importantaspectssuchasnanobiotechnology,nanomedicine,etc.,theauthorpresentsinmoredetailsome applicationssuchas:(1)passivenanostructuresbasedonDNAusingself-assembly;(2)engineeringactive nanostructures based on allosteric ribozymes; (3) RNA-based nanocircuits; (4) integrated RNA-based nanodevices with a complex logic function as a tool for molecular diagnostics; (5) allosteric ribozymes as
xxiv designer cis-acting gene control elements; and (6) gene silencing techniques via trans-acting ribozymes to end up with some future research work in this field. Chapter 17, “Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects,” presents a very detailed studyofsomeproperties(ground-stateproperties,elasticstiffnessconstants,andelectronicstructurewith the inclusion of on-site Coulomb interaction, dielectric properties, lattice dynamic, and thermodynamic properties) of CeO2 by ab-initio calculations (calculations based on Density Functional Theory [DFT] as implemented in WIEN2K and CASTEP packages). A particular focus is dedicated to investigate the presence of intrinsic defects (oxygen or cerium vacancies) in un-doped CeO2 (cubic structure of CaF2 , pace group Fm-3m) to create ferromagnetic behavior. Chapter 18, “Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy,” is devoted to the application of nanotechnology in the biomedical field. The authors start by stating conventional method used for can- cer therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) then present how Nanoparticles (NPs) present a potential alternative. Then some general fundamental/experimental aspects related to some selected NPs that are used in drug delivery and targeting in cancer therapy are presented, including Polymeric NPs, Liposomal NPs, Dendrimer NPs, Protein NPs, Polymersome NPs, Inorganic NPs, etc. Additionally, the authors discuss NP toxicity and safety, followed by some major cancer targets for NPs systems (including cellmarkertargetingviaantibodies,targetingsignalingpathways,nichetargeting,angiogenesis-associated targeting) as well as targeting schemes (including passive, active, and triggered targeting), and end with nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy with future research perspectives. Chapter 19, “Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber,” deals with an important matter related to optical fibers used for telecommunica- tions such as terrestrial broadcasting by a fundamental approach: how to reduce the noise to acceptable levels by acting on device parameters such as the structure of the fiber device. Then, the authors present a detailed theoretical background to study soliton propagation in a mono-modal optical fiber followed by frequency domain filter system, which allow one to create a model followed by simulations using numerical models that allow one to understand the behavior of solitons. This handbook presents the recent advances and future prospects of several nanotechnology appli- cations. In addition, it highlights various technological applications in biomedical, renewable energy, electronics, etc., which will improve future life by offering solutions in health, energy, etc. It contains chapters dealing with various topics starting from experimental approaches, simulation, and modeling, and ending with applications and future perspectives. Mohamed Bououdina University of Bahrain, Bahrain J. Paulo Davim University of Aviero, Portugal
1 Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Chapter 1 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris ABSTRACT The presence in space of orbital debris, particularly in low earth orbit, presents a continuous hazard to orbiting satellites and spacecrafts. The development of self-healing materials offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. This chapter reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed. Self-healing systems can be made from a variety of polymers and metallic materials. An overview of various self-healing concepts over the past two decades is presented. Finally, a perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field. 1. INTRODUCTION Polymers and structural composites are used in a variety of applications. However, these materials aresusceptibletodamageinducedbymechanical, chemical, thermal, UV radiation, or a combina- tion of these factors (Bucknall, Drinkwater, Smith, 2004). When polymer composites used as structural materials become damaged, there are only a few methods available to attempt to extend their functional lifetime. Ideal repair methods are ones that can be executed quickly and effectively directly on damaged site, eliminating thereby the need to remove a component for repair. However, the mode of damage must also be taken into con- sideration as repair strategies that work well for Brahim Aïssa MPB Technologies Inc., Canada Maha Mohamed Khayyat Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
2 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  onemodemightbecompletelyuselessforanother. For example, matrix cracking can be repaired by sealing the crack with resin, where fibre breakage would require new fibres replacement or a fabric patch to achieve recovery of strength. One of the earlierhealingmethodsforfracturedsurfaceswas “hot plate” welding, where polymer pieces were brought into contact above the glass transition temperature of the material, and this contact was maintained long enough for interdiffusion across the crack face to occur and restore strength to the material. It has been shown, however, that the location of the weld remains the weakest point in the material and thus the favourable site for future damagetooccur(Liu,Lee,Lu,1993).Forlami- natecomposites,resininjectionisoftenemployed torepairdamageintheformofdelamination.This can be problematic, however, if the crack is not easily accessible for such an injection. For fibre breakage in a laminate composite, a reinforcing patch is often used to restore some of the strength to the material. Often, a reinforcing patch is used in conjunction with resin injection to restore the greatest amount of strength possible (Osswald Menges, 2003). None of these methods of repair is an ideal solution to damage in a structural compositematerial.Thesemethodsaretemporary solutions to prolong the lifetime of the material, and each of these repair strategies requires moni- toring of the damage and manual intervention to enact the repair. This greatly increases the cost of the material by requiring regular maintenance and service. Alternative healing strategies are therefore of great interest. Moreover, with polymers and composites being increasingly used in structural applicationsspace,automobile,defence,andcon- struction industries, several techniques have been developed and adopted by industries for repairing visible or detectable damages on the polymeric structures. However, these conventional repair methods arenoteffective,forexample,forhealinginvisible microcrackswithinthestructureduringitsservice life. In response, the concept of “self-healing” polymeric materials was proposed in the 1980s (Jud, Kausch, Williams, 1981) as a means of healing invisible microcracks for extending the working life and safety of the polymeric compo- nents. The publications in the topic by Dry and Sottos(DrySottos,1993)in1993andthenWhite etal.(2001)furtherinspiredworldinterestsinthese materials(Kringosetal.,2011).Examplesofsuch interestsweredemonstratedthroughUSAirforce (Carlson Goretta, 2006) and European Space Agency (Semprimosching, 2006) investments in self-healing polymers. Conceptually, self-healing materials have the built-in capability to substantially recover their mechanicalpropertiesafterdamage.Suchrecovery can occur autonomously and/or be activated after an application of a specific stimulus (e.g., heat, radiation, pressure, etc.). As such, these materials areexpectedtocontributegreatlytothesafetyand durability of polymeric components without the high costs of active monitoring or external repair. Throughout the development of this new range of smart materials, the mimicking of biological systems has been used as a source of inspiration (since most materials in nature are themselves self-healingcompositematerials)(Varghese,Lele, Mashelkar, 2006). The number of publications dealing with vari- ousaspectsofself-healingmaterialshasincreased markedly in recent years. Figure 1 shows how the number of refereed various articles in the self healing field has steadily increased since 2001, based on data collected from the Engineering Village Web-based information service. Along with the increase in the number of publications in this area comes a need for a comprehensive review work, and the objective of this chapter is to address this need. In addition, the vast majority of the surveyed articles deal with polymer composites. Due to the large number of articles involved and the lack of
3 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  electronic access to many conference proceed- ings, the emphasis of this chapter is on the more accessible refereed journal articles. It was not practical to cover all of these articles, and, since a lot of articles had already been covered by previous related paper articles, an attempt was made to select representative articles in each of the relevant categories. This chapter briefly describes the traditional methods of repairing damage in the polymeric materials during the last decade. Table 1 provides summaryofsomedevelopmentsandachievedper- formances. It can be seen that both thermoplastic and thermosetting materials were investigated for selfhealing,wheretheresearchinterestshavebeen more shifted to thermosetting-composite-based systems in recent years. Westartbydescribingthemethodsforevaluat- ingselfhealingefficiencies.Wewillthendescribe briefly some examples of different approaches proposedtohealthethermoplasticsystems,andwe followbyemphasisingthepreparationandcharac- terization of the self healing of the thermosetting ones.Wewilltakeashortviewontheself-healing coating for metallic structures systems, and we conclude by future research outlooks. 2. QUANTIFICATION OF HEALING EFFICIENCY Healing of a polymeric material can refer to the recovery of properties such as fracture toughness, tensile strength, and surface smoothness. Due to therangeofpropertiesthatarehealedinthesema- terials, it can be difficult to compare the extent of healing.WoolandO’Connor(WoolO’Connor, 1981) proposed a basic method for describing the extent of healing in polymeric systems for a range of properties. This approach has been commonly adopted and has been used as the basis for method ofcomparing“healingefficiency”ofdifferentself healing polymeric systems. Figure 1. (a) Recent refereed publications related to the field of self healing materials, together with (b) their corresponding distribution of the employed key words vocabulary. All published languages were included. All document types, including journal and conference articles, report paper, conference proceeding, and monograph published chapters were recorded. Statistics are available from 2000 to August 2013 inclusively. Data were collected from Engineering Village Web-based information service
4 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  There are different methods to effect healing that are applicable for each individual mode of damage as well as each unique damaged mate- rial. This makes quantifying the extent of healing within the material and comparing it to healing in other systems rather difficult. The susceptibility of a given material to fracture can be expressed in termsoftheplanestrainfracturetoughness,KIC .It hasbecomestandardpracticetoassessthehealing ability of a particular material by comparing the fracturetoughnessofthematerialbothbeforeand after healing. The healing efficiency is η, η (%) = K1C healed / K1C virgin X 100 (1) whereK1C virgin isthefracturetoughnessofthevirgin specimen and K1C healed is the fracture toughness of the healed specimen. 2.1. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Fracture Test For quasistatic fracture conditions healing ef- ficiency is defined in terms of the recovery of fracture toughness. Healing evaluation begins withavirginfracturetestofanundamagedtapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) sample (Figure 2(a)). A pre-crack is introduced to sharpen the crack-tip,andloadingofthespecimenisincreased until the crack propagates along the centerline of the sample until failure. The crack is then closed and allowed to heal at room temperature with no external intervention. After healing, the sample is loaded again until failure. Crack healing efficiency, η, is defined as the ability of a healed sample to recover fracture toughness (Wool et al., 1981): Table 1. Non exhaustive main developments in self-healing polymer composites Host material Healing system Stimulus Best efficiency achieved Healing condition Test method Ref. Thermosetting and/or thermosetting composites Hollow Glass Fibre Mechanical 93% 24 hours at ambient atm. Flexure Strength (Trask, Bond, 2006) Microencaps- ulation approach 80-93% 48 h at 80o C 24 h at Ambient then 24 h at 80o C Fatigue resistance Fracture toughness Tensile strength (Sanada, Yasuda, Shindo, 2006) Micro-vascular network 60-70% 7- 30 cycles 12 hours at ambient atm. Fracture toughness (Toohey et al., 2007) Thermoplastic additives 30-100% 10 min at 120o C 1- 2 h at 130- 160o C Flexure strength Tensile strength Impact strength (Hayes et al., 2007) Shape memory alloy Electrical 77% 24 hours at ambient atm. Fracture toughness (Kirkby et al., 2008) Carbon fibre 46% 1-20 minutes, 70-120o C Impact strength (Murphy et al., 2008) Elastomeric Silicone rubber Mechanical 70–100% 48 hours at ambient atm. Tear strength (Keller, White, Sottos, 2007) Thermoplastic Molecular diffusion 100% 5 min. At 60o C. Fracture toughness (Lin, Lee, Liu, 1990) Photo-induced healing Photo 26% 10 min. At 100o C Flexure Strength (Chung et al., 2004)
5 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  η =KIC healed /KIC Virgin (2) where, KIC Virgin and KIC healed represent the frac- ture toughness of the virgin and healed samples, respectively. 2.2. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Fatigue Test For dynamic fracture conditions, healing effi- ciency based on static fracture toughness recov- ery is no longer meaningful. Instead, the fatigue crack propagation behaviour of the self-healing epoxy was evaluated using the protocol outlined by Brown et al. who defined healing in terms of the life extension factor (Brown, Sottos, White, 2002): ηd = N healed -N control /N control (3) whereNhealed isthetotalnumberofcyclestofailure for a self-healing sample and N control is the total number of cycles to failure for a similar sample without healing. Characterization of fatigue response is more complex than monotonic fracture because it de- pends on a number of factors such as the applied stress intensity range, the loading frequency, the ratio of applied stress intensity, the healing kinet- ics,andtherestperiodsemployed(Brown,White, Sottos, 2005). The investigation considered successfulhealingastherecoveryofstiffnesslost due to damage induced by cyclic loading rather than changes in crack growth rate or absolute fatigue life. 2.3. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Tear Test Forelastomericself-healingmaterial,theTDCB- based fracture toughness protocol to evaluate healingperformanceisinappropriate.Instead,the recovery of tear strength using a tear specimen is used to define healing efficiency, where ηc =T healed/ T Virgin (4) A tear test utilizes a rectangular coupon of material with a large axial pre-cut that produces two loading arms. These arms are loaded in ten- sion until the tear propagates through the rest of the specimen (Figure 2(b)). Healing evaluation begins with a virgin tear test of an undamaged sample. After failure, the sample loading arms are reregistered and healing occurs at room temperature with no external intervention. After healing, the tear sample is loaded again to failure. Using this test protocol, more than 70% recovery of the original tear strength was achieved in the PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) system (Keller et al., 2007). 3. SELF-HEALING OF THE THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS Crackhealingofthermoplasticpolymershasbeen thesubjectofextensiveresearchinthe1980s.The polymers investigated cover amorphous, semi crystalline,blockcopolymers,andfibre-reinforced composites. It has been discovered that when Figure 2. (Left) Schematic of the TDCB-based fracture toughness and (Right) tear protocols to evaluate healing performance
6 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  two pieces of the same polymer are brought into contact at a temperature above its glass transition (Tg), the interface gradually disappears and the mechanicalstrengthatthepolymer-polymerinter- face increases as the crack heals due to molecular diffusionacrosstheinterface.Forexample,byus- ing thermoplastics chain mobility with a minimal application of heat, Lin et al. (Lin et al., 1990) havestudiedcrackhealinginPMMA(poly(methyl methacrylate)) by methanol treatment from 40 to 60°C. The authors have found that the tensile strength of PMMA treated by methanol can be fully recovered to that of the virgin material. On theotherhand,anotherexampleofphoto-induced self-healing in PMMA was reported by Chung et al.(Chungetal.,2004).Mixtureofphotolinkable TCE (1,1,1-tris-(cinnamoyloxymethyl) Ethane) with UDME- (urethane-dimethacrylate-) and TEGDMA- (triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate-) basedmonomers,blendedwithvisiblelightphoto- initiatorCQ(camphorquinone),waspolymerized into a hard and transparent film after its irradia- tion for 10min with a 280 nm light source. The healing was shown to only occur upon exposure tothelightofthecorrectwavelength,provingthat the healing was light initiated. Healing efficien- cies in flexural strength up to 14% and 26% were reported using light or a combination of light and heat (100°C). However, healing was limited to the surfaces being exposed to light, meaning that internal cracks or thick substrates are unlikely to heal. In summary, self-healing of thermoplastic polymers can be achieved via a number of differ- ent mechanisms, including (i) recombination of chain ends, (ii) self-healing via reversible bond formation, (iii) living polymer approach, and (iv) self-healingbynanoparticles,inadditiontothe(v) molecular inter-diffusion and (vi) photo-induced healing reported here. The processes are well known and have been well reported. A detailed description of these approaches can be found in (Wu, Meure Solomon, 2008). 4. SELF-HEALING OF THERMOSETTING MATERIALS The search for self-healing thermosetting mate- rials coincides with these materials being more and more widely used in numerous structural applications.Theseapplicationsgenerallyrequire rigid materials with a thermal stability that most thermoplastics do not possess. The rigidity and thermalstabilityofthermosettingcomesfromtheir cross-linked molecular structure, meaning that they do not possess the chain mobility so heavily utilizedintheself-healingofthermoplastics.Asa result of their different chemistry and molecular structure, the development of self-healing ther- mosettinghasfolloweddistinctlydifferentroutes. The most common approaches for autonomic self healing of thermosetting-based materials in- volve incorporation of self-healing agents within a brittle vessel prior to addition of the vessels into thepolymericmatrix.Thesevesselsfractureupon loadingofthepolymer,releasingthelow-viscosity self-healingagentstothedamagedsitesforsubse- quent curing and filling of the microcracks. The exact nature of the self-healing approach depends on (i) the nature and location of the damage, (ii) the type of self-healing resins, and (iii) the influ- ence of the operational environment. 4.1. Hollow Glass Fibres Systems The development of advanced fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to achieve performance im- provements in engineering structures focuses on the exploitation of the excellent specific strength and stiffness that they offer. However, the planar natureofaFRPsmicrostructureresultsinrelatively poorperformanceunderimpactloading.Thisisan indicationoftheirsusceptibilitytodamage,which manifests mainly in the form of delamination. Hollow glass fibres have already been shown to improve structural performance of materials without creating sites of weakness within the
7 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  composite(Trask,WilliamsBond,2007).These hollow fibres offer increased flexural rigidity and allowforgreatercustomtailoringofperformance, by adjusting, for example, both the thickness of the walls and degree of hollowness (Hucker et al., 2003). By using hollow glass fibres in these composites—alone or in conjunction with other reinforcing fibres it would be possible to not only gain the desired structural improvements, but to also introduce a reservoir suitable for the contain- ment of a healing agent (Trask et al., 2007). Upon mechanical stimulus (damage inducing fracture of the fibres), this agent would “bleed” into the damagesitetoinitiaterepair,notunlikebiological self healing mechanisms (Pang Bond, 2005). The first systems that have been investigated in 1996 and 1998 by Dry (1996) and Li et al. (1998), respectively, have validated that the pro- posed architecture for releasing chemicals from repair fibres was totally possible and then have used cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate (Li et al., 1998),andmethylmethacrylate(DryMcMillan, 1996)ashealingagentstohealcracksinconcrete. Thismethodologywasthentransferredtopolymer compositematerialsbyMotukuetal.(1999)inthe late1999.Thehealingagentscontainedwithinthe glass fibres have been either a one-part adhesive, suchascyanoacrylate,oratwo-partepoxysystem, containing both a resin and a hardener, where either both are loaded in perpendicular fibres or oneembeddedintothematrixandtheotherinside fibres (Bleay et al., 2001). Oneoftheinitialchallengesencounteredwhen creating this type of self-healing systems is the development of a practical technique for filling the hollow glass fibres with repair agent. When approaching this problem, the dimensions of the glass fibre itself must be considered, including diameter, wall thickness, and fibre hollowness, as well as the viscosity and healing kinetics of the repair agent. Bleay et al. (2001) were among the first to develop and implement a fibre filling methodinvolving“capillaryaction”thatisassisted byvacuum,whichisnowthemaincommonlyused process. The chosen glass fibre should be also evaluated for its capacity to survive to the com- posite manufacturing process without breakage, while still possessing its ability to rupture during a damage event in order to release the required healing agent. Motuku et al. (1999) have clearly determined that hollow glass fibres were best suited for this kindofapplication,asopposedtopolymertubesor those made of metal, which often did not provide controlled fracture upon impact damage. In 2003, Hucker et al. (2003) have shown that hollow glass fibres of a larger diameter offered an increased compressive strength, while giving larger volume of healing agent to be stored. The secondimportantparametertoinvestigatewasthe capacity of the healing agent to adequately reach the site of damage and subsequently undergo healing. This mechanism will obviously depend upon the viscosity of the healing material, as well as the kinetics of the repair process. Forexample,thecyanoacrylatesystemstudied by Bleay et al. (2001) was shown, indeed, to re- store mechanical strength to damaged specimens but also caused significant problems by curing upon contact with the opening of the fibre, which preventedthehealingagentfromreachingthesite of damage in the sample. Various groups (Pang et al., 2005, Motuku et al., 1999, Trask et al., 2007) havethenusedliquiddyesinsidethecompositesin order to serve as a damage detection mechanism, providinghenceavisibleindicationofthedamage site, while allowing a clear evaluation of the flow of healing agents to those sites. Finally, the third parameter to optimize is the concentration of healing fibres within the matrix, theirspecialdistribution,andthefinaldimensions of the specimen, which have direct effects on the mechanical properties of the resulting composite material.AsearlydemonstratedbyJangetal.(Jang et al., 1990) in 1990, the stacking sequence of the fibres within the composite plays a role in inhibit-
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim
Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim

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Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials Mohamed Bouodina J. Paulo Davim

  • 1.
  • 2. Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials Mohamed Bououdina University of Bahrain, Bahrain J. Paulo Davim University of Aveiro, Portugal A volume in the Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series
  • 3. Published in the United States of America by Engineering Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@igi-global.com. Handbook of research on nanoscience, nanotechnology, and advanced materials / Mohamed Bououdina and J. Paulo Davim, editors. pages cm Summary: “This book presents a detailed analysis of current experimental and theoretical approaches surrounding nanoma- terials science and applications in fields such as biomedicine, renewable energy, and synthetic materials”-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4666-5824-0 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5825-7 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-5827-1 (print perpetual access) 1. Nanotechnology. 2. Nanostructured materials. I. Bououdina, Mohamed, 1965- editor of compilation. II. Davim, J. Paulo, editor of compilation. T174.7.H367 2014 620’.5--dc23 2013051201 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) (ISSN: 2327-5448; eISSN: 2327-5456) Managing Director: Production Editor: Development Editor: Acquisitions Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Lindsay Johnston Jennifer Yoder Allison McGinniss Kayla Wolfe Michael Brehm Jason Mull
  • 4. Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series • Applications of Chemoinformatics • Biochemical Food and Medical Engineering • Chemical Engineering • Computational Drug Design • High Performance Computer and Chemoinformatics • Industrial Chemistry • Knowledge Representation • Materials Engineering • Particle Technology • Process Systems Engineering J. Paulo Davim University of Aveiro, Portugal ISSN: 2327-5448 EISSN: 2327-5456 Mission The cross disciplinary approach of chemical and materials engineering is rapidly growing as it applies to the study of educational, scientific and industrial research activities by solving complex chemical problems using computational techniques and statistical methods. The Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series provides research on the recent advances throughout computational and statistical methods of analysis and modeling. This series brings together collaboration between chemists, engineers, statisticians, and computer scientists and offers a wealth of knowledge and useful tools to academics, practitioners, and professionals through high quality publications. Coverage IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts for publication within this series. To submit a pro- posal for a volume in this series, please contact our AcquisitionEditorsatAcquisitions@igi-global.com or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/. The Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering (ACME) Book Series (ISSN 2327-5448) is published by IGI Global, 701 E. Choco- late Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com. This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually; each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series. For pricing and ordering information please visit http://www. igi-global.com/book-series/advances-chemical-materials-engineering/73687.Postmaster:Sendalladdresschangestoaboveaddress.Copyright © 2014 IGI Global. All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher. No part of this series may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global.
  • 5. Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials Mohamed Bououdina (University of Bahrain, Bahrain) and J. Paulo Davim (University of Aveiro, Portugal) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 375pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466658240) • US $295.00 (our price) Quantum and Optical Dynamics of Matter for Nanotechnology Mihai V. Putz (West University of Timisoara, Romania) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2014 • 527pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466646872) • US $180.00 (our price) Advanced Solar Cell Materials, Technology, Modeling, and Simulation Laurentiu Fara (Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania) and Masafumi Yamaguchi (Toyota Technological Institute, Japan) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2013 • 354pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781466619272) • US $195.00 (our price) Computational Gas-Solids Flows and Reacting Systems Theory, Methods and Practice Sreekanth Pannala (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA) Madhava Syamlal (National Energy Technology Labo- ratory, USA) and Thomas J. O’Brien (National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA) Engineering Science Reference • copyright 2011 • 500pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781615206513) • US $180.00 (our price) 701 E. Chocolate Ave., Hershey, PA 17033 Order online at www.igi-global.com or call 717-533-8845 x100 To place a standing order for titles released in this series, contact: cust@igi-global.com Mon-Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm (est) or fax 24 hours a day 717-533-8661
  • 6. Editorial Advisory Board J. L. Bobet, Universite de Boredaux I, France R. Boukhanouf, Université Lille 1, France D. Fruchart, Institut Neel, France Z. X. Guo, University College of London, UK M. Ishaque Khan, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Nouar Tabet, Qatar Energy and Environment Research Institute, Qatar G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK Yokoyama, Kent State University, USA List of Reviewers Esam H. Abdul-Hafidh, Yanbu University College, Saudi Arabia H. A. Adnane, Yanbu University College, Saudi Arabia Feroz Ahmad Mir, University of Kashmir, India Iftikhar Ahmed, University of Malakand, Pakistan Rashid Ahmed, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Cheknane Ali, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, Algeria Luc Aymard, University of Picardie Jules Verne, France Rachid Belkada, Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-Conducteurs Pour l’Energitique, Algeria Yaakov (Kobi) Benenson, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Samir Boulfrad, Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Saudi Arabia Costas Charitidies, University of Athens, Greece Ingram Conrad, University of West Indies, USA Eithiraj Rajagopal Dashinamoorthy, Donostia International Physics Centre, Spain E. Deligoz, Aksaray University, Turkey Thierry Djenizian, Aix-Marseille Université Equipe Chimie-Physique, France Ayub Elahi, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Mohamed Fathi, Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-Conducteurs Pour l’Energitique, Algeria Khaldi Fouad, Université de Batna, Algeria Mark Franken, University of Bath, UK Qiang Fu, University of Connecticut, USA Mounir Gaidi, Research and Technology Centre of Energy, Tunisia Rukan Genc, Mersin University, Turkey
  • 7. Sevdalin Georgiev, Sofia University, Bulgaria Gopukumar, Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, India Wolfgang Hess, Freiburg University, Germany Tajammul Hussain, National Centre of Physics, Pakistan Ishrat Khan, University of Florida, USA S. S. Islam, Central University, India Tariq-ul Islam, Central University, India Yassin A. Jeilani, Spelman College, USA Dinesh Jesrotia, GGM Science College Jammu, India Anup Kale, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore Amal Kasry, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Austria G. Davon Kennedy, Georgia State University, USA R. V. Krishnarao, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA Jing Li, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA K. Maaz, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Shazim Memon, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hong Kong Abdelkrim Merad, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy Rahul Mitra, Indian Institute of Technology, India Abdul Khader Mohammad, Pharmaceutics International Inc. (PII), USA Sylvie Morin, York University, Canada Maqbool Muhammad, Ball State University, USA Gautam Mukherjee, Burdwan University, India M. Nedil, Université du Québec, Canada Kemal Ozdogan, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Liaqat Qureshi, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Michael Rajamathi, St. Joseph’s College, India S. Rath, University of Delhi, India James L. Reed, Northwestern University, USA El Hadi Sadki, United Arab Emirates University, UAE Patrik Schmuki, University of Erlangen – Nuremberg, Germany Muhammad Shahid, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia Dimtri Shtansky, National University of Science and Technology, Russia Andrey L. Stepanov, Kazan State Technological University, Russia N. Tabet, King Fahd King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Bashir Tahir, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Muhammet Toprak, KTH Institute, Sweden Jay Wadhawan, University of Hull, UK Lon J. Wilson, Rice University, USA Xing-Hua Xia, Nanjing University, China Y. Yagoub, University of Ottawa, Canada M. Zaabat, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria Zulkarnain Zainal, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Hadi Zareie, Gediz Üniversitesi, Turkey
  • 8. List of Contributors Aïssa, Brahim / MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1..........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::11,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2108 Ali, Zahid / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2...................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2376 Al-Nashef, InasMuen / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6............................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6376 Barbhuiya, Salim / Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1164 Bayir, Ece / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1....................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1447 Benouaz, Tayeb / Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2..................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2492 Bilgi, Eyup / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2..................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2447 Boukherroub, Rabah / Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3....................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3176,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7196 Boumaza, Nawel / Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1.................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1492 Bououdina, Mohamed / University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2..................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2312 Brimmo, Ayoola / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1..............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1268 Das, Manash R. / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3...................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3196 Deshmukh, Ashvini B. / CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4..............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4196 Emziane, Mahieddine / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1.............................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1226,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2268 Fruchart, D. / CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4.........................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4312 Goumri-Said, Souraya / King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2...................................................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2431,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3492 Guo, Z. X. / University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3.....................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3312 Harruna, Issifu / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2.................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::226 Hussain, Najrul / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2...................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2196 Hussain, Rafaqat / Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7...........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7376 Kamaja, Chaitanya Krishna / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1.................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1176 Kang, DaeJoon / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8..........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8376 Kanoun, Mohammed Benali / King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1.................................................................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1431 Khayyat, Maha Mohamed / Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2..........................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::21,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1108 Li, Huayang / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1......................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::126 Li, Mingguang / Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1..................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1146 Melnyczuk, John M. / Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::189 Nafady, Ayman / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 ......................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4376 Palchoudhury, Soubantika / Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2.............................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::289 Penchovsky, Robert / Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1........................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1414 Rajaperumal, M. / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2176 Rana, Usman Ali / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3...................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3376 Roy, Manish / Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1.....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::162
  • 9. Sarfraz, Mansoor / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5..................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5376 Shah, K. A. / Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 .....................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1131 Shah, M. A. / National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2........................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2131 Shakir, Imran / Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1..............10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1376 Sharma, Ponchami / CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1..............10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1196 Shelke, Manjusha V. / National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4.......................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4176,10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5196 Souier, Tewfik / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1..................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1343 Szunerits, Sabine / Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 ....................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6196 Urkmez, Aylin Sendemir / Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3...........................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3447 Walker, G. / University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1.......................................................................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1312 Yoosuf, Rahana / Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2...............................................10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2226
  • 10. Table of Contents Preface10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chpre.................................................................................................................................................. xx Chapter 110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris..............................................................................................................110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2 Chapter 210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Functionalization of Carbon Nanocomposites with Ruthenium Bipyridine and Terpyridine Complex.................................................................................................................................................2610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1 Issifu Harruna, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2 Chapter 310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications......................6210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Manish Roy, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1 Chapter 410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles................................................................8910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 John M. Melnyczuk, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1 Soubantika Palchoudhury, Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2 Chapter 510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications...................................................................10810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2 Chapter 610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes.........................................................................13110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 K. A. Shah, Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 M. A. Shah, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2 Chapter 710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule . Levels...................................................................................................................................................14610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Mingguang Li, Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1
  • 11. Chapter 810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry....................................................................16410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Salim Barbhuiya, Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1 Chapter 910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion . and Storage...........................................................................................................................................17610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chaitanya Krishna Kamaja, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1 M. Rajaperumal, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2 Rabah Boukherroub, Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3 Manjusha V. Shelke, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4 Chapter 1010.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications..................................................19610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Ponchami Sharma, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1 Najrul Hussain, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2 Manash R. Das, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3 Ashvini B. Deshmukh, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4 Manjusha V. Shelke, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5 Sabine Szunerits, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 Rabah Boukherroub, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7 Chapter 1110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 In2 X3 (X=S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Thin Films: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications..............22610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1 Rahana Yoosuf, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2 Chapter 1210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics....................................................................................................26810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Ayoola Brimmo, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2 Chapter 1310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical . Properties.............................................................................................................................................31210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1 Mohamed Bououdina, University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2 Z. X. Guo, University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3 D. Fruchart, CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4 Chapter 1410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites............................................................34310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Tewfik Souier, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1
  • 12. Chapter 1510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects..............................................................................................................37610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Imran Shakir, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1 Zahid Ali, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2 Usman Ali Rana, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3 Ayman Nafady, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 Mansoor Sarfraz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5 InasMuen Al-Nashef, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6 Rafaqat Hussain, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7 DaeJoon Kang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8 Chapter 1610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Nucleic Acids-Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications.............................41410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Robert Penchovsky, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1 Chapter 1710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects................................43110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Mohammed Benali Kanoun, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2 Chapter 1810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy..........................................................................44710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Ece Bayir, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1 Eyup Bilgi, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2 Aylin Sendemir Urkmez, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3 Chapter 1910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber........................................................................................................................................49210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Nawel Boumaza, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1 Tayeb Benouaz, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3 Compilation of References10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chcrf ................................................................................................................ 505 About the Contributors10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chatc..................................................................................................................... 605 Index10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chidx................................................................................................................................................... 615
  • 13. Detailed Table of Contents Preface10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chpre.................................................................................................................................................. xx Chapter 110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris..............................................................................................................110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::1 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001::2 The presence in space of orbital debris, particularly in low earth orbit, presents a continuous hazard to orbiting satellites and spacecrafts. The development of self-healing materials offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. This chapter reviews the various self-healing technologiescurrentlybeingdeveloped.Self-healingsystemscanbemadefromavarietyofpolymersand metallic materials. An overview of various self-healing concepts over the past two decades is presented. Finally, a perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Chapter 210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Functionalization of Carbon Nanocomposites with Ruthenium Bipyridine and Terpyridine Complex.................................................................................................................................................2610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002 Huayang Li, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::1 Issifu Harruna, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002::2 Rutheniumbipyridineorterpyridinecomplexesfunctionalizedcarbon-basednanocompositeshavespecial properties in the electromagnetic and photochemical research field. The aims of this chapter include development of functionalized fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with ruthenium complex and characterization of their nanostructural properties. Such nanocomposites can be accomplished using either covalent or non-covalent functionalization methods.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch002
  • 14. Chapter 310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications......................6210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Manish Roy, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003::1 Various thin films used for tribological applications are classified under four heads. Based on their load vs. displacement curves, which have some characteristics features, the ratio of nanohardness to elastic modulus and the ratio of cube of nanohardness to square of elastic modulus are evaluated in this chapter. It is demonstrated that depending on the type of film used, these ratios vary within a certain range. For soft self-lubricating films, these ratios are very low; whereas for hard self-lubricating film, these ratios are quite high.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch003 Chapter 410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles................................................................8910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 John M. Melnyczuk, Clark Atlanta University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::1 Soubantika Palchoudhury, Yale University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004::2 Iron oxide nanoparticles show great promise in bio-applications like drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermia. This is because the size of these magnetic nanoparticles is comparable to biomolecules and the particles can be removed via normal iron metabolic pathways. These nanoparticles are also attractive for industrial separations and catalysis because they can be magnetically recovered. However, the size, morphology, and surface coating of the iron oxide nanoparticles greatly affect their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Therefore, nanoparticles with tunable characteristics are desirable. This chapter elaborates the synthesis techniques for the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles with good control over reproducibility, surface and magnetic properties, and morphology. The well- known co-precipitation and thermal decomposition methods are detailed in this chapter. The surface modification routes and characterization of these nanoparticles are also discussed. The chapter will be particularly useful for engineering/science graduate students and/or faculty interested in synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles for specific research applications.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch004 Chapter 510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications...................................................................10810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005 Maha Mohamed Khayyat, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::1 Brahim Aïssa, MPB Technologies Inc., Canada10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005::2 Surfaces and interfaces have a special significance to nanotechnology because the surface/volume ratio of nanomaterials is larger than for the bulk ones. Therefore, interfaces of nanomaterials are more important to the properties of the nanomaterials than for larger scale materials. Moreover, crystal growth and more particularly Nanowires (NWs) growth occurs at the interfaces between the growing crystals and the supply media. This chapter focuses on the silicon nanowires grown using a Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) concept. One of the key advantages of VLS is that controlled placement or templating of the seed metal produces templated NW growth. This templating is required for integration of NWs with other devices, which is desirable for many applications. The authors discuss issues on the discovery of fundamentally new phenomena versus performance benchmarking for many of the Si-NW applications. Finally, the authors attempt to look into the future and offer their personal opinions on the upcoming trends in nanowire research.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch005
  • 15. Chapter 610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes.........................................................................13110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 K. A. Shah, Govt. Degree College for Women, Anantnag, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::1 M. A. Shah, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006::2 Carbon nanotubes have attracted the scientific community throughout the world, and in the past decade, a lotofworkhasbeenreportedrelatedwithsynthesis,characterization,andapplicationsofcarbonnanotubes. This chapter is written for readers who are not familiar with the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotubes. The structure of carbon nanotubes, types of the carbon nanotubes, Brillouin zone of carbon nanotubes, and band structure of carbon nanotubes are discussed at length, which will serve as foundation for the study of Raman scattering in carbon nanotubes. The Density of States (DOS) of single walled carbon nanotubes are illustrated by an example which will encourage readers to calculate the DOS of any type of carbon nanotube. The Raman modes of vibration are discussed, and Raman spectroscopic analysis is presented by considering the typical spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch006 Chapter 710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule . Levels...................................................................................................................................................14610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Mingguang Li, Wayne State University, USA10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007::1 Polymeric nanoparticles have been increasingly studied and applied in a variety of areas, most commonly in biomedicine. The efficiency and toxicity are two aspects that need to be considered for nanoparticles, andbotharecloselyrelatedtothepharmacokineticsofnanoparticles.Inthischapter,thepharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles were introduced at the whole body level (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), organism level (transportation within organs and pass through physiological barriers), cell levels (binding to cell surface, endocytosis, intracellular transition, and exocytosis), and molecule level (protein binding and ligand-receptor binding). Examples were also given to illustrate the modeling of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles at different levels. A comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles will facilitate the applications in various areas such as drug delivery and disease diagnosis.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch007 Chapter 810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry....................................................................16410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008 Salim Barbhuiya, Curtin University of Technology, Australia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008::1 Theapplicationofnanomaterialsinvariousappliedfieldshasgainedworldwiderecognition.Nanomaterials have the ability to manipulate the structure at nano-scale. This leads to the generation of tailored and multifunctional composites with improved mechanical and durability performance. Recognizing this, the construction industry recently has started to use a variety of nanomaterials. The use of these materials is found to improve various fundamental characteristics of construction materials including the strength, durability, and lightness. In this chapter an attempt is made to review the use of various nanomaterials in cementitous system. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges related to their use. Finally, the strategies for using nanomaterials in construction industry for the next ten years are identified.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch008
  • 16. Chapter 910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion . and Storage...........................................................................................................................................17610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chaitanya Krishna Kamaja, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::1 M. Rajaperumal, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::2 Rabah Boukherroub, Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::3 Manjusha V. Shelke, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009::4 Global demand of energy is increasing at an alarming rate, and nanotechnology is being looked at as a potentialsolutiontomeetthischallenge(Holtren,2007).Althoughtheefficiencyofenergyconversionand storage devices depends on a variety of factors, the overall performance strongly relies on the structure and properties of the component materials (Whitesides, 2007). Compared to conventional materials, silicon (Si) nanostructures and graphene nanosheets possess unique properties (i.e. morphological, electrical,optical,andmechanical)usefulforenhancingtheenergy-conversionandstorageperformances. Graphene can enhance efficiency of nano-Si based solar cells and battery due to its high electronic conductivity,ultrahighmobility,hightransparency,andstrongmechanicalproperty.Thischapterprovides a comprehensive review of recent progress and material challenges in energy conversion (solar cells) and storage (batteries/supercapacitors) with specific focus on composites of Si nanostructures-graphene nanosheets.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch009 Chapter 1010.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications..................................................19610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010 Ponchami Sharma, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::1 Najrul Hussain, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::2 Manash R. Das, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::3 Ashvini B. Deshmukh, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::4 Manjusha V. Shelke, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, India10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::5 Sabine Szunerits, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::6 Rabah Boukherroub, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Université Lille 1, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010::7 Graphene is one of the most interesting materials in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit unique physical and chemical properties due to their reduced size and high density of corner or edge surface sites. The metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites not only possess favorable properties of graphene and metal oxide, but also greatly enhance the intrinsic properties due to the synergistic effect between them. These composites are used for catalysis, supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, solar cells, sensors, removal of pollutants from water, etc. There is a very broad scope of further research for the development of metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites with enhanced properties for different applications. This chapter deals with a comprehensive review of the current research activities from the viewpoint of chemistry and materials science with a special focus on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of metal oxide-graphene nanocomposite materials.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch010
  • 17. Chapter 1110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 In2 X3 (X=S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Thin Films: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications..............22610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::1 Rahana Yoosuf, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011::2 Indium chalcogenide thin film semiconductor compounds In2X3 (with X being a chalcogen atom, i.e., S, Se, or Te) are important materials in many current technological applications such as solar cells, micro- batteries, memory devices, etc. This chapter reviews the recent progress in In2X3 (X = S, Se, or Te) thin filmresearchanddevelopment,withaparticularattentionpaidtotheirgrowthandprocessingmethodsand parameters, and the effects that these have on the films microstructure. The intimate relationship between their fabrication conditions and the resulting physico-chemical and functional properties is discussed. Finally, results pertaining to the fabrication and characterization of these thin film materials, as well as the main devices and applications based on them are also highlighted and discussed in this chapter.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch011 Chapter 1210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics....................................................................................................26810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Ayoola Brimmo, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::1 Mahieddine Emziane, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012::2 Recent developments show that the exceptional physical, optical, and electrical properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have now caught the attention of the Photovoltaics (PV) industry. This chapter provides an updated and in-depth review of some of the most exciting and important developments in the application of CNTs in photovoltaics. The chapter begins with a discussion of the underlying properties of CNTs that make them promising for PV applications. A review of the literature on the application of CNTs in the photoactive layer of Silicon (Si)-based heterojunctions, as anchors for light harvesting materials in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and as components of other organic solar cells (OPVs), is then presented. Findings portend the promise of CNTs in bridging the gap between the two classes of solar cells currently in the market. Since the technology is in its early stages, it is generally limited by a general lack of understanding of CNTs and their adequate growth mechanisms.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch012 Chapter 1310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical . Properties.............................................................................................................................................31210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013 G. Walker, University of Nottingham, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::1 Mohamed Bououdina, University of Bahrain, Bahrain10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::2 Z. X. Guo, University College London, UK10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::3 D. Fruchart, CNRS de Grenoble, France10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013::4 Hydrogen is a promising and clean fuel for transportation and domestic applications, but is difficult to store. Many systems have been investigated in order to improve the maximum hydrogen storage capacity (reversibility),highkinetics,moderateequilibriumpressureand/ordecompositiontemperature,andbetter cyclability. In this chapter, a review of studies related to stability of Zr-based Laves phase system as well as in-situ neutron diffraction investigation, the kinetics of TiFe, surface treatment of LaNi5 system, mechanically alloyed Mg-based hydrides, and graphite nanofibers are reported.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch013
  • 18. Chapter 1410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites............................................................34310.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Tewfik Souier, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, UAE10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014::1 Inthischapter,themainscanningprobemicroscopy-basedmethodstomeasurethetransportpropertiesin advanced polymer-Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites are presented. The two major approaches toinvestigatetheelectricalandchargetransport(i.e.,ElectrostaticForceMicroscopy[EFM]andCurrent- Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy [CS-AFM]) are illustrated, starting from their basic principles. First, the authors show how the EFM-related techniques can be used to provide, at high spatial resolution, a three-dimensional representation CNT networks underneath the surface. This allows the studying of the role of nanoscopic features such as CNTs, CNT-CNT direct contact, and polymer-CNT junctions in determining the overall composite properties. Complementary, CS-AFM can bring insight into the transport mechanism by imaging the spatial distribution of currents percolation paths within the nanocomposite. Finally, the authors show how the CS-AFM can be used to quantify the surface/bulk percolation probability and the nanoscopic electrical conductivity, which allows one to predict the macroscopic percolation model.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014 Chapter 1510.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects..............................................................................................................37610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015 Imran Shakir, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::1 Zahid Ali, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::2 Usman Ali Rana, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::3 Ayman Nafady, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::4 Mansoor Sarfraz, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::5 InasMuen Al-Nashef, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::6 Rafaqat Hussain, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::7 DaeJoon Kang, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015::8 One of the greatest challenges for the modern world is the ever-increasing demand of energy, which may soon outstrip the amount of natural resources that can be obtained using currently known energy conversion and energy storage technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. It appears that the maximum output efficiencies of these devices have already reached the intrinsic limits of almost all electrocatalyst materials. Hence, it is a high time to think about new materialarchitecturesbycontrollingsize,shape,andgeometry,aswellascompositionthatcanpotentially make a significant improvement in the performance of these electrochemical devices. Among several known electrocatalyst materials are nanomaterials and their composites due to their unique electrical, mechanical, physical, chemical, and structural characteristics. These materials have opened a whole new territory of possibilities in designing high performance energy storage and conversion devices. In this chapter, the authors review the recent progress in energy storage and conversion devices that utilize various nanomaterials and their composite materials and identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch015
  • 19. Chapter 1610.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Nucleic Acids-Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications.............................41410.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Robert Penchovsky, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016::1 Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a valuable field that integrates research from science and technology to create novel nanodevices and nanostructures with various applications in modern nanotechnology. Applicationsofnanobiotechnologyareemployedinbiomedicalandpharmaceuticalresearch,biosensoring, nanofluidics, self-assembly of nanostructures, nanopharmaceutics, molecular computing, and others. It has been proven that nucleic acids are a very suitable medium for self-assembly of diverse nanostructures andcatalyticnanodevicesforvariousapplications.Inthischapter,theauthorsdiscussvariousapplications of nucleic-based nanotechnology. The areas discussed here include building nanostructures using DNA oligonucleodite, self-assembly of integrated RNA-based nanodevices for molecular computing and diagnostics, antibacterial drug discovery, exogenous control of gene expression, and gene silencing.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch016 Chapter 1710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects................................43110.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Mohammed Benali Kanoun, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::1 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017::2 First-principlescalculationsareperformedbytakingintoaccountthestrongcorrelationeffectsonceria.To obtain an accurate description including f electrons, the authors optimized the Coulomb U parameter for useinLocal-DensityApproximation(LDA)andGeneralizedGradientApproximation(GGA)calculation. A good agreement with experimental data is obtained within the GGA+U (Wu-Cohen scheme). Elastic stiffness constants are found in correct agreement with the available experimental results. Born effective charge, dielectric permittivity, and the phonon-dispersion curves are computed using density functional perturbation theory. The origin of magnetism in undoped ceria with intrinsic defects is investigated. The authors show that both of Ce and O vacancies induce local moments and ferromagnetism without doping ceria by magnetic impurities in this chapter.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch017 Chapter 1810.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy..........................................................................44710.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018 Ece Bayir, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::1 Eyup Bilgi, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::2 Aylin Sendemir Urkmez, Ege University, Turkey10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018::3 Cancer is a wide group of diseases and generally characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells whose metabolic activities are disrupted. Conventionally, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are used in the treatment of cancer. However, in theory, even a single cancer cell may trigger recurrence. Therefore,thesetreatmentscannotprovidehighsurvivalratefordeadlytypes.Identificationofalternative methods in treatment of cancers is inevitable because of adverse effects of conventional methods. In the last few decades, nanotechnology developed by scientists working in different disciplines—physics, chemistry, and biology—offers great opportunities. It is providing elimination of both circulating tumor cells and solid cancer cells by targeting cancer cells. In this chapter, inadequate parts of conventional treatment methods, nanoparticle types used in new treatment methods of cancer, and targeting methods of nanoparticles are summarized; furthermore, recommendations of future are provided.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch018
  • 20. Chapter 1910.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber........................................................................................................................................49210.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Nawel Boumaza, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::1 Tayeb Benouaz, Tlemcen University, Algeria10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::2 Souraya Goumri-Said, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019::3 The authors solve the propagation soliton perturbation problem in a nonlinear optical system based on a single mode optical fiber by introducing Rayleigh’s dissipation function in the framework of variational approach. The adopted methodology has facilitated the variational approach to be applied on a dissipative system where the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian are difficult to solve. The authors model the propagation in a nonlinear medium by using a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). This is a mathematical model used to describe the optical fiber. The chapter is focused on the propagation of perturbed solitary waves in single mode fiber.10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch019 Compilation of References10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chcrf ................................................................................................................ 505 About the Contributors10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chatc..................................................................................................................... 605 Index10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.chidx................................................................................................................................................... 615
  • 21. xx Preface Nanoscience has been defined as the manipulation of matter as the nanoscale, as well as the discovery of new nanomaterials with fascinating properties (mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, catalytic, etc.) and performances due to the quantum size effect, whereas Nanotechnology deals with the manufactur- ing of nanodevices. Nanotechnology offers a broad range of technological applications and industries includingsemiconductors,autoandaerospace,pharmaceuticalandbiomedical,cosmetics,biotechnology, energy and environment, food, forensic, military, etc. Known as the 5th industrial revolution, it has and continues to attract a large number of scientists worldwide. It is reported that by 2015, Nanotechnology may spawn a $ 1 trillion market and the job projection is around two million with additional 5 million jobs in support industries. Additionally, the emergence of Nanotechnology has created a new dynamism in our scientific and academic world: (1) drastic increase of the research funds towards nanotechnology andnationalnanotechnologyinitiativesweredevelopedbymanycountries;(2)thenumberofconferences and publications (papers, books, proceedings) has increased drastically due to the extensive research work carried out by the researchers; (3) new established academic programs at all levels; (4) new courses and disciplines emerged including nano-chemistry, nano-physics, nano-biotechnology, nano-medicine, nano-engineering, nano-ethics, etc; (5) commercialization of new products and the establishment of new technologies and industries based on nanotechnology leading to the creation of new and important number of jobs, which will have great effects on the future of global economy; (6) new journals and books which attract a wide and large audience; etc. The handbook consists of 2 volumes with a total number of 19 chapters covering a wide range of topics from point of view experimental, fundamental, and applications view, written by experts and eminent scientists in each field. This handbook will present experimental and fundamental approaches and in depth understanding of the chemical/physical/mechanical/electrical/biological/etc. properties of nanostructured/advanced materials followed by some potential applications in biomedical field, renewable energy, semiconduc- tors industry, etc. In addition, it will promote the emerging field of nanotechnology in various science and engineering disciplines. This handbook contains various hot topics related to energy conversion and storage, biomedical field, semiconductors, construction, telecommunication, etc., and thus will target a large audience such as academics, scientists, post-graduates students, engineers, etc. The first chapter “Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites StructuresCausedbyOrbitalSpaceDebris,”consistsofareviewonmaterialsself-healingwhensubjected to any chemical or/and mechanical or/and thermal, etc. It contains some important concepts (such as quantification of healing efficiency which can be assessed by various tests such as Fatigue, Tear, etc.)
  • 22. xxi and presents some self-healing systems including thermoplastic and thermosetting materials then coat- ing systems for metallic structures, etc. The new concept/property of self-healing being considered in engineeringapplicationsisincorporatedasduringthedesignandmanufacturingofmaterials,thusadding new functionality of self-repair for counteracting service degradation. Additionally, it was reported that self-healing results in increasing material lifetime, reducing replacement costs, and improving product safety. In terms of self-healing systems, a variety of polymers and metallic material can be used. Chapter2isdevotedtothestudyoffunctionalisationofcarbon(fullerene,carbonnanotubes,graphene)- based nanocomposites by ruthenium (Ru-bipyridine and Ru-terpyridine)-based complexes. This type of material shows some particular catalytic, electrochemical, or magnetic properties, and offers some potential applications in energy storage, biochemical sensors, photo-induced mechanical actuation, etc. The chapter focuses the synthesis methods of Bipyridine/Terpyridine ligands followed by Complexation with a metal center then Polymerization. After that, it presents the design of organic terpyridine Ligand spacer and polymerization complex for Nanohybrid; then it gives a detailed overview on the functional- ization (non-covalent and covalent) of some carbon nanostructures such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, with Ru bipyridine and terpyridine complexes and finally self-assembly of Ru-terpyridine metal-connected diblock metallopolymers on graphene nanoribbons. Chapter 3, “Nano Indentation Response of Various Thin Films Used for Tribological Applications,” addresses on of the most powerful technique to investigate the mechanical properties of nanostrucred materials. The author focused particularly on three materials, where a detailed study is presented: (1) ZrN films showing better corrosion resistance, improved mechanical properties, and warm golden color, thus very suitable for tribology applications; (2) amorphous carbon (a-C) known as Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) and hydrogenated a-C:H films show the combination of some useful properties such as high nanohardness, good thermal conductivity, low friction coefficient, excellent wear resistance, ultra-smoothness, and chemical inertness (applications as magnetic hard disc, MEMS, biocompatible coating,etc.);and(3)W-S-Cfilmswithananocompositestructureandshowingreasonablenanohardness and low friction coefficient, offering some potential applications such as space-related technologies, in vacuum or in aggressive environment. It was found that H/E and H3 /E2 ratios are considered as important parameters for coatings (H: nanohardness; E: elastic modulus). Chapter 4, “Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles,” covers various aspect of Fe oxides including: (1) crystal structure and properties; (2) synthesis of different morphologies (nano- spheres, nanowhiskers, nanocubes, nanoplates, nanoflowers, etc) using various methods; (3) dispersion and functionalisation of NPs using chemical processes such as ligand exchange, lipid encapsulation, polymer encapsulation, etc.; and (4) characterizations. Finally, some potential applications are presented. Chapter 5, “Si-NWs: Major Advances in Synthesis and Applications,” is devoted to Si nanowires due to their potential and broad applications including the fabrication of integrated circuit, DNA sensors, array-based electrical and electrochemical systems, vertical surround-gate field effect transistor, high resolution Atomic Force Microscope, etc. The authors discussed some synthesis aspects of Si-NWs (lithography, physical, or chemical vapor deposition PVD or CVD methods, etc.) where a particular emphasis on catalyst role during Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) growth mechanism. After that, Nanoscale Chemical Templating (NCT) using oxygen reactive materials was presented in detail followed by some potential applications of Si-NWs such as high-resolution AFM tips, photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric devices, and sensors to end up giving directions for future research on Si-NWs. Chapter 6, “Principles of Raman Scattering in Carbon Nanotubes,” presents background and in-depth theoretical study of carbon nanostructures (nanotubes-CNTs, nanofibers-CNFs, graphene-G) properties
  • 23. xxii then focusing mainly on CNTs. It presents crystal structure and Brillouin zone, electronic band structure, and electronic Density Of States (DOS), which represent the backbone to access vibrational properties through Raman spectroscopy technique. Chapter 7, “Pharmacokinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles at Whole Body, Organ, Cell, and Molecule Levels,” deals with an important and crucial aspect of using Nanoparticles (NPs) for the biomedical field in terms of interaction at different levels. It starts by discussing the fate of NPs in the human body including efficiency and toxicity (which are strongly dependent on NPs shape, size, surface charge modifications, chemical composition, etc.), through ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion). Both experimental and modeling of pharmacokinetic of polymeric NPs have been presented. Then, pharmacokinetics at different levels of interaction inside the body was discussed from point of view of: (1) organ and sub-organ (lung, physiological, and biological barriers, tumor); (2) at cellular and sub-cellular level (cell surface binding, cellular uptake [endocytosis] kinetics, intracellular traffic and biotransformationkinetics,exocytosiskinetics);(3)atmolecularlevel(proteinbinding,ligand-targeting). Chapter 8, “Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction Industry,” presents a short overview of the potential and challenging applications of Nanotechnology in some areas of construction industry. In recent years, some studies devoted to the construction industry report on some interesting results such as: (1) nanoparticles (Zn, Sio2 , Fe2 O3 , and halloysite clay) were embedded into a commercial epoxy resin for the enhancement of mechanical and chemical properties; (2) nano-SiO2 was investigated as additive to cementation system, as well as nano-Fe2 O3 and nano-Al2 O3 ; (3) nano-TiO2 has been reported to pro- duce “self-cleaning” and “depolluting” concrete as well as on roadway for pollution reduction; and (4) Carbon Nanotubes/Nanofibres (CNTs/CNFs) as potential candidates for use as nano-reinforcements in cement-based materials. Then the author discusses the challenges related to the use of nanomaterials as well as strategies for using then for the next ten years with some concluding remarks. Chapter 9, “Silicon Nanostructures-Graphene Nanocomposites: Efficient Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage,” starts by highlighting energy resources/demand and that renewable energies represent only 16% (mainly solar), as well as some background about some fundamental concepts of solar cells energy efficiency and graphene as a potential material for energy conversion/storage. Then a particular focus on the potential use of Si-graphene for energy conversion and stirage, Si-NWs/graphene heterojunction device for photoelectrochemical water splitting, Si-nanostructures/graphene as anode for Li-ion batteries showing high reversible discharge capacity, and supercapcitors. Finally, the authors presents various methods for the preparation of various Si (NPs, NWs)/Graphene nanocomposites. Due to the importance of graphene, Chapter 10, “Metal Oxide-Graphene Nanocomposites: Synthesis to Applications,” was dedicated to metal oxides / graphene composites due to their potential application. Several oxides / methods were presented: in-situ techniques such as precipitation (Fe3 O4 , CuO); sol-gel (TiO2 );hydrothermal/solvothermal(ZnO);photo-assistedreduction(TiO2 );microwave-assistedsynthesis (Fe3 O4 and Co3 O4 ); atomic layer deposition (TiO2 ); followed by ex-situ methods such as layer-by-layer self-assembly (TiO); etc. Then, the authors presented some potential applications of MO/graphene nano- compositesincludingLi-ionbattery,supercapacitors,waterpurification,photovoltaiccells,biomedicine, and end by giving some future research directions. Chapter11,“In2 X3 (X=S,Se,Te)SemiconductorThinFilms:Fabrication,Properties,andApplications,” presents a review on the recent progress on Indium chalcogenide thin film semiconductor compounds as potential candidates as window/buffer-layer for photovoltaic devices. The authors discuss in more detail the evolution of structure and microstructure as well as optical/electrical properties modifications due to the deposition method (metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer chemical vapor deposi-
  • 24. xxiii tion, chemical bath deposition, spray pyrolysis, molecular beam epitaxy, etc.); the effect of deposition parameters (temperature, time, pH of the solution, type of substrate, etc.); and post-deposition treatment. Then a particular interest is devoted to the synthesis, characterizations and properties of some selected compounds including In2 Se3 , In2 Te3 , In2 S3 then ternary compounds such as In2 Se3-x Tex . Chapter 12, “Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics,” reports an in-depth review about the use of CNTs for PV. After introducing the outstanding physical properties of CNTs, the authors present some potential applications of CNTs in various PV/DSSS/OPV: CNT-Si hetero-junction solar cells based on aligned CNTs and Si-NWs, as well as some PV simulations based on molecular dynamics; Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) where CNTs replace Pt as CNT as counter electrode; incorporating CNT networks in the cell’sconductingelectrodetopromotechargetransportintheTiO2 layer,CNTasTransparentConducting Oxide (TCO) layer which is usually Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in DSSC; and CNTs in Organic PV devices (OPV). After that, the authors discuss a very important aspect of PV, trends to improve the efficiency, followed by a discussion and some recommendations and concluding remarks. Chapter 13, “Overview on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials: Structure, Microstructure, and Physical Properties,” presents some important aspect of hydrogen storage in materials. The authors start by giv- ing some fundamental background on hydrogen storage, thermodynamics, and kinetics, properties, and mechanisms. Then a particular focus is devoted to some potential materials including: binary hydrides; intermetallics (LaNi5, FeTi, Laves phases AB2); Mg-based materials; amorphous alloys; quasicrystals; carbon nanostcuctures (nanofibers); light complex hydrides based on alkali-metals (Li, Na, Al, B); rare- earth based hydrides thin films with optical switchable properties; and zeolites. Chapter 14, “Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites,” is devoted to the fundamental and some experimental aspects to access some properties of CNTs-Polymer nanocomposites by using some advanced probe microscopies such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Electrostatic Force Mi- croscopy (EFM); Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy (CS-AFM). After that, a particular focus is dedicated to DC(AC)-EFM imaging of embedded CNT-polymer nanocomposites films, followed by a CS-AFM investigation of bulk and surface percolation as well as electrical conductivity measurements. Chapter 15, “Nanostructured Materials for the Realization of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices: Status and Prospects,” presents an interesting overview on some nanomaterials as potential candidates for energy conversion and storage. After a good introduction related to fundamental aspects of electrochemical energy storage, the authors discuss each application separately: (1) nano- catalysts (Pt, Pt-M core-shell, Pt3 M, graphite-C3 N4 , etc.) for fuel cells; (2) photoelectrochemical water splitting (such as nanocrystalline α-Fe2 O3 and nano-CdSe); (3) dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs (oxide semiconductorslikeTiO2 /ZnO/SnO,nanoporousfilmcoatedwithoxidesAl2 O3 /SnO2 /ZrO2 /SrTiO3 /ZnO, etc.); cathode for Li-ion batteries (such as LiMO2 and spinel-type LiM2 O4 where M=Co, Mn, etc.); and anode for Li-ion batteries (graphite, Li2 Si5 ). Chapter 16, “Nucleic Acids Based Nanotechnology: Engineering Principals and Applications,” focuses on the engineering of functional systems at the molecular level offering potential applications such as molecular sensors, actuators, drug delivery devices, etc. After a good introduction on some very importantaspectssuchasnanobiotechnology,nanomedicine,etc.,theauthorpresentsinmoredetailsome applicationssuchas:(1)passivenanostructuresbasedonDNAusingself-assembly;(2)engineeringactive nanostructures based on allosteric ribozymes; (3) RNA-based nanocircuits; (4) integrated RNA-based nanodevices with a complex logic function as a tool for molecular diagnostics; (5) allosteric ribozymes as
  • 25. xxiv designer cis-acting gene control elements; and (6) gene silencing techniques via trans-acting ribozymes to end up with some future research work in this field. Chapter 17, “Theoretical Assessment of the Mechanical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of the Paramagnetic Insulating Cerium Dioxide and Investigation of Intrinsic Defects,” presents a very detailed studyofsomeproperties(ground-stateproperties,elasticstiffnessconstants,andelectronicstructurewith the inclusion of on-site Coulomb interaction, dielectric properties, lattice dynamic, and thermodynamic properties) of CeO2 by ab-initio calculations (calculations based on Density Functional Theory [DFT] as implemented in WIEN2K and CASTEP packages). A particular focus is dedicated to investigate the presence of intrinsic defects (oxygen or cerium vacancies) in un-doped CeO2 (cubic structure of CaF2 , pace group Fm-3m) to create ferromagnetic behavior. Chapter 18, “Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy,” is devoted to the application of nanotechnology in the biomedical field. The authors start by stating conventional method used for can- cer therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc.) then present how Nanoparticles (NPs) present a potential alternative. Then some general fundamental/experimental aspects related to some selected NPs that are used in drug delivery and targeting in cancer therapy are presented, including Polymeric NPs, Liposomal NPs, Dendrimer NPs, Protein NPs, Polymersome NPs, Inorganic NPs, etc. Additionally, the authors discuss NP toxicity and safety, followed by some major cancer targets for NPs systems (including cellmarkertargetingviaantibodies,targetingsignalingpathways,nichetargeting,angiogenesis-associated targeting) as well as targeting schemes (including passive, active, and triggered targeting), and end with nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy with future research perspectives. Chapter 19, “Understanding the Numerical Resolution of Perturbed Soliton Propagation in Single Mode Optical Fiber,” deals with an important matter related to optical fibers used for telecommunica- tions such as terrestrial broadcasting by a fundamental approach: how to reduce the noise to acceptable levels by acting on device parameters such as the structure of the fiber device. Then, the authors present a detailed theoretical background to study soliton propagation in a mono-modal optical fiber followed by frequency domain filter system, which allow one to create a model followed by simulations using numerical models that allow one to understand the behavior of solitons. This handbook presents the recent advances and future prospects of several nanotechnology appli- cations. In addition, it highlights various technological applications in biomedical, renewable energy, electronics, etc., which will improve future life by offering solutions in health, energy, etc. It contains chapters dealing with various topics starting from experimental approaches, simulation, and modeling, and ending with applications and future perspectives. Mohamed Bououdina University of Bahrain, Bahrain J. Paulo Davim University of Aviero, Portugal
  • 26. 1 Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Chapter 1 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch001 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures Caused by Orbital Space Debris ABSTRACT The presence in space of orbital debris, particularly in low earth orbit, presents a continuous hazard to orbiting satellites and spacecrafts. The development of self-healing materials offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. This chapter reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed. Self-healing systems can be made from a variety of polymers and metallic materials. An overview of various self-healing concepts over the past two decades is presented. Finally, a perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field. 1. INTRODUCTION Polymers and structural composites are used in a variety of applications. However, these materials aresusceptibletodamageinducedbymechanical, chemical, thermal, UV radiation, or a combina- tion of these factors (Bucknall, Drinkwater, Smith, 2004). When polymer composites used as structural materials become damaged, there are only a few methods available to attempt to extend their functional lifetime. Ideal repair methods are ones that can be executed quickly and effectively directly on damaged site, eliminating thereby the need to remove a component for repair. However, the mode of damage must also be taken into con- sideration as repair strategies that work well for Brahim Aïssa MPB Technologies Inc., Canada Maha Mohamed Khayyat Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
  • 27. 2 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  onemodemightbecompletelyuselessforanother. For example, matrix cracking can be repaired by sealing the crack with resin, where fibre breakage would require new fibres replacement or a fabric patch to achieve recovery of strength. One of the earlierhealingmethodsforfracturedsurfaceswas “hot plate” welding, where polymer pieces were brought into contact above the glass transition temperature of the material, and this contact was maintained long enough for interdiffusion across the crack face to occur and restore strength to the material. It has been shown, however, that the location of the weld remains the weakest point in the material and thus the favourable site for future damagetooccur(Liu,Lee,Lu,1993).Forlami- natecomposites,resininjectionisoftenemployed torepairdamageintheformofdelamination.This can be problematic, however, if the crack is not easily accessible for such an injection. For fibre breakage in a laminate composite, a reinforcing patch is often used to restore some of the strength to the material. Often, a reinforcing patch is used in conjunction with resin injection to restore the greatest amount of strength possible (Osswald Menges, 2003). None of these methods of repair is an ideal solution to damage in a structural compositematerial.Thesemethodsaretemporary solutions to prolong the lifetime of the material, and each of these repair strategies requires moni- toring of the damage and manual intervention to enact the repair. This greatly increases the cost of the material by requiring regular maintenance and service. Alternative healing strategies are therefore of great interest. Moreover, with polymers and composites being increasingly used in structural applicationsspace,automobile,defence,andcon- struction industries, several techniques have been developed and adopted by industries for repairing visible or detectable damages on the polymeric structures. However, these conventional repair methods arenoteffective,forexample,forhealinginvisible microcrackswithinthestructureduringitsservice life. In response, the concept of “self-healing” polymeric materials was proposed in the 1980s (Jud, Kausch, Williams, 1981) as a means of healing invisible microcracks for extending the working life and safety of the polymeric compo- nents. The publications in the topic by Dry and Sottos(DrySottos,1993)in1993andthenWhite etal.(2001)furtherinspiredworldinterestsinthese materials(Kringosetal.,2011).Examplesofsuch interestsweredemonstratedthroughUSAirforce (Carlson Goretta, 2006) and European Space Agency (Semprimosching, 2006) investments in self-healing polymers. Conceptually, self-healing materials have the built-in capability to substantially recover their mechanicalpropertiesafterdamage.Suchrecovery can occur autonomously and/or be activated after an application of a specific stimulus (e.g., heat, radiation, pressure, etc.). As such, these materials areexpectedtocontributegreatlytothesafetyand durability of polymeric components without the high costs of active monitoring or external repair. Throughout the development of this new range of smart materials, the mimicking of biological systems has been used as a source of inspiration (since most materials in nature are themselves self-healingcompositematerials)(Varghese,Lele, Mashelkar, 2006). The number of publications dealing with vari- ousaspectsofself-healingmaterialshasincreased markedly in recent years. Figure 1 shows how the number of refereed various articles in the self healing field has steadily increased since 2001, based on data collected from the Engineering Village Web-based information service. Along with the increase in the number of publications in this area comes a need for a comprehensive review work, and the objective of this chapter is to address this need. In addition, the vast majority of the surveyed articles deal with polymer composites. Due to the large number of articles involved and the lack of
  • 28. 3 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  electronic access to many conference proceed- ings, the emphasis of this chapter is on the more accessible refereed journal articles. It was not practical to cover all of these articles, and, since a lot of articles had already been covered by previous related paper articles, an attempt was made to select representative articles in each of the relevant categories. This chapter briefly describes the traditional methods of repairing damage in the polymeric materials during the last decade. Table 1 provides summaryofsomedevelopmentsandachievedper- formances. It can be seen that both thermoplastic and thermosetting materials were investigated for selfhealing,wheretheresearchinterestshavebeen more shifted to thermosetting-composite-based systems in recent years. Westartbydescribingthemethodsforevaluat- ingselfhealingefficiencies.Wewillthendescribe briefly some examples of different approaches proposedtohealthethermoplasticsystems,andwe followbyemphasisingthepreparationandcharac- terization of the self healing of the thermosetting ones.Wewilltakeashortviewontheself-healing coating for metallic structures systems, and we conclude by future research outlooks. 2. QUANTIFICATION OF HEALING EFFICIENCY Healing of a polymeric material can refer to the recovery of properties such as fracture toughness, tensile strength, and surface smoothness. Due to therangeofpropertiesthatarehealedinthesema- terials, it can be difficult to compare the extent of healing.WoolandO’Connor(WoolO’Connor, 1981) proposed a basic method for describing the extent of healing in polymeric systems for a range of properties. This approach has been commonly adopted and has been used as the basis for method ofcomparing“healingefficiency”ofdifferentself healing polymeric systems. Figure 1. (a) Recent refereed publications related to the field of self healing materials, together with (b) their corresponding distribution of the employed key words vocabulary. All published languages were included. All document types, including journal and conference articles, report paper, conference proceeding, and monograph published chapters were recorded. Statistics are available from 2000 to August 2013 inclusively. Data were collected from Engineering Village Web-based information service
  • 29. 4 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  There are different methods to effect healing that are applicable for each individual mode of damage as well as each unique damaged mate- rial. This makes quantifying the extent of healing within the material and comparing it to healing in other systems rather difficult. The susceptibility of a given material to fracture can be expressed in termsoftheplanestrainfracturetoughness,KIC .It hasbecomestandardpracticetoassessthehealing ability of a particular material by comparing the fracturetoughnessofthematerialbothbeforeand after healing. The healing efficiency is η, η (%) = K1C healed / K1C virgin X 100 (1) whereK1C virgin isthefracturetoughnessofthevirgin specimen and K1C healed is the fracture toughness of the healed specimen. 2.1. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Fracture Test For quasistatic fracture conditions healing ef- ficiency is defined in terms of the recovery of fracture toughness. Healing evaluation begins withavirginfracturetestofanundamagedtapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) sample (Figure 2(a)). A pre-crack is introduced to sharpen the crack-tip,andloadingofthespecimenisincreased until the crack propagates along the centerline of the sample until failure. The crack is then closed and allowed to heal at room temperature with no external intervention. After healing, the sample is loaded again until failure. Crack healing efficiency, η, is defined as the ability of a healed sample to recover fracture toughness (Wool et al., 1981): Table 1. Non exhaustive main developments in self-healing polymer composites Host material Healing system Stimulus Best efficiency achieved Healing condition Test method Ref. Thermosetting and/or thermosetting composites Hollow Glass Fibre Mechanical 93% 24 hours at ambient atm. Flexure Strength (Trask, Bond, 2006) Microencaps- ulation approach 80-93% 48 h at 80o C 24 h at Ambient then 24 h at 80o C Fatigue resistance Fracture toughness Tensile strength (Sanada, Yasuda, Shindo, 2006) Micro-vascular network 60-70% 7- 30 cycles 12 hours at ambient atm. Fracture toughness (Toohey et al., 2007) Thermoplastic additives 30-100% 10 min at 120o C 1- 2 h at 130- 160o C Flexure strength Tensile strength Impact strength (Hayes et al., 2007) Shape memory alloy Electrical 77% 24 hours at ambient atm. Fracture toughness (Kirkby et al., 2008) Carbon fibre 46% 1-20 minutes, 70-120o C Impact strength (Murphy et al., 2008) Elastomeric Silicone rubber Mechanical 70–100% 48 hours at ambient atm. Tear strength (Keller, White, Sottos, 2007) Thermoplastic Molecular diffusion 100% 5 min. At 60o C. Fracture toughness (Lin, Lee, Liu, 1990) Photo-induced healing Photo 26% 10 min. At 100o C Flexure Strength (Chung et al., 2004)
  • 30. 5 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  η =KIC healed /KIC Virgin (2) where, KIC Virgin and KIC healed represent the frac- ture toughness of the virgin and healed samples, respectively. 2.2. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Fatigue Test For dynamic fracture conditions, healing effi- ciency based on static fracture toughness recov- ery is no longer meaningful. Instead, the fatigue crack propagation behaviour of the self-healing epoxy was evaluated using the protocol outlined by Brown et al. who defined healing in terms of the life extension factor (Brown, Sottos, White, 2002): ηd = N healed -N control /N control (3) whereNhealed isthetotalnumberofcyclestofailure for a self-healing sample and N control is the total number of cycles to failure for a similar sample without healing. Characterization of fatigue response is more complex than monotonic fracture because it de- pends on a number of factors such as the applied stress intensity range, the loading frequency, the ratio of applied stress intensity, the healing kinet- ics,andtherestperiodsemployed(Brown,White, Sottos, 2005). The investigation considered successfulhealingastherecoveryofstiffnesslost due to damage induced by cyclic loading rather than changes in crack growth rate or absolute fatigue life. 2.3. Self-Healing Efficiency Assessed by Tear Test Forelastomericself-healingmaterial,theTDCB- based fracture toughness protocol to evaluate healingperformanceisinappropriate.Instead,the recovery of tear strength using a tear specimen is used to define healing efficiency, where ηc =T healed/ T Virgin (4) A tear test utilizes a rectangular coupon of material with a large axial pre-cut that produces two loading arms. These arms are loaded in ten- sion until the tear propagates through the rest of the specimen (Figure 2(b)). Healing evaluation begins with a virgin tear test of an undamaged sample. After failure, the sample loading arms are reregistered and healing occurs at room temperature with no external intervention. After healing, the tear sample is loaded again to failure. Using this test protocol, more than 70% recovery of the original tear strength was achieved in the PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) system (Keller et al., 2007). 3. SELF-HEALING OF THE THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS Crackhealingofthermoplasticpolymershasbeen thesubjectofextensiveresearchinthe1980s.The polymers investigated cover amorphous, semi crystalline,blockcopolymers,andfibre-reinforced composites. It has been discovered that when Figure 2. (Left) Schematic of the TDCB-based fracture toughness and (Right) tear protocols to evaluate healing performance
  • 31. 6 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  two pieces of the same polymer are brought into contact at a temperature above its glass transition (Tg), the interface gradually disappears and the mechanicalstrengthatthepolymer-polymerinter- face increases as the crack heals due to molecular diffusionacrosstheinterface.Forexample,byus- ing thermoplastics chain mobility with a minimal application of heat, Lin et al. (Lin et al., 1990) havestudiedcrackhealinginPMMA(poly(methyl methacrylate)) by methanol treatment from 40 to 60°C. The authors have found that the tensile strength of PMMA treated by methanol can be fully recovered to that of the virgin material. On theotherhand,anotherexampleofphoto-induced self-healing in PMMA was reported by Chung et al.(Chungetal.,2004).Mixtureofphotolinkable TCE (1,1,1-tris-(cinnamoyloxymethyl) Ethane) with UDME- (urethane-dimethacrylate-) and TEGDMA- (triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate-) basedmonomers,blendedwithvisiblelightphoto- initiatorCQ(camphorquinone),waspolymerized into a hard and transparent film after its irradia- tion for 10min with a 280 nm light source. The healing was shown to only occur upon exposure tothelightofthecorrectwavelength,provingthat the healing was light initiated. Healing efficien- cies in flexural strength up to 14% and 26% were reported using light or a combination of light and heat (100°C). However, healing was limited to the surfaces being exposed to light, meaning that internal cracks or thick substrates are unlikely to heal. In summary, self-healing of thermoplastic polymers can be achieved via a number of differ- ent mechanisms, including (i) recombination of chain ends, (ii) self-healing via reversible bond formation, (iii) living polymer approach, and (iv) self-healingbynanoparticles,inadditiontothe(v) molecular inter-diffusion and (vi) photo-induced healing reported here. The processes are well known and have been well reported. A detailed description of these approaches can be found in (Wu, Meure Solomon, 2008). 4. SELF-HEALING OF THERMOSETTING MATERIALS The search for self-healing thermosetting mate- rials coincides with these materials being more and more widely used in numerous structural applications.Theseapplicationsgenerallyrequire rigid materials with a thermal stability that most thermoplastics do not possess. The rigidity and thermalstabilityofthermosettingcomesfromtheir cross-linked molecular structure, meaning that they do not possess the chain mobility so heavily utilizedintheself-healingofthermoplastics.Asa result of their different chemistry and molecular structure, the development of self-healing ther- mosettinghasfolloweddistinctlydifferentroutes. The most common approaches for autonomic self healing of thermosetting-based materials in- volve incorporation of self-healing agents within a brittle vessel prior to addition of the vessels into thepolymericmatrix.Thesevesselsfractureupon loadingofthepolymer,releasingthelow-viscosity self-healingagentstothedamagedsitesforsubse- quent curing and filling of the microcracks. The exact nature of the self-healing approach depends on (i) the nature and location of the damage, (ii) the type of self-healing resins, and (iii) the influ- ence of the operational environment. 4.1. Hollow Glass Fibres Systems The development of advanced fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to achieve performance im- provements in engineering structures focuses on the exploitation of the excellent specific strength and stiffness that they offer. However, the planar natureofaFRPsmicrostructureresultsinrelatively poorperformanceunderimpactloading.Thisisan indicationoftheirsusceptibilitytodamage,which manifests mainly in the form of delamination. Hollow glass fibres have already been shown to improve structural performance of materials without creating sites of weakness within the
  • 32. 7 Self-Healing Materials Systems as a Way for Damage Mitigation in Composites Structures  composite(Trask,WilliamsBond,2007).These hollow fibres offer increased flexural rigidity and allowforgreatercustomtailoringofperformance, by adjusting, for example, both the thickness of the walls and degree of hollowness (Hucker et al., 2003). By using hollow glass fibres in these composites—alone or in conjunction with other reinforcing fibres it would be possible to not only gain the desired structural improvements, but to also introduce a reservoir suitable for the contain- ment of a healing agent (Trask et al., 2007). Upon mechanical stimulus (damage inducing fracture of the fibres), this agent would “bleed” into the damagesitetoinitiaterepair,notunlikebiological self healing mechanisms (Pang Bond, 2005). The first systems that have been investigated in 1996 and 1998 by Dry (1996) and Li et al. (1998), respectively, have validated that the pro- posed architecture for releasing chemicals from repair fibres was totally possible and then have used cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate (Li et al., 1998),andmethylmethacrylate(DryMcMillan, 1996)ashealingagentstohealcracksinconcrete. Thismethodologywasthentransferredtopolymer compositematerialsbyMotukuetal.(1999)inthe late1999.Thehealingagentscontainedwithinthe glass fibres have been either a one-part adhesive, suchascyanoacrylate,oratwo-partepoxysystem, containing both a resin and a hardener, where either both are loaded in perpendicular fibres or oneembeddedintothematrixandtheotherinside fibres (Bleay et al., 2001). Oneoftheinitialchallengesencounteredwhen creating this type of self-healing systems is the development of a practical technique for filling the hollow glass fibres with repair agent. When approaching this problem, the dimensions of the glass fibre itself must be considered, including diameter, wall thickness, and fibre hollowness, as well as the viscosity and healing kinetics of the repair agent. Bleay et al. (2001) were among the first to develop and implement a fibre filling methodinvolving“capillaryaction”thatisassisted byvacuum,whichisnowthemaincommonlyused process. The chosen glass fibre should be also evaluated for its capacity to survive to the com- posite manufacturing process without breakage, while still possessing its ability to rupture during a damage event in order to release the required healing agent. Motuku et al. (1999) have clearly determined that hollow glass fibres were best suited for this kindofapplication,asopposedtopolymertubesor those made of metal, which often did not provide controlled fracture upon impact damage. In 2003, Hucker et al. (2003) have shown that hollow glass fibres of a larger diameter offered an increased compressive strength, while giving larger volume of healing agent to be stored. The secondimportantparametertoinvestigatewasthe capacity of the healing agent to adequately reach the site of damage and subsequently undergo healing. This mechanism will obviously depend upon the viscosity of the healing material, as well as the kinetics of the repair process. Forexample,thecyanoacrylatesystemstudied by Bleay et al. (2001) was shown, indeed, to re- store mechanical strength to damaged specimens but also caused significant problems by curing upon contact with the opening of the fibre, which preventedthehealingagentfromreachingthesite of damage in the sample. Various groups (Pang et al., 2005, Motuku et al., 1999, Trask et al., 2007) havethenusedliquiddyesinsidethecompositesin order to serve as a damage detection mechanism, providinghenceavisibleindicationofthedamage site, while allowing a clear evaluation of the flow of healing agents to those sites. Finally, the third parameter to optimize is the concentration of healing fibres within the matrix, theirspecialdistribution,andthefinaldimensions of the specimen, which have direct effects on the mechanical properties of the resulting composite material.AsearlydemonstratedbyJangetal.(Jang et al., 1990) in 1990, the stacking sequence of the fibres within the composite plays a role in inhibit-