Sample

1. Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u

2. Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u

3. Unit
1 Unit
Content:
Restless Earth
Assessment:
Junior Cert
Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u

4. Cht Cht
Content:
Restless Earth
Assessment:
Junior Cert
1
Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u

6. Restless EarthHeading:
Sunday, January 24, 2016Date:
Lesson
Objectives:
1
C
ht
Lesson 002

7. Inside the Earth!
Learning Objectives:
1.To know that the earth is made from layers and be able to describe each of them.
2.To use creative writing and geographical vocab to describe a journey to the centre of
the earth
CW Sunday, January 24, 2016

8. Facts about earth
1. More than 7 billion live on earth.
2. 2/3 of the earths surface is water.
3. 1/8 of the earths surface is deserts.
4. 1/10 of the earths surface is mountains.
5. ¼ of the earths surface is forests.

9. Imagine you were
taking a journey to the
centre of the earth.......
What would you come
across?
Journey to the
centre of the
earth!
www.virginvolcanic.com
Only 500 people have been to space, only
three people have been to the bottom of the
ocean, but no one has ever attempted to
journey to the core of an active volcano.
Until now!!!

10. What’s the connection?

11. What’s the connection?

12. Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
This is the layer
we live on!
This is the hottest
layer. It is solid
This layer is liquid and made
of iron and nickel.
This is the largest layer. My
rock is called magma.
10-60km thick
The temperature here is
around 5500 ˚C
The exact thickness
of the varies- it is
thinner where there
are oceans, and
thicker where there
are mountains
Task:
1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes
below different colours.
2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to
the correct place on the earth.
3.Using the information page, shade
in the remaining boxes on the left so
they match the correct layer of the
earth.
Challenge:
If nothing has ever been to
the centre of the earth –
how do we know what its
like?

13. Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
This is the layer
we live on!
This is the hottest
layer. It is solid
This layer is liquid and made
of iron and nickel.
This is the largest layer. My
rock is called magma.
10-60km thick
The temperature here is
around 5000 ˚C
The exact thickness
of the varies- it is
thinner where there
are oceans, and
thicker where there
are mountains
Task:
1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes
below different colours.
2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to
the correct place on the earth.
3.Using the information page, shade
in the remaining boxes on the left so
they match the correct layer of the
earth.
Challenge:
If nothing has ever been to
the centre of the earth –
how do we know what its
like?

14. Where am I?
Red: Inner Core
Orange: Crust
Green: Mantle

15. Where am I?
Inner Core
Outer Core
Mantle
I am mainly iron,
mixed with a little
nickel.
I am a solid ball

16. Where am I?
Inner Core
Mantle
Outer Core
I consist of iron and
nickel.
I am a liquid

17. Where am I?
Inner Core
Mantle
Crust
I am the thickest
layer, forming about
half of the earth
My rock is in a
molten state.

18. How did the layers form?
• Some time after the earth
formed, it got so hot that
everything inside melted!
• What do you think happened
to the heavier substances?
– The heavier substances such
as iron and nickel in the liquid
sank.
• What happened to the lighter
substances?
• They rose to the surface
Convection Currents form when
heat from the core creates waves
or currents that pass through the
mantle

19. Outcome Check!
A – You can use a wide range of
evidence to explain why each layer of
the earth changes.
B – you can describe the differences
between each layer of the earth and
start to explain the differences.
Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin
Volcanic’ for a journey from the surface of
the Earth all the way to the centre.
Write a storyboard to describe and
explain what you see.
Describe what each layer looks like (C)
Explain how each layer is different (B)
Explain why the layers are different (A)
You will need to use the information
you have collected this lesson and the
word mat Quick Check!
Explain means....?
Quick Check!
Explain means....?Use your Textbook page 3

20. WORD MAT
ESSENTIAL WORDS
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
GEO
WORDS
Km
Iron
Solid
Earth
Nickel
Liquid
Hottest
Temperature
Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin Volcanic’
for a journey from the surface of the Earth all the
way to the centre.
Write a storyboard to describe and explain what
you see.
Describe what each layer looks like (L4)
Explain how each layer is different (L5)
Explain why the layers are different (L6)
ADJECTIVES
Dangerous
Hazardous
Hottest
Risky
Dark
Light
Sweltering
Bubbles
Shaking
Loud
Exciting
Mesmerising
Unique
Floating
Thrilling
Vast
Challenge Words
Convection Current
Gravitational Pull

21. AFL Feedback Sheet – Journey to the Centre of the
Earth
Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is
your target to improve.
 D – Use key terms such as crust, mantle, outer
core, inner core.
 C – Use descriptive terminology (e.g. solid, liquid)
to describe each layer.
 B - Explain the differences in the layers, e.g. “The
inner core is made of very dense material, this is
because it sank when the earth was created as it
was heavy.”
 A – Use evidence e.g. “The crust is only 8-65km
thick.”
 What adaptations would your vehicle require to
ensure you survive this journey?
Check spelling of ........................ is correct.
 Make sure all sentences start with a capital
letter. Correct this.
Key words do not begin with a capital e.g. mantle,
biome, ecosystem and desert. Correct this.
The journey to the
centre of the _______
started with great
excitement.
We started on the outer
layer which we live on,
called the C_____. This
layer is thin, at about
_______km in thickness.

22. What level am I?
We started our journey in to
the boiled egg by cracking in
to the shell. The shell was
thin (1mm thick) but brittle.
Once in, the giant drill we
were in, burrowed down in
to the egg white. This was
the thickest layer (10mm).
The drill swayed side to side
and it started to get warm.
We approached the outer
yoke and we started to slow
down. Light came rushing
through the windows so we
knew we were close. The
yoke was dense and difficult
to get through…..
We started our journey in
to the boiled egg by
cracking in to the shell.
The shell was thin but
brittle. Once in, the giant
drill we were in, burrowed
down in to the egg white.
This was the thickest
layer. The drill swayed
side to side and it started
to get warm. We
approached the outer
yoke and we started to
slow down. Light came
rushing through the
windows so we knew we
were close.
We started our journey in to
the boiled egg by cracking in
to the shell. The shell was
thin (1mm thick) but brittle
in order to protect the
inside. Once in, the giant
drill we were in, burrowed
down in to the egg white.
This was the thickest layer
(10mm). We approached the
outer yoke and we started
to slow down. Light came
rushing through the
windows so we knew we
were close. The yoke was
dense, made of heavy
matter as it had sunk to the
middle of the egg.

23. Journey to the Centre of the Earth!
L4 - Describe what each layer looks like. L5 - Explain how each layer is different. L6 - Explain why the layers are different.

24. The journey to the centre of
the _______ started with
great excitement.
We started on the outer layer
which we live on, called the
C_____. This layer is thin, at
about _______km in thickness.
We passed through concrete,
then soil and passed water
pipes. The next layer is called
the _________.
This layer is much softer and
we could easily float down.
This was the __________
layer at about 2900km!
Soon we saw the bright light
of the outer _______. This
layer is made up of mainly
______ mixed with nickel.
Finally we made it to the
_________ core. This was
truly the centre of the Earth!
What a journey.
Journey to the Centre of the Earth
Missing words: Core Iron Inner Thickest Mantle Crust 8-65 Earth

25. Self/Peer Assess
• Count up how many points you have from the
word mat.
– Bold key words = 2 points
– Other key words = 1 point
• Pass your work to your partner, what level did
they give you?
 Level 4 = Describe what each layer looks like.
 Level 5 = Explain how each layer is different.
 Level 6 = Explain why the layers are different.

26. Where and why do we get
earthquakes and volcanoes?
Learning objectives:
To know where earthquakes and volcanoes occur.
To know 4 plate boundaries.
Sunday, January 24, 2016
What are these school children doing?
What has this to do with plate tectonics?
September 1st
National Earthquake Drill Day, JapanSeptember 1st
National Earthquake Drill Day, Japan

27. Starter – where do we get
earthquakes and volcanoes? Why?
= volcano = earthquakes

28. To complete the next task, we need to
check some key words.
Continental crust Hot molten rock
from the mantle that
reaches the surface.
Oceanic crust The thick crust which
has land on it. 25 –
70 km thick. It is less
dense.
Magma The thin crust under
the oceans. It is thin
but dense (heavy).
CHALLENGE: What would happen if a
continental plate and an oceanic
plate collided?
CHALLENGE: What would happen if a
continental plate and an oceanic
plate collided?

29. Explain the
causes of
earthquakes
and volcanoes
Explain the
causes of
earthquakes
and volcanoes
Independent Enquirers
Using your book complete the
following worksheet.
EXT – Hot spots (you can use
your internet for this only!!)
10 minutes10 minutes

30. At a constructive plate boundary, two plates move apart.
As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This
causes volcanoes. However, since the magma can escape easily at the
surface the volcano does not erupt with much force.
Small earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries.
An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (this
is between Africa and South America, at the bottom of the ocean).
Constructive Plate Boundary

31. A destructive plate boundary is found where a continental plate meets
an oceanic plate.
The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is
denser. As the plate descends it starts to melt due to the friction
caused by the movement between the plates. This melted plate is now
hot, liquid rock (magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the
continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a
volcano. An example is the Philippines, which suffers lots of
earthquakes and volcanoes
Destructive Plate Boundary

32. Conservative plate boundaries exist where two plates do not
directly collide but slide past each other along a fault
(weakness).
No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but
earthquakes do occur.
An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault in
California.
Conservative Plate Boundary

33. EXTENSION:
Hot Spots
A hotspot is a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a
tectonic plate boundary.
About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region
where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But
that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is
only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle
and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This
magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma
comes from a plume.
As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms.
Plate movements

34. Times up
Green pen improvements

35. At a constructive plate boundary, two plates move apart.
As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the
gap. This causes volcanoes. However, since the magma
can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not
erupt with much force.
Earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries.
An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. (this is between South America and Africa)
1) Constructive Plate Boundary
GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS

36. A destructive plate boundary is found where a
continental plate meets an oceanic plate.
The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate
because it is denser. As the plate descends it starts to
melt due to the friction caused by the movement between
the plates. This melted plate is now hot, liquid rock
(magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the
continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock
forms a volcano.
2) Destructive Plate Boundary
GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS

37. Conservative plate boundaries exist where two plates do
not directly collide but slide past each other along a fault
(weakness).
No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but
earthquakes do occur.
An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault
in California.
3) Conservative Plate Boundary
GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS

38. Hot Spots
A hotspot is a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a
tectonic plate boundary.
About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region
where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But
that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is
only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle
and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This
magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma
comes from a plume.
As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms.
Plate movements
GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS

39. Quick Check!
When 2 plates move apart it is called
a ...?
Which plate boundary have
earthquakes but no
volcanoes?
A plate boundary is...
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an
example of ...?
Where the edge of 2
plates meet
Where land ends
and you can’t go any
further
Destructive
boundary
Constructive
boundary
Destructive Conservative
New land created at
a constructive plate
boundary
2 plates colliding

40. Exam style question
Explain why destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes
Key Words
Continental
Oceanic
Heavy
Light
Sinks
Subduction
Friction
Earthquakes
Magma
Pressure
Volcano
Oceanic
crust
mantle
continental
crust
Magma
rising
7 mins
Friction causes
earthquakes
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...........................................................................................
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................................................
How many key words have been
used:
To improve I could:

41. Exam style question
Explain why destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes
Key Words
Continental
Oceanic
Heavy
Light
Sinks
Subduction
Friction
Earthquakes
Magma
Pressure
Volcano
Oceanic
crust
mantle
continental
crust
Magma
rising
7 mins
Friction causes
earthquakes
At destructive plates boundaries earthquakes occur
because .............................................................................
..
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
.............
Volcanoes happen here
because ........................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
......................
How many key words have been
used:
To improve I could:

42. AFL Feedback Sheet
Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean
this is your target to improve.
Level 4
I have described where volcanoes occur
Level 5
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using 5 key
words
Level 6
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using linked
explanations and all key words
Level 7
I have used a named example of a
volcano/earthquake in my answer.
I have named the plates and dates of the
eruptions/vibrations
Quality of written communication
Check spelling of ........................ is correct.
There may be an SP shows where this is an
issue.
 Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in
future see P
 Make sure all place names and sentences
start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon,
Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there
may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write
Peer AssessmentPeer Assessment
Homework:
Complete your targets to improve your level
Green Pen to show improvements
Homework:
Complete your targets to improve your level
Green Pen to show improvements

43. AFL Feedback Sheet
Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean
this is your target to improve.
Level 4
I have described where volcanoes occur
Level 5
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using 5 key
words
Level 6
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using linked
explanations and all key words
Level 7
I have used a named example of a volcano/
earthquake in my answer.
I have named the plates and dates of the
eruptions/vibrations
Quality of written communication
Check spelling of ........................ is correct.
There may be an SP shows where this is an
issue.
 Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in
future see P
 Make sure all place names and sentences
start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon,
Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there
may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write
AFL Feedback Sheet
Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean
this is your target to improve.
Level 4
I have described where volcanoes occur
Level 5
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using 5 key
words
Level 6
I have explained why volcanoes occur at
destructive plate boundaries using linked
explanations and all key words
Level 7
I have used a named example of a volcano/
earthquake in my answer.
I have named the plates and dates of the
eruptions/vibrations
Quality of written communication
Check spelling of ........................ is correct.
There may be an SP shows where this is an
issue.
 Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in
future see P
 Make sure all place names and sentences
start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon,
Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there
may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write

44. The Earth’s Solar SystemHeading:
Sunday, January 24, 2016Date:
Lesson
Objectives:
1
C
ht
Lesson 002

45. The Earth
1. Learn about the solar system.
2. Recall the 8 planets in our solar system.
Starter:
How many planets can you name in
our solar system?

47. Notes
• The solar system is made up of the sun, 8
planets and their moons.
• Inner planets: close to the sun, solid sphers-
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
• Outer planets: gaseaus spheres with rings-
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
• Since 2006 pluto is a dwarf planet.
• Learn: My very energetic mother just served
us nuggets.

48. Distance From The Sun
57,900,000 km
Diameter
4879 km
Temperature
167o
C
Length of Day
59 Earth days
Length of Year
88 Earth days

49. Distance From The Sun
108,000,000 km
Diameter
12,104 km
Temperature
464o
C
Length of Day
243 Earth days
Length of Year
224.7 Earth days

50. Distance From The Sun
149,600,000 km
Diameter
12,756 km
Temperature
15o
C
Length of Day
24 hours
Length of Year
365.25 days

51. Distance From The Sun
227,900,000 km
Diameter
6792 km
Temperature
-65o
C
Length of Day
24.7 hours
Length of Year
687 Earth days

52. Distance From The Sun
778,600,000 km
Diameter
142,984 km
Temperature
-110o
C
Length of Day
9.9 hours
Length of Year
11.9 Earth Years

53. Distance From The Sun
1,433,000,000 km
Diameter
120,356 km
Temperature
-140o
C
Length of Day
10.7 hours
Length of Year
29.4 Earth Years

54. Distance From The Sun
2,857,250,000 km
Diameter
51,118 km
Temperature
-195o
C
Length of Day
17.2 hours
Length of Year
83.8 Earth Years

55. Distance From The Sun
4,495,100,000 km
Diameter
49,528 km
Temperature
-200o
C
Length of Day
16.1 hours
Length of Year
163.8 Earth years

56. Distance From The Sun
5,870,000,000 km
Diameter
2390 km
Temperature
-225o
C
Length of Day
6.4 Earth days
Length of Year
248.2 Earth years

57. Structure of a
volcano
Objective
To learn about volcanoes
1. MUST be able to understand how volcanoes
form and why
2. SHOULD be able to explain active,
dormant and extinct volcanoes
3. COULD think examples of famous
volcanoes and earthquakes
Sunday, January 24, 2016

59. Some new key words
Volcanoes
- Volcano
- Vent
- Secondary cone
- Lava
- Dormant
- Eruption
- Volcanic dust
- Volcanic ash
- Magma chamber
- Volcanic gas
- Cone
- Crater
- Active
- Extinct

60. What is a volcano?
• A volcano is an opening in the
Earths crust known as a vent.
Magma from inside the earth is
forced out and erupts as lava, ash,
gas, and dust. When these
materials are forced through the
vent is causes an eruption.

61. How do volcanoes form?

62. Volcano erupts

63. Volcano builds up

64. Volcano formed

65. Magma
chamber
Main vent
crater
Gas, ash,
dust
Lava
Secondary cone
Layers of ash
and lava cone
Complete page 3 in
workbook question 2

66. Magma
chamber
Main vent
crate
r
Gas, ash,
dust
Lava
Secondary
cone
Layers of ash
and lava
Activities:
• Complete activity 2 on
p119 - clearly and well
labelled.
• For each of the
following terms write a
definition into your
book using page 118
and the glossary:
volcano, vent, crater,
magma chamber.
• Explain the difference
between lava and
magma.
Extension: read pg 118 and 119 then answer question 4
into your book
15 minutes

67. Volcanoes can be either Active, Dormant or
Extinct.
Active Volcanoes
A volcano which has erupted recently
Dormant Volcanoes
A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years,
but not recently is dormant or asleep.
Extinct Volcanoes
A volcano which is unlikely to erupt
ever again and is dead or extinct.

68. Key words
• You and the person sat next to you
have just 5 minutes to quietly
discuss the key words you wrote
down at the start of lesson ready to
explain them to the rest of the class.

69. Test!
Time now for a little test. Ten definitions are going to be
shown and you have TEN seconds to write down the answer of
each.
10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
Fumes from the
volcano
1

70. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
The pipe up
which the
magma comes
up from
2

71. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
Molten rock
erupting from a
volcano
3

72. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
The top of the
volcano
4

73. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
The shape of the
volcano
5

74. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
Solids from the
volcano
6

75. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
Molten rock
before it is
erupted
7

76. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
The area
beneath the
volcano
8

77. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
A period of
volcanic activity
9

78. 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1
A place where
lava erupts at
the Earth’s
surface
1
0

79. Answers
1. Volcanic gas / ash
2. Main vent
3. Lava
4. Crater
5. Cone
6. Ash
7. Magma
8. Magma chamber
9. Eruption
10.Volcano

80. How do we
know that the
continents
have moved
over time?

81. Why are plate
boundaries
known as
danger zones?

82. If constructive
boundaries create
more crust why
isn’t the Earth
getting bigger?

83. When all the
continents were
joined together it
was called
Pangaea: what
happened to it?
How? Why?

84. Structure of a
volcano
Objective
To learn about volcanoes
MUST be able to understand how
volcanoes form and why
SHOULD be able to explain
active, dormant and extinct
volcanoes
Learn about examples of famous
volcanoes and earthquakes
Sunday, January 24, 2016

86. Magma
chamber
Main
vent
crater
Gas, ash,
dust
Lava
Secondary
cone
Layers of
ash and
lava
con
e

87. Volcanoes can be either Active, Dormant or
Extinct.
Active Volcanoes
A volcano which has erupted recently
eg. Mount Etna, Mount Vesuvius.
Dormant Volcanoes
A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years,
but not recently is dormant or asleep.
Extinct Volcanoes
A volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again and
is dead or extinct.

88. Case Study: Mount St. Helens
Where: Mountain peak in the Rocky Mountains,
USA.
When: Spring 1980/ 18th
May 1980.
Why: Earthquake of magnitude 5.1 happened
10mins before- the entire northside of the
mountain was blown off.
Effects: 57 people died. Height of mountain was
reduced by 400metres. A new crater, almost 3km
wide was created. Mud flows were created from
the melted glacial ice and snow.

89. Earthquakes
Learning objective(s):
• To know about different plate boundaries
Learning Outcome:
• To use group work to draw and label the different
plate boundaries

90. What do you already know?
Create a spider diagram or a list that answers
the question about what you already know
about earthquakes

91. What do you already know?
Create a spider diagram or a list that answers
the question about what you already know
about earthquakes

92. Destructive Plate Boundary

93. Constructive Plate Boundary

94. Conservative Plate Boundary

95. An Earthquake is…
The shaking and
trembling that results
from the movement of
rock beneath Earth's
surface
The movement of
Earth's plates produces
strong forces that
squeeze or pull the rock
in the crust
This is an example of
stress, a force that
acts on rock to change
its volume or shape

96. Measuring Earthquakes
There are at least 20
different types of
measures
2 of them are the Mercalli
scale & Richter scale.
Magnitude is a
measurement of
earthquake strength
based on seismic waves
and movement along faults

97. The Richter Scale
The Richter scale is a
rating of the size of
seismic waves as measured
by a particular type of
mechanical seismograph
Developed in the 1930’s
All over the world,
geologists used this for
about 50 years
Electric seismographs
eventually replaced the
mechanical ones used in
this scale
Provides accurate
measurements for small,
nearby earthquakes
Does not work for big, far
ones

98. Analyse the following pictures
using your source grid
Answer five of the questions!

105. The 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
Watch the following documentary on
the 2011 Japanese earthquake and
Tsunami
Write five short term effects and five
long term effects of the disaster
What one short or
long term effect do
you think was most
severe and why?

106. Your task
1. Essay: Why did so many people die and were left
homeless in the Japan 2011 Earthquake and
Tsunami?
2. Diary extract of a person who survived the
disaster. This creative writing piece must include
how the earthquake/tsunami affected their life
and how the disaster was managed in their area.
3. Display board showing the causes, effects and
hazard management techniques of the
earthquake/tsunami (has to be detailed, in your
own words, NOT just a simple poster)
4. Newspaper article with a catchy headline of your
choice.
• Your work MUST include the causes of the
earthquake, the impacts of the
earthquake/tsunami, and how the government
tried to manage the disaster.
Imagine you are the
Japanese government –
what changes would you
make to prevent this
happening again?

107. Volcanic Activity

108. Volcanoes
• In the last section we learned that the outer
layer of the earth is called the Crust.
• We also learned that the crust is broken into
many different pieces called Plates.
• The plates are constantly moving because of
Continental Drift.
• This movement causes the plates to push
together, pull apart, or slide past one another.

109. How do Volcanoes Occur?
• Volcanoes occur when two of the earth’s plates pull
apart.
• Remember, beneath the crust the mantle is made
from semi-molten (melted) rocks called magma.
• So when a gap occurs in the crust (which happens
when two plates pull apart) the magma spills out
through the gap.

110. Lava
• When the magma
reaches the
surface of the
earth it is called
lava. This is the
reddish liquid you
see coming out of
a volcano.

111. The effects of Volcanoes
• When the lava comes out of a volcano it
cools and forms into solid rock.
This can result in the formation of,
1. Mid Ocean Ridges
2. Volcanic Islands
3. Volcanic Mountains

112. Mid-Ocean Ridge
• Sometimes volcanoes occur
under the sea.
• If two plates pull apart under
the sea the lava rises up to
the ocean floor.
• It cools quickly into solid rock
as it touches the cold sea
water.
• After many eruptions these
layers of new rock build up to
form mountains under the
water.
• A long chain of volcanic
mountains under the sea is
called a Mid-Ocean Ridge.

113. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Under the Atlantic Ocean
the American plate is pulling
apart from the Eurasian and
African Plate.
• This is causing underwater
volcanic eruptions which
has created a long chain of
underwater mountains.
• These mountains make up
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
• Some of the mountains in
the chain are so high they
stick out of the water and
form volcanic islands.

114. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

115. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

116. Volcanic Islands

117. Volcanic Islands
• When underwater
volcanoes continually
erupt eventually they
may grow big enough
to stick out of the
water.
• They form volcanic
islands. Iceland is an
example of a volcanic
island.

118. Iceland: A Volcanic Island
• Iceland is a volcanic
island which has
been formed as a
result of underwater
volcanic eruptions.

119. Iceland: A Volcanic Island

120. Volcanic Mountains
• When two plates pull apart a gap
is created. This gap provides a
hole which the magma can
escape from the mantle. It is
called a Vent.
• When the magma cools, along
with other materials from the
volcano such as mud and ash,
they usually form a cone shaped
mountain

121. Volcanoes

124. Stages in volcanoes
• Volcanoes can be in one of 3 stages,
1. Active
2. Dormant
3. Extinct

125. Stages in volcanoes
Active Volcanoes - The volcano is still erupting quite
regularly. E.g. Mount Etna, Italy.
Dormant Volcanoes - The volcano has not erupted for a
long time but may erupt in the future.
Extinct Volcanoes – The volcano has not erupted in
historic times and will not erupt again.

126. The Pacific Ring of Fire
• Many of the world’s major
earthquakes and many of the
world’s active volcanoes occur in
a zone that encircles the Pacific
Ocean.
• This is because many of the
world’s major plates meet here.
Therefore, at this place the
plates are pulling apart, pushing
together and sliding past one
another.
• This causes earthquakes and
volcanoes to occur.

127. The Pacific Ring of Fire

128. The Pacific Ring of Fire

129. Fold Mountains
Mountains formed when two Plates
Collide.

130. Fold Mountains
• Fold mountains are mountains that are made
when two of the earth’s plates collide.
• When two plates collide the pressure
compresses the rocks, forcing them to buckle
and fold. Think of what happens to the bonnet
of a car during a crash.

131. Fold Mountains

132. Fold Mountains

133. Evidence of Folding
• Scientists have found fossils of dead sea creatures
thousands of metres up in the Andes in South
America.
• These creatures lived in the sea, and their remains
sank to the ocean floor when they died.
• Their remains were trapped in newly forming rocks
which are later pushed up from under the sea when
plates collide to make fold mountains.

134. Ridge and Valley Landscape
• When the two plates collide the crust buckles
and folds. This creates a pattern of ridges and
valleys.
• The downward part (the valley) is called a
syncline.
• The upward part (the ridge) is called an
anticline.

136. Young Fold Mountains
• As we know from previous sections, the earth’s
plates are constantly colliding in different parts of
the world. These collisions are still increasing the
height of some fold mountains today.
• The world’s young fold mountains are already about
30-35 million years old.
• These mountains are called Alpine Fold Mountains.
They are very high because they have not been worn
down by weathering and erosion.

137. Alpine Fold Mountains
• There are 4 major mountain ranges formed
during the Alpine Folding period. These are,
• 1. The Rockies in North America.
• 2. The Andes in South America.
• 3. The Alps in Europe.
• 4. The Himalayas in Asia.

138. Where are Fold Mountains Made?

139. Fold Mountains

140. Alpine Fold Mountains

141. Alpine Fold Mountains

142. Alpine Fold Mountains

143. Alpine Fold Mountains

145. Which 2 plates collided to form the Andes?

146. The Himalayas

147. The Himalayas

148. The Himalayas

149. Which 2 plates collided to make the Himalayas?

150. Armorican Fold Mountains
• Ireland’s fold mountains were formed hundreds of millions
of years ago.
• They were formed in Munster about 250 million years ago,
and were once as high as the Alps.
• However, weathering and erosion have worn them down
over millions of years and they are now much smaller.
• Examples include the Magillicuddy’s Reeks, The Galtees,
The Comeraghs, and The Knockmealdowns.

151. Armorican Fold Mountains