This document provides information about kidney stones, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis, form when minerals in urine crystallize and cannot be passed by the kidney. Symptoms include severe pain in the back and sides, blood in the urine, and nausea. Diagnosis involves tests of urine and imaging like ultrasounds and X-rays. Treatment depends on stone size and location but may include shock wave lithotripsy to break stones into smaller pieces, percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large or complex stones, and ureteroscopic lithotripsy using lasers for stones in the ureters.

1. Kidney Stones Treatment, Information & Symptoms
RG Hospital - # 1 Kidney Hospital

2. What is Kidney Stone?
Hardened mineral deposits formed in the kidney are called urinary or kidney
stones (calculi).
These originate as microscopic particles and over the course of time develop
into stones.
Medically this condition is known as “nephrolithiasis” or “renal stone
disease”.
The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and add them to the urine.
When waste materials in the urine do not dissolve completely and the kidney is
unable to evacuate them, crystals and kidney stones are likely to form.

3. Some stones may pass out of the kidney or get lodged in the ureter (tube
that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) and cause severe pain
that starts from the low back and radiates to the side or groin.
A lodged stone can block the flow of urine and build a backpressure in
the affected ureter and kidney.
Increased pressure results in stretching and spasm causing severe pain.
Sign & Symptoms of Kidney Stone /Urinary Stone:-
Small and smooth kidney stones may remain in the kidney or pass
without causing pain (called "silent" stones).
Stones that lodge in the ureter (tube that carries urine from the kidneys to
the bladder) cause spasm in the urinary system and produce pain. This
pain is unrelated to the size of the stone.

4. Other symptoms of kidney stones may include the
following:
• Blood in the urine
• Increased frequency of urination
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bladder neck incision
• Pain and burning during urination
• Fever, chills, loss of appetite
• Urinary tract infection

5. Diagnosis of Kidney Stone
Laboratory Tests
• Complete Blood Count
• Kidney Function Test
• Urine Routine & Microscopy
Ultrasound
• Whole Abdomen with Kidney, Ureter & Bladder (KUB)
• Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
• X-Ray KUB

6. Kidney Stone / Urinary Stone
Treatment
• Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotrispy (ESWL) -
ESWL uses highly focused electro magnetic waves
projected from outside the body to crush kidney stones
anywhere in the urinary system.
The stone is reduced to sand-like particles that can pass in
the urine. Large stones may require more than one
sessions.
It can be used for patients of all age groups and those who
have heart and breathing problems. However, the procedure
is contraindicated for pregnant women.
ESWL by 4th generation "SIEMENS LITHOTRIPTER"
with ultrasound attachment helps to treat even radiolucent
stones, which are not visible in normal fluoroscopy
Lithotripters.

7. • Percutaneous Nephrostolithotomy (PCNL): PCNL is performed
under epidural or spinal anaesthesia.
Percutaneous ( through skin) removal of kidney stones (lithotomy) is
accomplished through the most direct route.
A telescope along with the mechanical lithotripter in inserted to break
the stone into fine particles so as to achieve a stone-free status in large
and complicated stones.
This procedure usually requires hospitalization, and most patients
resume normal activity within 2 weeks.

8. • Ureterorenoscopic Lithotrispy with Holmium Laser : It is
performed under epidural and spinal anaesthesia to treat stones located
in the middle or lower ureter. A small, fiberoptic instrument (ureteroscope)
is passed into the ureter. Large stones are fragmented using 100-Watt
Coherent Holmium Laser.
The laser fragments the stone into sand like particles, which are then
flushed out through the natural urinary passage.
The advantage of Holmium Laser is its ability to fragment stones of all
compositions with precision. Thus, it is the most effective laser for the
treatment of urinary stones.
Patients are generally admitted on the same day of the treatment and are
discharged next day, which means only 24 hours of hospitalization is
required.

9. Thanks