Normally, the kidneys remove waste from the blood to produce urine (pee). When there is too much waste in the blood and the body does not produce enough urine, crystals begin to form in the kidneys. These crystals attract other debris and chemicals. form a solid object (a kidney stone) that increases in size unless it is passed out of the body through the urine.

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3. What is
Kidney
Stone
Normally, the kidneys remove waste from the blood to
produce urine (pee). When there is too much waste in
the blood and the body does not produce enough urine,
crystals begin to form in the kidneys. These crystals
attract other debris and chemica ls. fo rm a solid object (a
kidney stone) that increases in size unless it is passed out
of the body through the urine.

4. Symptomsofkidney
stones
painful urination
(pee)
stomach pain that
doesn't go away
fever an d chills
stabbing pains in
your back or lower
a bd omen
blood in your urine
(pee)

5. Typesof kidneystones
Calcium stones
Percentage of Kidney Stone Types
f2% SmjMtte
■' LJILILI H
EyVlIiV-
Uric stones
Cystine stones

6. Cystine stones
Cystine stones are a type of kidney
stone made up of a chemical called
cystine.
Calcium stones
Dietary factors, high doses of
vitamin D, intestinal bypass, and
various metabolic disorders can
increase the concentration of
calcium or oxalate in urine.
-
Uric stones
When you have high levels of uric
acid in your blood and urine, small
stones can form.

7. Surgical Methods
Shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL is still one of the most widely used procedures for
kidney stones worldwide ESWL can be used to treat small
to medium-sized kidney stones but is not the ideal
modality for treating large or complex stones or stones
located in the lower pole of the kidney.

8. Ureteroscopy
Although smaller proximal ureter or kidney stones can be
treated with ESWL, URS remains the treatment of choice
for most intermediate and distal ureteral stones and can
also be used to treat proximal ureteral and kidney stones.

10. Stent placement
Stents are sometimes placed after
URS, in part to prevent ureteral
obstruction and pain resulting from
ureteral edema or passage of a stone
fragment. Other information is
provided elsewhere in the topic.

12. Nephrolithotomy(PNL)
Stents are sometimes placed after
URS, in part to prevent ureteral
obstruction and pain resulting from
ureteral edema or passage of a
stone fragment. Other information
is provided elsewhere in the topic.