There are three main navigation components in React Native: NavigatorIOS, Navigator, and NavigationExperimental. Navigator is the most widely used and supports navigation on both Android and iOS with easy and predictable navigation. It uses an initial route, route stack, and render scene method. The Navigator object is passed by reference and can be used to edit navigation and pass data between scenes using methods like push, pop, and replace. Back button handling on Android can be done through the BackAndroid component as an event listener.