Islamic Golden Age Contrasted With Dark Ages

The Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age (750–1258) was a stark contrast to the Dark Ages (500–1500) in Europe. While the Islamic Empire thrived with riches and
knowledge, Europe shied away from a more prosperous future. Europe was very driven by religion and did not accept the modern scientific
innovations of the Islamic Empire. Many churches and mosques from these ancient times still stand today and although they are different in many
ways, they have many similar aspects that have been worked into them. Finally, religion plays a major role in both societies but has many
discrepancies between both the Islamic Empire and the Medieval Times. There have been many clashes between the Bible and modern works of
science in the Dark Ages. During this time, modern science was not accepted in that society because the many beliefs of people were solely based
on the Bible. When the plague struck in 1347, many people contracted the disease. They would go see religious doctors who would tell them to pray
and based medical assumptions on astrology. The doctor would not look at the symptoms of the patient but by the position of the stars to cure the
sick. (Doc 7) The Muslims used modern tools and advancements in healthcare to treat their patients as well as recorded their findings in
encyclopedias. (Doc 8) They had special diagrams of the human body (Doc 13) to track a specific spot on the body for treatment. Both Europeans and
Muslims had some form of medical science to treat patients. The Europeans used
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Did Avicenna Influence Modern Day Medicine?
To what extent did Avicenna influence modern day medicine?
The Islamic Golden Age was a period that spanned from the mid eighth century to the mid thirteenth century. The Middle East was ruled under the
Abbasid Caliphate; during this time period, there were significant advances in mathematics, science, arts, as well as philosophy. Many prominent
figures emerged as a result of this phenomenon, their contributions to their respective fields having lasted the test of time; many ideas brought about in
the Islamic Golden Age have acted as the founding principal in the creation of new ideologies. One individual that emerged during these era was
Avicenna; Born in 10th century Iran, Avicenna was a Persian philosopher who practiced natural science; he made great advances in the field of... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Canon of Medicine, Avicenna describes 760 simple and compound drugs, their usage, and their composition, furthering elaborating on Galen's
study concerning humoral pathology. It is comprised of five parts. The first book covers the four elements known at the time (fire, water, earth, and
air) as well as the basics of anatomy. The second book contains information regarding cause and symptoms of an illness. The third book covers
hygienic practices health and sickness, as well as the inevitability of death. The fourth book delves into classification of illness, while the fifth
describes the various types of compound drugs. The Canon of Medicine remained a reliable source to acquire medical information for centuries; in
some parts of India, Unani medicine is practiced. Unani medicine is based on the works of Greek philosophers; Avicenna refined this form of Islamic
medicine, and it is still implemented today, proving that Avicenna's influence has extended until the present

The Islamic Of The Middle East And How It Affects The...
Majid Khadduri is an Iraqi born author who was known for his prolific work in regards to the history of the Middle East and how it affects the
current geopolitical climate. Born on September 27th, 1909 in Mosul, Khadduri received his education at the American University of Beirut for his
BA and PhD; for 12 years, from 1937 to 1949, he served as a law professor for the Iraqi ministry of education and as a member of the first Iraqi
delegation to the UN. The Islamic Conception of Justice takes a very comprehensive approach to the question of justice found in Islam and reflected in
the Islamic community, and is among the last of Khadduri's published works (Killgore, 1996). Khadduri has written books and works in regards to
individual states, its history, relation to other states, as well as taking broader, more holistic approach when he writes about general concepts and
ideas and how they are understood by different groups of people in space in time. Khadduri served as a lecturer in the University of Indiana and then
Chicago before finally settling at Johns Hopkins University. During his tenure Khadduri served as a visiting professor for at Columbia University,
Harvard University, the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. He died on January 25, 2007, in Potomac, Maryland, United States at the
age of 97 (Klubes, 2007). The Islamic Conception of Justice (Khadduri, 1984) is a book that goes into great length not only about the details of the
different terms

The Surgical Practices Of Modern Western Medicine
The foundation for the surgical practices of modern western medicine can easily be traced back to the crusader interaction with the Arabs. The fact that
Al–Zahrawi's work is still even the slightest bit relevant to modern western surgical practices is evidence of this. It can be said that if the crusades not
happened, then western surgical practices could have remained stagnant and inferior to the practices throughout the rest of the world.
The hospital system throughout early medieval Europe was heavily dependent upon the Catholic Church and the monasteries. Hospitals throughout
early medieval Europe started as house sized additions to monasteries, and held relatively few sick people. The hospitals at the monasteries were staffed
by monks and supplied with herbs for treatment from the medical gardens at the monasteries. These small house sized hospitals were insignificant in
comparison with the hospital in the Middle East at the time. The European hospitals did not become larger hubs for patient care or more efficient in the
care they provided until the crusades.
The Middle East had superior hospitals for hundreds of years; these were huge hospitals that were in some cases paid for by the caliphs and princes.
Islamic hospitals in the Middle East have been characterized as a highly developed system, with a network of urban institutions that included a plentiful
staff, which provided numerous services and had teaching centers attached. The hospitals had operating procedures

The Golden Age Of Islamic Culture
The modern university does manifest itself in the Islamic world. The Golden Age of Islamic culture traces its roots back to the modern university.
Throughout Islamic history, education was a point of pride and a field Muslims have always excelled in. The Islamic world was rich, diverse, and
creative. Muslims became founders of the most major accomplishments in the world which later leads to western and world civilizations. The
Muslims were most advanced in many fields such as mathematics, art, medicine, literature, and astronomy. It also led the way into the development of
libraries and universities. Muslims greatly advanced the study of mathematics. Arabic numerals, the numbers the Western World uses today, were
developed by the Muslims. Compared to earlier systems, such as Roman numerals, they made it easier for people to do calculations and check their
work. Muslims also spread the Indian concept of zero. Zero also made it easier to write large numbers. Muslim scholar, Al–Khwarizmi, is best known
as the "the father of Algebra". Al–Khwarizmi's famous book on algebra was translated into... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They established the first primary schools for children and universities for continuing education. They opened their public and private libraries to the
public internationally. Muslims built great libraries and learning centers in places such as Baghdad, Cordoba, and Cairo. Mosques were used as a
meeting place where people could gather around a learned scholar, attend his lectures, read books with him/her, and gain knowledge. Libraries
developed early in the Islamic world as a result of the commitment to literacy on the part of early Muslims. Collections of texts were attached to
mosques, madrasahs (schools), and bayt al–hikma (research institutions). The Muslims were the forerunners of European universities, having
established hundreds of colleges in advance of

Western Societies And The Decline Of The Islamic Golden Age
Western societies compared to Muslim and other non–Eurocentric societies have diverse interpretations of 'the rise of the West' and the 'decline of the
Islamic Golden Age'. The "Long Decline Paradigm" revolves around the European perspective of Western European history and defines the "success"
of non–Eurocentric societies based on how closely they follow the guidelines of Western history (Voll 2010:1). However, the LDP excludes the
contributions and achievements that Muslim and other non–Eurocentric societies have made (Voll 2010:1). From 1300–1500, the Muslim empire was
establishing their government and followers of the Muslim religion (Voll 2010:1). Western views ignored this expansion since 'the rise of the west' was
interpreted as revolutionary and superior to outsiders because of their "understanding [of] the natural world...[and] secular values" (Goody
2011:765–766).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caught up in their successes of the Industrial Revolution, Renaissance, and other eras of accomplishments, Western societies portrayed a misleading
vision of how the Muslim world significantly impacted global communities (Voll 2010:2). When critiquing the 'the rise of the West', non
–Eurocentric
societies expose flaws in what the West deem "achievements". The West claims the Renaissance as their success, however, the Renaissance is
"recovered Greek and Roman science and literature" (Goody 2011:765). Additionally, important scriptures shared with the West, originated from
"Arabic translations" (Goody 2011:765). From this perspective, the 'rise of the west' can be credited not only to the Western world but to other
non–Eurocentric societies as

Islmaic Achievements and Muslim Contributions and Their...
The Muslim Empire grew to encompass a wide range of territory. Their empire included India, Greece, and Rome in addition to many other places. The
Muslims were much more advanced than other nations because of their tolerance of other cultures. This enabled them to adopt many of the
developments and innovations of the people whose land they conquered. They were able to attain intelligence at the highest level of the time from a
specific area they conquered whose main focus of study was that field. The Muslim people made many exceptional achievements and great
contributions that spread to and affected the entire world, particularly Europe. Several factors encouraged them to pursue experimentations and
developments in different fields.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, in European places, such as Paris and London, there were still muddy pathways and dark alleys. This proves that the Muslim Empire
was much more advanced and intelligent in many different aspects.(Document 2) The Muslims made much significant advancement in the medical
field. The rulers of the Muslim Empire encouraged this research in the medical field. They wanted people who knew about diseases and medical
procedures treating them were they were ill. This made the Muslims much more advanced and knowledgeable in medicine than other parts of the
world. In fact, Muslim cities boasted some of the best hospitals in the world. One reason they were so efficient is that doctors and pharmacists were
required to complete a specific course of study and pass a formal examination before being able o practice medicine. However, this knowledge was not
exclusive to the Muslim Empire, but rather it was translated into Latin and was used in European schools. The spread of this knowledge made Europe
significantly more knowledgeable regarding diseases and medical procedures than they were prior to them receiving this information. In addition to
advancements in the medical field, other scientific advancements were made. The created the practice of the experiment as well as a method of
classification into three distinct categories: animal, vegetable, or mineral.(Documents 1 and 3) Muslim mathematicians made amazing advances

The Science And Achievements Of The Islamic Golden Age
The Abbasid Empire began in 750 AD, ruling over Baghdad until the Mongols conquered and took over in 1258. Although the period was brief, the
influence of the Arabs was not only through religion, but in math, the arts, and science. Many scientific and mathematical discoveries, as well as
architectural designs made in the 9th to 14th century stimulated research that might not be known today. By creating armies to conquer neighboring
lands, Islam spread their knowledge to other countries, but also gained knowledge from those neighboring lands. The Islamic Empires had a strong and
welcoming attitude towards knowledge, and made some incredible achievements in the arts and sciences.
The Islamic Golden Age was a time in which many inteculatal accomplishments and advancements were made, and the Islamic Empire was at its most
successful state.
The Islamic Golden Age started in the 13 century with the Abbasid family in control. During this time, rulers and other people of high positions had
merchants go out and search for writings from other lands to bring back and add to Islam's knowledge of the world. As more and more text from all
different parts of the world began to come back to Islam, they were translated into Arabic, and were kept at a "place for studying and keeping safe
foreign texts", called the House of Wisdom. There, scholars could read up on topics of science, mathematics, astronomy,philosophy, the arts and more.
Scholars studied and observed the new found

The Siege Of Baghdad: The Islamic Golden Age
The siege of Baghdad is a turning point in world history. This single event ended the Islamic golden age, many buildings were destroyed, but after their
invasion the city became an economic center and religious affairs flourished.
The siege on Baghdad by the Mongols marked the end of the Islamic golden age. How? The Mongols sacked Baghdad, committing numerous atrocities
and destroyed the Abbasids' vast libraries, including the House of Wisdom. The Mongols executed Al–Musta'sim and massacred many residents of the
city, which was left greatly depopulated. This siege is considered to mark the end of the Islamic Golden Age, during which the caliphs had extended
their rule from the Iberian Peninsula to Sindh, and which was also marked by many

The Impact Of Arabic Numerals In Medieval Europe
The Impact of Arabic Numerals on Medieval Europe The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of innovative thought into the world, and eventually those
ideas made their way into Europe, one of which was the Arabic numerals. Medieval European society was changed by the introduction of the Arabic
numerals into their society because these numbers revolutionized the way that daily tasks, like merchant bookkeeping, and academia were approached.
Medieval European understanding of mathematics, physical sciences, and accounting was transformed by the translation of texts into Latin, allowing
Arabic numerals to become the primary numeric system and therefore easing the burdens of daily life in academia and bookkeeping. Arabic numerals
arose from the transferring of ideas from Hindu scholarship into Islamic caliphates of the Golden Age, and from there, into European culture. One thing
from Indian culture that transcended into Islamic culture was the concept of zero. This was something that was not considered in earlier mathematic
studies. It reads in "Math Roots: Zero: A Special Case," "the Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system, adapted the numerals and computation,
and spread the ideas in their travels." The Arabic people saw the power in this numbering system because there was a placeholder number. This concept
was accepted into Islamic thought; however, it was not received well in Europe. For the greater part of the European society, it was a strange system, in
comparison to

The Fall Of The Great Library
The Fall of the Great Library
The Beginning of the End
The House of Wisdom thrived under the rule of Al Mamun. Along with it, Baghdad and the rest of the Muslim world experienced developments in
different fields – from the arts to the sciences. There were more scholars than ever and exchange of ideas between the Middle East and other parts of
the world flourished. However, when Al Mutawaki succeeded the throne in 847, things began to change. Known to be a strict follower of the Qur'an,
literally interpreting its laws, Al Mutawaki prohibited the entry of foreign visitors in the House of Wisdom.
Al Mutawaki also stopped collecting books and other texts from Greece and other non–Muslim countries. "He believed that spreading Greek
philosophies was anti–Islamic." Moreover, the new caliph significantly cut funding for the improvement and maintenance of the library. Instead, he
diverted funds to expanding the council of elders' powers to implement Islamic Law. Indeed, this was the beginning of the end.
The War That Destroyed Everything
By the early 1200s, the Abbasid caliphate had significantly weakened. On the other side of the world, the Mongol empire was gaining more power
beyond their borders. They had assembled a strong army, subjugating the tribes in the Mongolian Plateau. This included the Tatars, a community of
hunters and warriors. Swearing allegiance to the Khan, the Tatars turned into the Mongols' most dangerous army.
To extend his rule further, Mongke Khan

African Americans In The Crusades
Jerusalem is of significant value to all Christians since it is the city where Jesus Christ lived and died. Therefore, it is no surprise that Christians would
want to protect this city from Muslim invaders, just as Muslims had conquered North Africa, Palestine, Mesopotamia, the Persian Empire, and
territories in southern Asia and the Indian subcontinent for their jihad. The word jihad can be translated as struggle or holy war. Further, Christians
often had to work side–by–side with Muslims in the territories they captured, specifically when the crusaders formed an alliance with Egyptians against
invading Seljuk Turks because the captured territories often lacked settlers and defenders. This would mean that crusaders were far more likely to...
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An account by a Muslim diplomat, politician, and historian, Usamah Ibn–Munqidh, gives an interesting depiction of medical treatment in the West
before the Crusades. In his account, he describes how his uncle was asked to send a doctor to look at some urgent cases by the governor of
Al–Mounaitira. The uncle sent a Christian doctor named Thabit that was able to successfully treat a knight with an abscess on his leg and a woman
with consumptive fever. A Frankish doctor then said the man was incapable of treating the patients and proceeded to order the leg of the knight to be
cut off, through which the knight died during the procedure, and told the woman that the devil had taken possession of her head, shaving her hair off
then later using a razor to cut her head open in the shape of a cross, scraping away the skin so that bone was showing, and rubbing her head with salt,
from which the woman died . The credibility of this source is questionable because it is most likely biased, but gives a good description of common
medical practices by Westerners during that time. Medical treatments hadn't truly improved for hundreds of years, despite the contact between Muslims
and Westerners in Crusader–States.
An additional benefit of the Crusades was the rediscovery of Aristotle, who the Muslims read from texts translated from Latin to Arabic.

Muslim Spain (711-1492)
Over a thousand years ago, Europe experienced one of its greatest periods of cultural enlightenment.Islam in Spain has had a fundamental presence in
the culture and history of the nation. The religion was present inmodern Spanish soil from 711 until 1492 under the rule of the Arabs and Moors of
al–Andalus.Islamic Spain was a multi–cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than
three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable
individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture,... Show
Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straight of 'Gibraltar' at first with the sole intention of avenging king Roderic for the crime he committed. However,
because of the weakness of the kingdom due to civil war, Tariq opted to continue his occupation of Roderic's entire empire. Another theory for the
occupation by the Arab Muslims of Spain is that because of their persecution, the Jews called upon their contacts in North Africa, who in turn
encouraged the able Arabs to capture Spain. This allowed the Almoravids and the Almohads to establish themselves in Spain.Nevertheless, without a
doubt, the Jews supported and welcomed Muslims in Spain because they were great beneficiaries under Muslim rule. Rule The majority of the Army
as well as commander Tariq himself were not Arab but Islamic Berbers, and in timeIslamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen
and Syria came to live in the Iberian peninsula.The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al–Andalus", which some say means "Paradise." That
was the rootfor the name of the present–day region of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. For a time, the area that is today Spain and Portugal
was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summitwith the Umayyad Caliphate in the 10th century.Muslim Spain was not a single period,
but a succession of different rules. Muslim Spain had the following chronological phases: The Emirate

Medieval Islam Essay
During the medieval era, series of crusading brought significant impact for Western Europe. Increased cultural and intellectual contact with the Islamic
world influenced on learning, literature, art, and other areas in society. Muslim accomplishment in science especially in medicine, mathematics, and
astronomy were equally remarkable. More than that Muslim people studied wide variety range of science topics including astrology, geography,
physics, chemistry, optics and other. This essay will be discussing about how science developed in medievalIslam, two main science topics they
focused on most which are including mathematics and medicine and how science in Muslim emerge to Western Europe. The processes of scientific
inquiry developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of time, translating was done in Spain. As the result, cultural crossroads joining in Western Europe and medieval Islam. After the Christian
re–conquest of Spain increased cultural and intellectual contact with Islamic world and make Arabic works available to scientists and scholars in
Western Europe.
During the Golden age of Islam, achievements in mathematics, medicines and astronomy and many other topics were remarkable and significantly
changed Wester Europe and later society. For Muslim, studying science provided knowledge to follow proper path in life and serve God's purpose.
Now, their discovered or created systems create our basic life and develop advanced technologies and strategies such as building bridges, sky towers,
computing variety calculation for global economy, and doing pharmaceutical research. We have to appreciate what they have done, and their
contribution on our current

A Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
UICI 2022– F1 SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & MANKIND
DR. ABDUL AZEEZ YUSUF
BOOK REVIEW:
Book Review of "Lost History" by Michael Hamilton Morgan
(30th NOVEMBER 2012)
BY
MEHRAN QADRI (A11CS2005)
AHMAD AL RAZI (A11KP2008) MUHAMMAD SAYID SABIQ (AC102001)
1. Introduction
The book that we have chosen to review is titled "Lost History, the Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers and Artists". The author of the
book is Michael Hamilton Morgan. The book was published in the year 2007 and also holds the same copyright date. The book is a non–fiction. The
main subject matter of the book is the history of the Islamic civilization from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These facts certainly challenge the modern western civilization which claims that the above mentioned advancements in science as mathematics were
made by Greek philosophers.
The author also delightfully reminds the reader that it was in Baghdad that Scheherazade told the famous tales of the One Thousand and One Nights.
The author also states the qualities of Muslim leadership using examples from Caliph AbЕ« Bakr, Caliph `AlД« and others who championed an ethos of
social fairness and justice, advanced public health and tolerance of diversity in faith, nationality, and ethnicity.
He also mentions the character and work style of HДЃrЕ«n al–RashД«d and focuses on the manner in which the Christian Crusaders treated the
population in Jerusalem after conquering the city in 1099. They spared neither men nor women nor children, in sharp contrast to the manner in which
Saladin treated the population of Jerusalem when he conquered it again in 1187.
These facts are a rebuttal to the modern western civilizations who call the system of the Islamic Caliphate a dictatorship.
The author has also used the method of narration in his book where he provides the reader with a timeline of events starting from the birth of the

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

Arabic Numerals In The Age Of The Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of innovative thought into the world, and eventually those ideas made their way into Europe, one of which
was the Arabic numerals. Medieval European society was changed by the introduction of the Arabic numerals into their society because these numbers
revolutionized the way that daily tasks, like merchant bookkeeping, and academia were approached. Medieval European understanding of mathematics,
physical sciences, and accounting was transformed by the translation of texts into Latin, allowing Arabic numerals to become the primary numeric
system and therefore easing the burdens of daily life in academia and bookkeeping. Arabic numerals arose from the transferring of ideas from Hindu
scholarship into Islamic caliphates of the Golden Age, and from there, into European culture. One thing from Indian culture that transcended into
Islamic culture was the concept of zero. This was something that was not considered in earlier mathematic studies. It reads in "Math Roots: Zero: A
Special Case," "the Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system, adapted the numerals and computation, and spread the ideas in their travels." The
Arabic people saw the power in this numbering system because there... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was able to simplify accounting and also give rise to more mathematically based fields of study like geometry and physics. The Islamic Golden Age
influenced the influx of translations to Latin and allowed people the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of mathematics and the physical
sciences. Arabic numerals were able to transform Medieval society and further increase the connection of people across the world. The world,
including business and academia, would not be the same today if it were not for the adoption of Arabic numerals into the cultures of the Medieval

Why Do We Use Quadratic Equations?
It might seem as if these contributions have no real world applications, however, that would be very incorrect. Completing the square is very useful
for quadratic equations, which we have mentioned before. The question lies, where do we use quadratic equations? When projectiles are put into
motion they create a parabolic path, to calculate the speed and height at which they travel completing the square would come in handy. Another
example would be traveling by boat, or foot, or any other method. You would go one way, then probably return to your original location. This would
also be similar to a parabolic path which can be solved by completing the square. Pictured below is what a parabolic track would look like. Figure 5.
Parabolic Graph Without the foundation that al–Khwarizmi laid out for all mathematicians to come, there would not be the mathematical field we know
today. In every aspect of calculus, geometry and other forms of mathematics, the methods of reduction, completion and balancing come into play. The
combinations that those three methods have created can be attributed to the many discoveries we have today. Just some examples are the creation of
the World Wide Web, in other words, the internet. Without the algebraic foundation the strings of Booleans, cannot be translated to create the internet
as we know it. Without the very intricate mathematics we know today, man would have never made it into space. This one, seemingly insignificant

Describe and Explain the Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate...
The decline of the Abbasids was not a steady of rapid series of events. There were numerous revivals of the Caliphate in which certain strong Caliphs
gained more control and influence over the Islamic world than their predecessors had had. However at no point after the death of Harun al–Rahid
(reigned 786–809) was the Caliphate ever as powerful. This period is regarded as the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate and was followed
immediately by civil war between his sons. Harun's two sons were called Al–Amin and Al–Mamun. Al–Amin was the elder and was nominated as the
heir to the Caliphate. However Al–Mamun, who was the effective governor of the eastern provinces was ambitious. He was spurred towards seizing
the Caliphate for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such a compromise was a symptom of a relatively weak Caliph. Further revolts led to the temporary loss of the Caliph's power in Egypt, Syria and
Palestine for substantial periods. However with Tahir and his family at his side, al–Mamun was able to regain these lands, leaving the Caliphate in 833
much less weak than it had been although not as strong as al–Rashid had in 809. Al–Mamun's successor and son was a man called Al Mu'tasim. His
reign was particularly important in the gradual decline of the Abbasids. Although he was not the first to use the infamous 'slave soldiers', they had
been used from 814 onwards, he expanded their usage massively. The slave soldiers were mostly Turks from areas like modern Turkmenistan.
These were hard nomadic peoples from the grass planes of the Steppe who were brutal worriers and provided the Caliph with military security for a
price. These Turk soldiers were to play a crucial part in the decline of the Caliphate as their influence and power grew over their masters. The Turks
soon formed the palace guard of the Caliph, taking on a similar to the Praetorian Guard of the Roman Empire. As their presence increased they became
increasingly unpopular in Baghdad. This unpopularity and the Caliphs increasing dependence on his mercenaries lead to Mu'tasim relocating the
capital from Baghdad to Samarra in 835. This only diminished the power of the Caliphate in

The House of Wisdom and its Contribution to the...
Part A: The purpose of this investigation will be to assess how the House of Wisdom contributed to the preservation of knowledge. This question is
important because it addresses the academic advances with the Islamic civilization that lead to new information. To determine the extent of the
contribution to the preservation of knowledge, this investigation will examine the achievements al–Khawarizmi made in science and the achievements
that were made in this library and how they were preserved through time. The area of research will be focused during the time of the Islamic Golden
Age, 750–1258, and in the city of Baghdad, where the House of Wisdom flourished. A method that will be used during this investigation is the
examination of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long before his reign, al–Ma'mun's great grandfather, al–Mansur, began the translation movement. This movement was the foundation of the House of
Wisdom; it spread the idea that seeking knowledge is a necessary factor of life to society. Among the many scholars working in the House of Wisdom,
there was Al–Khawarizmi, known as the father of algebra. Born around 800 in Baghdad, al–Khwarizmi worked in the House of Wisdom as a scholar.
Being involved in the center's translation of ancient scientific knowledge helped him develop a unique knowledge of the accumulated wisdom of the
world. His importance lies in his discoveries of mathematical knowledge which was later transferred to Arab and European scholars. His
masterpiece, a book of clear explanations of what would become algebra, was his entire life's work compiled into one collection of information. The
word algebra comes from the Arabic word, al–jabr, which means "completion". In his work, al–Khwarizmi explains the principles of solving linear and
quadratic equations, the concept that an equation can be created to find the value of an unknown variable. Another crucial work of al–Khwarizmi's was
The Book on the Art of Reckoning of the Hindus, which introduced the numbering system used in the Islamic culture to the west. This is the numerical
system that is still used today and offered many advantages over the existing Roman numerals. An

Speech And Speech: The Golden Age Of Islam
Purpose
At the end of my speech, the audience will have a clear view of the most important achievements of the "Islamic golden age".
Introduction
At the beginning of the 8th to the 13th century, a new era has emerged and placed a stamp in the Islamic history that is called "the golden age of Islam",
throughout which the Islamic history was ruled by various important caliphates where many scientific, economical, and cultural developments took
place. The Abbasid caliph Harun Al–Rashid was the ruler during that time (786 to 809) with the existence of House of wisdom in Baghdad, all the
researchers from around the world with different backgrounds and knowledge gathered to translate the traditional information into Arabic language.
The main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim engineers also created crankshafts and water turbines which worked for the better techniques of extracting natural resources like water and
fossil fuels, they also established the use of dams as sources of water power. These advances replaced the manual tasks that were previously made by
labor with machinery in Islamic world. An uprising industrial growth also emerged to Europe after these technologies were transferred to

Essay About The Middle Ages
Since the beginning of the world, there have been a various types of time periods such as Classical antiquity, Archaic Period, Macedonian Era, Ancient
Rome, and more. All the people who lived in different generations have different lives. Of course, this includes people who lived during the Middle
Ages. Middle Ages, also known as Medieval period, is the period in European history starting from the collapse of Roman civilization to the period of
Renaissance. These people who have lived during the had an antithetic lifestyle from other generations. Life in Middle Ages was different from the life
of people in other time periods politically, economically, and technologically. To begin with, people had different political systems in the Middle...
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Unlike modern times, transportation systems in the Middle Ages were not diverse. On land, people usually traveled by riding on horses.
Aristocrats usually rode on the wagons, and commoners rode on horses. People usually did not transport through sea, but when they did, they used
ships. Ships were usually used during the war, or trade between Middle East countries. Military technology in the Medieval period was discrete
from other generations. Because there were knights during the Middle Ages, they used the swords and arrows to fight. Other than these weapons,
they had special kinds of weapon, biological and psychological weapon. Biological weapons such as dead bodies and dead animals were used to
spread the disease over the enemy camp. Psychological weapons were used to arouse fear of the knights to the enemy lines. For example, they would
make an armor that is several times larger than the normal size. Then they would put the armor in the scene of victory to show the enemies. By doing
this, rumors would spread throughout the enemy camp and those rumors would arouse fear of the knights. Agricultural tool was also distinct in the
Middle Ages. The plow was considered to be one of the most important technologies developed especially in the Medieval period. During this period,
the plow was used with multiple–oxen teams. By this, farmers were able to plow the heavier and wetter soils, leading

The Impact Of Arabic Numerals In Medieval Europe
Impact of Arabic Numerals on Medieval Europe Medieval European society was changed by the introduction of the Arabic numerals into their society.
The Islamic Golden Age introduced lots of innovative thought into the world, and eventually those ideas made their way into Europe, one of which
was the Arabic numerals. They revolutionized the way that daily tasks, like merchant bookkeeping, and academia were approached. Medieval Europe
was transformed by the Islamic Golden Age and that is highlighted through the transformation Arabic numerals had on society. Preceding the Islamic
Golden Age, Indian culture had a revolution of thought which was seen in the Islamic Empire. One thing from Indian culture that transcended into
Islamic culture was the concept of zero. This was something that was not considered in earlier mathematic studies. It read in "Math Roots: Zero: A
Special Case," "the Arabs recognized the value of the Hindu system, adapted the numerals and computation, and spread the ideas in their travels." The
Arabic people saw the power in this numbering system because there was a place holder number. This concept was accepted into Islamic thought;
however, it was not received well in Europe. For the greater part of the European society, it was a strange system, in comparison to the Roman numeral
system, and was not widely accepted. At the beginning of Arabic numeral introduction into European society, scholars and mathematicians were
primarily the only ones who accepted

Islamic Golden Age
From the 7th century to the end of the 13th century there were two Islamic golden ages. In the first Golden Age, society is being integrated in all
dimensions, political, social, and moral, under the aegis of Islam, during this Golden Age (Lapidus 14). During the second Golden Age the state,
religious institutions, differentiated political, and religious elites become divided during this Golden Age (Lapidus 13). Muhammad, not an immense
influence to start out, had a strong political and economic influence during the Islamic Golden Age, because he, being not only a prophet, but the
political leader of southern Arabia.
Muhammad was born after the death of his dad in 570ad (Gabriel 53). He was born in the town of Mecca which at the time the religion ... Show more
Muhammad ordered the killing of several poets and singers that ridiculed him (Gabriel 65). Muhammad went to war with the Meccans. His first
strikes were at the Meccan caravans. The caravans had food that is heading to the Mecca in them, as well as an armed guard to protect it. This made
caravans the root of Meccan economy and military power. Muhammad wanted to cut the commercial lifeline that sustained Quraysh, the merchant tribe
that controlled Mecca, control of Meccan politics and isolate and weaken enemies' social and economic base of power (Gabriel73–75). Even though
the split between Sunni and Shia was more around theology than politics, we still see a change in politics around the split (Hazleton 206). Central
political authority was getting harder to maintain due to the wide range of ethnic differences in the vast empire (Hazleton 206). Religious and political
authorities were separating (Halzeton

Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in...
Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and civilization. One of the major Abrahamic religions, Islam,
has made many advances and has contributed a variety of concepts, ideas and inventions to western civilization. Most of these contributions have gone
unnoticed throughout the years, and have been credited by various people, when in reality Muslim scholars have formulated these concepts. Although
some may believe that these contributions are irrelevant, the reality is that most of the everyday concepts humans use all around the world, have been
derived from a primarily Islamic school of thought.
In 622 CE, a new world religion, Islam, emerged. The founder, a man by the name of Prophet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Europe was struggling during the Dark Ages, Islam was prospering greatly. Muslim intellectual centers were slowly growing over the
Asian–African continent. While first only Africa and India were present as the major Islamic areas, the Islamic empire soon grew to the areas of the
Indonesian islands and China. This combination of the cultures of the Arabs, Indians, Turks, Chinese, and Persians is contrasting to the popular belief
that Islam is a discriminatory race, while actually all of these cultures along with countless smaller groups aided in the contribution of the construction
of the Islamic civilization. The main logic behind this intellectual boom in the Islamic civilization is due to the statement made by Prophet Muhammad,
which goes as the following: "the ink of scholars is more precious than the blood of martyrs." These words from the Prophet served as the impetus of
the movement, as scholars from all around attempted to seek out the intellectual treasures hidden within the minds of themselves and their cultures.
The unabridged list of the accomplishments made during the Golden Age is too lengthy to mention. However, the major subject areas of advances
were in the fields of Science, Mathematics, Medicine, Culture and Education.
Science One of the most notable advances in the Islamic Golden age was in the field of science. Scientist everywhere began to

Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age is rooted in the city of Baghdad, a city of architectural splendor. It was here that they discovered a need for science that was
necessary to run this newfound empire. In efforts to fulfill this need, it resulted in the recruitment of the finest minds from all over the empire where
they were welcomed to center for scholarship, Baghdad's House of Wisdom. Those recruited were intellectuals and scholars who came to work in the
academies and were the ones challenged with the daunting task of transforming the great works of the ancients into a new body of knowledge. The
scholars came from various faiths (Christians, Jews, Muslims, etc.) they were chosen and dispatched across the empire for the sole purpose of locating
as much... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6:39). They also understood the importance of first quarantining and then treating illness and disease within an institution, the equivalent of today's
hospital. These Muslim institutions had distinct wards for patients suffering from different diseases, as well as for those suffering from mental illness.
Their studies of the human anatomy were extremely sophisticated, so much so that they would remain in use for well over 600 hundred years.
"Muslim scientists were especially intrigued by light, lenses, and the physiology of the human eye" (THTV, 2010, marker. 7:41). Ibm Al
–haytham was
the father of optics and credited for producing the first treatise in which he explained how the eye sees. Also, it was his work in the field of optics that
eventually led to the invention of the modern camera. Amazingly, Muslim physicians were performing cataract surgery 1,000 years before the West
adopted such a

The Representation Of The Saracens In The Song Of Roland
From the beginning of the Song of Roland, the narrator of the story lets us know exactly whose side to be on. The Saracens would be seen as
equal to Franks but on the opposing side. The way the Saracens were represented in a negative light to make the Franks seem as though they are
good guys. The representation of the Saracens in The Song of Roland is noticeably different from the way the Franks are viewed in the text by
shedding a negative light over the Saracens to ensure that the Saracens are seen as a negative character. This helps build a larger conflict within the
story. The leaders mentioned in the Song of Roland are represented differently to show conflict between characters. In the first laisses they speak
greatly about King Charles who is the leader of the Franks. Then transitions into something that is not seen as good which is speaking of the King
Marsile as a person who does not love God. If the word love was replaced with the word believe it might have given the story a new context. This
would've made the Saracens have a chance in the story. Showing conflict between leaders in the story at the beginning is a lead into the larger conflict
within the story. This helps with choosing a side within the story. The Saracens and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The occident, which are the Franks, had a strong spiritual wealth. Their plans were to do anything they had to do to get closer to God. The orient or
the Saracens were more worried about physical wealth. When Ganelon converted to the Saracens he was offered tangible things such as a sword
instead of blessings or access to heaven. The Franks are very heavenly and consistently trying to figure out what they have to next to get into heaven.
The Saracens are Earthly and are constantly trying to gain wealth on Earth. This brought upon conflict within the story by creating a division between
morals and values of the

Islamic Golden Age Research Paper
The Islamic Golden Age was a time of development and change. This period lasted from 632 to 1258 CE. It began with the death of Muhammad and
ended with the Mongols invading Baghdad. During the time between these two major events, many things were invented and discovered, and many
wars took place. Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, died in Medina after a short illness in 632 CE. Abu Bakr, the father of Muhammad's favorite
wife, A'isha, was his successor. Abu Bakr continued with Muhammad's teachings. He ordered the people who had written down Muhammad's
teachings to collect them into a book called the Quran. There were many Caliphs after Abu Bakr. However, due to the split of Muslims into Shi'ites
and Sunnis, all except for Abu Bakr were killed. The Abbasid Caliphate began to decline in the middle of the ninth century, when more people began to
convert to Islam. The Abbasid Caliphate fell and the Islamic Golden Age ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muhammad Ibn MЕ«sДЃ al–KhwДЃrizmД« developed algebra and algorithms. Spherical trigonometry and the "addition of the decimal point notation
to the Arabic numerals" (Islamic Golden Age) were introduced by the Muslim mathematician Sind Ibn Ali. Al
–Kindi introduced cryptanalysis,
frequency analysis, algebraic calculus, and proof by mathematical induction. Ibn al–Haytham developed "analytic geometry and the earliest general
formula for infinitesimal and integral calculus" (Islamic Golden Age). Symbolic algebra which is used today in computer sciences was developed by
AbЕ« al–Hasan Ibn AlД« al–QalasДЃdД«. "Arabs picked up two concepts essential to the evolution of mathematics: the place value digit and zero.
Both of these were vital to being able to do much more complex calculations than the old system of using letters to represent numbers" (Butler).
Although Muslims made many technological, medical, as well as other advancements, they also endured a great amount of

Essay on The History of Islamic Political Ideas
Al–Ghazali:
In past 20years, political role of Islam increased considerably which resulted in overgrown interest in finding the history of Islamic political ideas
existing in medieval Muslim society. The evaluation of ideas enabled it to find out the development of mechanism known as 'Muslim society' and
discover its functioning as an efficient government. Among many Islamic schools of ideas, Al–ghazali is also one of those renowned Islamic scholars
who gave his ideas regarding efficient government and political system.
Al–Ghazali was born at Ghazzalah near Tuss in 1058.He is one of the renowned and distinguished philosophers in the history of human thought. He is
considered as Mujaddid and also considered as imam among the four Imams. His ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Islam, ulemas are given tremendous importance due to their knowledge about Sharia, because Sharia is the direct source of authority. Because of
not having the concept of any church institute in Islam, ulemas' function exceed the bounds of pure religious issues. Since religion plays a vital role
in caliphate. So considering this fact, ulemas' authority because of having broad knowledge about religion, played a key role in political life of the state.
Caliph of the state used to base his authority on the imam's divine authority.in such crucial conditions, al–Ghazali gave his political theory of caliphate
and expounded it as a defender and champion for the unity of Muslim world.al–ghazali was inspired by both Islamic as well as non–Islamic sources
like Persia. The major work contributed to political ideas by al–ghazali includes the following remarkable attributes:
1) Munqidh Min ad.Dalal
2) ihyn–ul–ulam
3) Tibr–ul– Masbuk
4) Kimiya_i_sa'adat
5) Iqtisad fil–I'tiqad
6) kitab–ul–wajiz
7)Mustazkhiri
Political treaties:
Al ghazali pointed out two core aspects of the"caliph and sultan" issue.first the relation hukm and secular authority i:e sultan .second– religion and
state.he also gave the description and told the characteristics possessed by caliph and also depicted the selection procedure.In his imamate theory he
gave the three main conditions 1)power to ensure the order in state 2)caliph as source of

Islamic Golden Age Research Paper
The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally dated from the mid 7th century to the mid 13th century. During this time, Muslim rulers established one of the
largest empires in history. Artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders contributed to the Islamic world with agriculture,
the arts, economics, industry, law, literature,navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology and technology. They were able to contribute because they
preserved earlier traditions and used inventions and innovations of their own. Also at this time, the Muslim world became a major intellectual centre
for science, philosophy, medicine and education. In Baghdad, the "House of Wisdom" was established. It was a place where scholars, both... Show more
Many classic works of antiquity, that would otherwise have been forgotten, were translated into Arabic and later in turn translated into Turkish, Sindhi,
Persian, Hebrew and Latin. Knowledge was synthesized from works originating in ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, China, India, Persia, Ancient
Egypt, North Africa, Ancient Greece and Byzantine civilizations. Rival Muslim Dynasties, such as the Fatimids of Egypt and the Umayyads of
Al–Andalus, were also major intellectual centres. Cities such as Cairo and CГіrdoba were rivals Baghdad. The Islamic empire was the first "truly
universal civilization," which brought together for the first time "peoples as diverse as the Chinese, the Indians, the people of the Middle East and
North Africa, black Africans, and white Europeans." A major innovation of this period was paper– originally a secret tightly guarded by the Chinese.
The art of paper making was obtained from prisoners taken at the Battle of Talas spreading to the Islamic cities of Samarkand and Baghdad. The
Arabs improved upon the Chinese techniques of using mulberry bark by using starch to account for the Muslim preference for pens vs. the Chinese
for brushes. By AD 900, there were hundreds of shops employing scribes and binders for books in Baghdad and public libraries began to be

The Golden Age Of Science In The Medieval Islamic World
The medieval Islamic world of science started as a controversial field to be working in. The scientific practices went against the beliefs of the people
because it stated things that were the opposite of the readings in the Koran. Religious peoples said that Allah created everything in existence himself
while scientists said that everything occurred naturally. Even though there was conflict over the beliefs of the people, the Islamic scientists still
managed to prosper and produce a Golden Age of Science in the medieval Islamic world. The contribution of the Arabo–Islamic scholars to the genesis
of modern sciences constitutes a passionately debated topic of research, and in many encyclopedias of science and its history, the Arabo–Islamic... Show
Islamic engineers invented a distillation process that expanded the kinds of medicines that could be used. This allowed physicians to prescribe even
more precise treatments for their patients. The Islamic world of science produced a large amount of forward progress in the medical industry, which
helped people for centuries afterwards. Astronomy was a discipline that was very serious to Islamic scholars and scientists, and throughout the Golden
Age of Science they consistently worked to further develop astronomy, even applying other fields to help them. In the opening years of the Golden
Age, astronomy was studied vigorously and even was used to assist the religion of the people. Because of its importance to religious duties (for
example, calculating the qibla and prayer times), astronomy held a prominent place on the scientific scene. Rulers sponsored the construction of
observatories and large observation instruments and employed scientists such as al–Battani, al–Khayyan, and al–Tusi to construct astronomical tables
and keep time. An instrument that was well known around the world was the astrolabe. It came from a Hellenistic origin and was perfected by Muslim
scientists and craftsmen. Many problems involving astronomy, that would normally take the likes of mundane computing, could be solved quickly and
easily with the astrolabe.

Astronomy Of The Islamic World
Astronomy in Medieval Islam Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole. During the
medieval era, a golden age of innovations in science took part in the Islamic world. In particular cities in the Iberian Peninsula, like Cordoba,
astronomy blossomed and thrived as an aftermath of the genius and creativity that took place there. Innovations in astronomy were vital in inspiring the
other scientific discoveries, and were greatly encouraged by the religious groups during the time. In the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, S.
Nomanul Haq and Massimo Campanini wrote that "astronomy is the only natural science that escaped the censure of the medieval Muslim opponents
of secular sciences (КїulЕ«m al–awДЃКїil) and found a home in mosques, receiving the blessing of mainstream religious circles."1 Because of this
support and encouragement, scientists of astronomy were set up to thrive and innovate. Discoveries during this period made fundamental
advancements on Greek and Mesopotamian astronomy and were crucial for the later advances of Copernicus and Kepler that give the view on
astronomy that is held today. The support of astronomy that garnered during the medieval era had many influences. One influence was religion.
Marking time accurately is essential for many religions including Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. The Koran requires the faithful to pray five times a
day at five very precise times: at the exact moment

Islamic Golden Age
Many believe the medieval period to be a dark time during which little human progress was made. However, this was only happening in the Western
European world. In fact, Islamic civilization was at its peak during this time period. During this era, the Islamic Golden Age, Islam was a thriving and
advanced civilization, and Arabic was the progressive, scientific language of the world. This research paper will examine Islam's rise as a civilization
during the medieval era. Between the eighth and thirteenth century, the Islamic Golden Age took place. This golden age began with the Arab conquest
of the Middle Eastern region. This conquest helped to establish the Middle East as a distinct region. Islamic civilization was thriving, powerful, and
diverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Islam was and is extremely encouraging of pursuing knowledge and learning. The medieval period was being undeniably free–thinking and the
knowledge gained comes from a diverse blend of many different fields of knowledge (Habib, 2008: 55–56). Scholars have many different theories on
what caused this rise in scientific activity and learning in Islam. Gutas puts forward two possible causes of the Islamic scientific flourishing in his
monograph "Greek Thought, Arabic Culture." One idea he proposes is that Christian scholars who were fluent in both Greek and Arabic decided to
translate texts out of enthusiasm for the betterment of society (Gutas, 1998: 3). Gutas also puts forward the more popular theory that the rampant
translation movement and scientific learning ought to be attributed to the rulers of Islamic society at the time. These rulers and caliphs were
enlightened and enthusiastic of learning for the sake of learning (Gutas, 1998: 3–4). The encyclopedia entry in "The Muslim Almanac: A Reference
Work on the History, Faith, Culture, and Peoples of Islam" credits Islam's rise in scientific activity primarily to the construction of centres of higher
learning, academies, and institutions, such as the House of Wisdom ("The Sciences," 1996: 409). In "Modern Science and Islamic Essentialism,"
Habib emphasizes that internationality and diversity are unique and distinct characteristics of Islamic science. He claims the reason behind the success
of Islamic science is primarily the diversity and plenitude of the sources translated, rather than the cooperation of all Islamic citizens in translating as
other scholars defend (Habib, 2008: 55–56). Habib conveys that science and learning will thrive in an environment which supports its study; he
expresses that the Islamic prophet and the Qur'an encouraged followers to search for knowledge by whatever means necessary. Habib claims "A

Partnership And Participation : Partnership
Partnership and Participation
In recent years, development focuses have shifted from leaving the power in the hands of multilateral organizations to distributing the power to a range
of actors. The idea that the government has the ultimate knowledge and power an out–dated (CCIC, 1). Partnerships and participation refer to the
stakeholders in decision–making for projects and development and how they interact. These strategies ensure that every one has a voice in
decision–making and the project is being implemented in a fair way. These strategies include all of the international development agents; NGOs, CSOs,
governmental institutions, working in partnerships for international development. The term 'partnership' is often used to describe the relationship
between the government, civil society, and NGOs in development. It has also been applied to North–South relationships in development. The
International Institute for Sustainable Development sees partnership as having "the aim to create an infrastructure 'dream team' by combining the best
capabilities of the public (legislation, regulations, social concern) and private (innovation, efficiency, finances) sectors to find a solution to
infrastructure–related public needs" (IISD, 2). In other words, by combining private and public sectors, we are expanding the range of input and
capabilities in development. Each stakeholder attempts to resolve the same issues, they simply have different means and approaches to

Islamic Golden Age Influence
The Influence The Islamic Golden Ages Had on the Modern World The Islamic Golden Age came to be from the astonishing amount of people who
were insisted on gathering knowledge, mostly acquired from books According to the Faceb Journal's article; Arab science in the golden age (750–1258
C.E.) and today the Golden Age was started based on several factors. Muslims following the guidelines of the Prophet and The Quran studied,
searched, and yearned for knowledge. Scholars travelled to teach or share ideas which caused the Arabic language to become more commonly used.
Although they wanted more knowledge so they translated books from Greek, Latin, and Chinese into Arabic helped deteriorate the language barriers.
At the same time, Arabs were learning

The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Intellectual Rise of Islam
The Islamic Golden age provided the Abbasid Caliphate with an immense amount of political power and influence. The empire controlled lands from
West Africa to parts of current day Iran and the new capital, Baghdad, quickly developed to into a large and advanced city . With control over previous
Greek, Egyptian, and Persian lands, the locality of the empire set base for the academic, philosophical and medicinal advancement that define the
Islamic Golden Age. Several schools of thought began setting up in Baghdad, such as Gundishapur which brought Greek medicine, science, and
philosophy to the Islamic culture. Schools like these helped Islamic scholars to learn from these texts in order to build their own thoughts and
treatises. The pursuit for academic advancement in fields of philosophy, technology, and medicine defines the Golden Age of Islam at it allowed a
proliferation of scholars from different regions to study under one empire and one language. The size and stability of the Caliphate of the time proves
their political and economic power, however the success of the society would not have amounted to its potential if it were not for the academic
advances that flourished throughout this time period. The translation of Hellenic philosophers provided the stepping stone for Islamic philosophy. For
example, Islamic Neoplatonism began flourishing under the first systematic philosopher of Islam, Abu Nasr al–Farabi. His texts, which mirrored

Abbasid Caliphate Dbq
The Abbasid caliphate was the empire of the golden age in the Islamic culture. This dynasty ruled the Islamic caliphate for a very long time, which
made it one of the most influential dynasties. Since it ruled the Islamic empire for a very long time it became the largest empire in the world which
helped it have contact with neighboring places like China, India, and the Byzantine empire which helped majorly with cultural diffusion. But, in what
ways would the Abbasid caliphate be considered a golden age throughout the dynasties in Islam?
Two major ways they could be in a golden age was from their literature and art. Since in the beginning of the rise of the Islamic empire, they would
only write poetry. As said in document 3 "As salt resolved... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For centuries in the Muslim land the harsh and dry conditions made it hard to collect store and transport water. Most of the progress made in
technology and engineering. As said in the quote "Muslim engineers also perfected the waterwheel and built underground water channels some
fifty feet underground. The underground channels had manholes (openings from the street) so that they could be cleaned and repaired."(document
7) They created these inventions to help keep water and keep it clean so that they would be able to survive and thrive in where they were staying.
As for astronomy most of their work was based off Hellenistic and Indian writing. This could show they were in a golden age because they took the
time and effort to figure out what would work and what wouldn't work and try and fix it. Under one of the early caliphates most Muslim scholars
started learning from these writings. As said in this quote "The astrolabe, pictured, allowed people to find their precise latitude by using the position
of the stars. The astrolabe was later modified to be used on ships. This innovation allowed Europeans to begin exploring the seas more safely. This
lead to the Europeans finding faster trade routes to Asia by sea and Christopher Columbus's "discovery" of the New World."(Document 6) It talks about
the creation and perfection of the astrolabe and how it helped people find their exact latitude using the positions of the stars. This didn't just help
throughout the Muslim time but helped other generations of people after. It helped the Europeans find trade routes faster and help Christopher
Columbus "discover" the new world. Not only that but it helped people navigate through the seas more

Mid Seventh Century Islam Dbq Essay
Mid seventh century Islam, also know as the golden age was a time of innovation, trade, and success. Why was this the Golden age above all other
times? Well that's easy. The golden age was the time when Islam established one of its biggest empires in History, which would later go on to
succeed in all fields from math, to law, to industry etc (Doc 1, pg. 11). The biggest components of this great success, though would probably be the
advancements in Math, Science and Trade. The new things that people were able to discover using simple math and science not only benefited peoples
simple knowledge, but it benefitted the country as a whole. Math and Science were something that not everyone had access to, but since Islam did it
benefited trade as well, which would later become what connected all of humanity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11) Islam had a thirst for Science. Initially, they thought that with science came medicine, and with medicine came healthier people, and finally with
healthier people came even more knowledge. One of the biggest achievements during this "discovery stage", was the map. During the time where
Muslim scholars in Islam were discovering Math, they also took an interest in astrology (Doc 1, pg. 13). Since they already had a general
understanding of Math, they applied those abilities into a much larger discoveries which were the map, and the calendar (two of the most used items
through history). Not only were these inventions beneficial for everyday life in Islam, but they were responsible for trading routes which largely
affected the Golden Age, and how long it'd

Role Of Fatima Alfihri
Introduction
The Islamic Golden age represents an era of time in which the Muslim world experienced an intellectual flourishing. At the very heart of this
civilization is it's constant pursuit of learning, as prophet Mohammed said: "the best form of worship is the pursuit of knowledge." People from
different ethnic backgrounds, religions, and even gender came side by side to participate in this vast intellectual movement. Unlike Europe during the
Middle Ages, women played a major role in the field of education in the Islamic Golden Age. Rather than being seen as second–class citizens, women
had a great impact in public life, particularly in the field of education. One of the many influential participants in this civilization was Fatima Alfihri, in
which she reflects the role and contribution of Muslim women during that period of time.
Fatima's Life
Fatima Muhammad AlFihri, nicknamed Oum Al Banine (mother of the children), was the daughter... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mariam invested her inheritance in constructing the Andalus Mosque. While, Fatima used her entire inheritance to establish the great Qarawiyyin
Mosque in Fes, Morocco. Her interest in knowledge,art ,and religious learnings inspired her to turn the Mosque into the world's first university that
offered a degree, the University of Qarawiyyin. As Muslims, The Fihris were very much motivated to provide knowledge that would benefit their entire
community.
The Start of AlQarawayn
Fatima Alfehri founded AlQarawayn mosque, with its associated school in Fes, Morocco in the year 859. It is the oldest degree–granting University.
Even though Alqarawayan was built under Islamic foundations, it still offered a broad fully–rounded educational system that was open for all.
Alqarawayn greatly affected the way in which knowledge gaining was perceived in its time.
Accomplishments during the Islamic Golden

The Umayyad And The Golden Age
The long tale of how the Abbasids came into creating the finest era the Islamic world has ever known started off in 750. Due to the Abbasids and the
Prophet (PBUH) originating from a common ancestor, the Abbasids believed that they were more entitled to leadership than the currently reigning
Umayyad dynasty, which was very prejudiced against non–Arabs and unjust in their rule. With the help of Persians, and several other newly converted
Muslims, the Abbasids fought against the Umayyad forces in the Battle of the Zab. Commanded by the Persian leader Abu Muslim, the Abbasid's army
defeated the Umayyad's. The first Caliph was Abu Al–Abbas (Al–Saffah). The defining moment was the transfer of the capital from Damascus to
Baghdad in 762, which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For some time, the only form of writing material was exported from Egypt; papyrus was a rough substance that was made from a plant and used to
write on. After the capture of a couple of Chinese, the Abbasid society was allowed to boom as the introduction of paper, a strong, durable, and
economical material spread through Baghdad. More efficient methods of creating gunpowder, silk and poetry, and alchemy were also learnt from the
Chinese. From India, the field of mathematics was greatly improved as the concept of zero and Indian numerals made mathematics much more
comprehensible. Muhammad Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi who is known as the father of algebra conveyed this mathematical system of reckoning. From
the Persians, disciplines of administration such as the secretarial staff and their genre of writing were introduced, along with methods of agriculture
and irrigation. Scientists such as Ibn Sina revolutionized the field of medicine with his works, one of which is the book, the Canon of Medicine.
Another scientists is Al Battani, whose work helped with the measurement of Earth's axis, which led to further improvements of the geocentric model.
And finally, Jabir Ibn Hayyan brought to light several key principles of Chemistry; he is often referred to as the father of

Islamic Golden Age Contrasted With Dark Ages

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