3. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONS PROJECTS
• Residential building construction
• Industrial construction
• Commercial building construction
• Heavy civil construction
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 3
5. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
(PROJECT TEAM)
The design usually consists ofdrawings and specification
, usually prepared by a design team including
• Surveyors,
• Civil engineers,
• Cost engineers (or quantity surveyor),
• Mechanical engineers,
• Electrical engineers,
• Structural engineers,
• Fire protection engineers,
• Planning consultant,
• Architectural consultants, and
• Archaeological consultants.
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 5
6. • PLANNING
• ESTIMATING AND COSTING
• SELECTION OF SITE
• SOIL INVETIGATION
• EXCAVATION
• LEVELLING
• FOUNDATION
• LAYOUT
• SHUTTRING(FRAME WORK)
• REINFORCEMENT
• CEMENT CONCRETE
• BRICK WORK
• SANATIRY FITTING
• WIRING OF ELECTRICITY
• DOORS AND WINDOWS
• PLASTERING
• FLOORING
• WHITEWASH
• RELIEF TO CUSTOMERS
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 6
7. • Objectives of purposes
• Preliminary investigation
• Method of site exploration
• Depth and spacing of trial pits and
borings
• Choice of method
• Recording of data
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 7
The study of complete soil investigation can be grouped under the
following :-
8. TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOIL
CONDITIONS BELOW THE SURFACE, SOME FORM OF
SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION IS REQUIRED. METHODS
OF OBSERVING THE SOILS BELOW THE
SURFACE, OBTAINING SAMPLES, AND DETERMINING
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS AND ROCKS
INCLUDE TEST PITS, TRENCHING (PARTICULARLY FOR
LOCATING FAULTS AND SLIDE
PLANES, BORING, AND IN SITU TESTS.
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 8
9. As general guide the most suitable methods in terms of
investigation depth are:
• Foundation up to3.000d-trial pits
• Foundation up to 30.000d- boring
• Foundation over 30.000d- deep doring an in-
siu examination from tunnels and/or deep pits
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 9
10. Soil samplers
Soil samples are taken using a variety of samplers; some provide only
disturbed samples, while others can provide relatively undisturbed
samples
• Shovels
• Trial pits
• Augur (hand/machine)
• Split-spoon / SPT Sampler
• Modified California Sampler
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 10
12. Soil tests
In-situ test
• standard penetration test
a) dynamic Cone penetromete
b) cone penetration test
Laboratory test
• Grain size
• Moisture content
• Specific gravity
• Liquid limit
• Plastic limit
• Shrinkage limit
• Compaction
• Direct Shear
• Permeability
• California bearing ratio
• Direct shear test
• Hydrometer
• Proctor compaction test
• Sieve analysis
• Triaxial shear test
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 12
13. • Nature of foundation
• Nature and amount of suprimosed loads
• Nature and extent of difficulties (presence
of boulders or many things )
• Availability of expertise and equipment
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 13
14. 10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 14
Foundation before cement concrete but with in reinforcement detail
17. FORM WORK(SHUTTERING)
As fresh concrete is in a plastic state when it is placed
for construction purposes, so it becomes necessary to
provide some temporary structure to continue and
support the concrete fill it gain sufficient strength too
self supporting. This is temporary structure is known as
form work.
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 17
18. Shallow foundation (D≤B)
• Wall footing
• Isolated or pad
• Combined
• Inverted
• Continuous or strip
• Strap or cantilever
• Raft foundation
Deep foundation (D≥B)
• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
• Well foundation
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 18
19. Types of form work(preliminary structures)
• Steel form
• Moving form
• Climbing form
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 19
27. Bar binding schedule
s.no Detail of
reinforcemen
t
figure No of bars Length(m) Total
length(m)
Cross
sectional area
Weight/m Total weight
1. 8mm@300c/c 10 2355 10*2355 π/4*d2
10/7/2013 RaZdaN RohIt 27
