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As you have experienced through the lecture and video materials for this week, manipulation of the technology of the turntable was used as a compositional tool in creating new sounds. What are some other ways technology is, or has been, used and/or manipulated to create new art forms? Feel free to discuss other musical genres, but you don’t have to limit yourself to music; you can include other arts as well. Be detailed in your response ( 200 words minimum ) .

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Ashry 1 Nedal Ashry Prof. Guzik ENGL 301B 15 February 2020 Education and Technology The benefits of technology cannot be denied in how they help students getting their work done both in and outside of the classroom. Technology also saves students time by helping them submit their work when it’s due. Even with these great benefits, using screen-based-devices can distract students from staying focused. Handwriting notes is more efficient than typing it because the notes will be more specific. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits of screen-based-devices in education and their disadvantages. I will discuss a potential policy which California State University Long Beach should adopt in order to prevent students from multitasking and staying focused on getting one task done at a time. Administrators and instructors should develop ways to help students stay engaged in class by providing them with a productive environment for learning with the use of screen-based-devices. Students who try to multitask can’t get things done in a timely manner since their brain can’t process two different things at the same time. According to Dr. Adam Gazzaley, who is a neuroscientist at the University of San Francisco, the prefrontal cortex faces challenges when the brain tries to process multiple tasks at the same time. Studies show that the brain works in harmony with the prefrontal cortex when one task is being accomplished. However, as soon as students start multitasking, the right hemisphere and left hemisphere of the brain are forced to work independently which stops them from getting things done on time. However, if they focus on doing schoolwork or taking notes individually from start to finish, they won’t be worried or concerned about checking their devices. In order for the prefrontal cortex to process things in harmony with the rest of the brain, students should minimize the use of screen-based-devices while they are in class or doing homework so that they can get tasks done on a timely manner. Another disadvantage about screen-based-devices is the ability to retain information during lectures. Students spend the entire class time taking notes on their electronic devices without paying full attention to the material being taught. I have experienced this issue myself when I would be taking notes during class, and when I went home to study. I had a hard time understanding my notes because I didn’t spend as much time paying attention during class. With some professors drawing diagrams or not having uniform notes, I would not be able to copy down the information on my screen-based-device as quickly or in a manner that would make as much sense as what the professor wrote on the board. I also would get distracted as soon as I received a notification from either Facebook, Twitter or when I receive an important email. I would often find myself switching from one screen to another and oftentimes forget that I am in class. It came to a point where I prefer.

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Ashford Graduate Intro Week Six Discussion Two: 2 Examples Example One: The purpose of this discussion is to compare and contrast a popular mainstream article on cyber bullying with an article on the same topic in peer-reviewed scientific literature. Cyber bullying is certainly a very important issue in the modern world, where we are, in many ways, more connected and able to interact with each other technologically than ever before. With the overall volume of social networking among youths and adolescents up, the dangers posed by online abuse and bullying has come to the forefront in public awareness and has become a topic often discussed in the mass media. With multiple high profile cases of adolescents committing suicide as a result of constant cyber bullying, it is clear that the issue is a serious one with deep psychological effects. The two articles used in this discussion are a USA Today article by Robin Erb, entitled Social-media abuse rampant in middle, high school, and an entry from a 2013 edition of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence entitled, Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional form of bullying. The most striking difference between the two articles can be found in the use of language. The USA Today article is well-written, but it is done so in a manner that is clearly intended to be easily consumable for both parents and potential young readers. The scholarly article, naturally, is much more matter-of-fact and is clearly not designed for the casual reader, void of the colorful language and first-person accounts heavily featured in Erb’s piece. For instance, terms such as “throwing shade” are mentioned, and one quote reads, “teenagers have these squishy little half-formed brains” (Erb, 2015). This use of casual language is not brought up to belittle the article in any way, because it actually is written in a way in which the average reader is much more likely to read the article to its completion and also more likely to understand the content once they are finished than is the more complex journal entry. However, for someone who is truly interested in the topic and wants to explore it more fully, the journal entry provides a much deeper insight into the psychological effects of cyber bullying and how those psychological effects correlate with real-world consequences. It also brings up a few factors and concepts that are not openly discussed in the USA Today article, such as the fact that evidence shows that “students who are cyber victimized are less likely to report or seek help than teens who were victimized by more traditional means” (Bonnano & Hymel, 2013, p. 695). Perhaps the most important commonality between these two articles, besides the overall topic itself, is the intent of the work. While the information is disseminated in a very different manner, the overall message may be the same. Both articles are meant to bring .

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Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Project Final Project Imagine that you work for a health department and have been asked to make a presentation to a group of health care professionals on the role and responsibilities of community and public health. After reviewing the materials throughout the course and based on what you have learned, create a PowerPoint presentation of at least six slides that covers the following topics: Describe the role of community and public health in the well-being of populations. Describe the public health organizational structure. Examine the legal and ethical dimensions of public and community health services. Analyze funding of public and community health services. Discuss the role of communication in community and public health programs. Creating the Final The Final Presentation: Must be created using a screencast program such as Jing, Screencast-O-Matic, Screenr, or other audio/video program. Must be a minimum of six PowerPoint slides in length (excluding title and reference slide), and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a title slide with the following: Title of presentation Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must include a succinct thesis that is presented on the opening slide. Must address the topics with critical thought. Must use at least four scholarly sources (not including the course text), including a minimum of two from academic journals found in the Ashford University Library. Other sources should be obtained from appropriate epidemiological information. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference slide, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. .

Ashford 6 - Week 5 - Final ProjectFinal ProjectImagine that you.docx

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ASD Services Resources Autism Resources/Florida Department of Health (www.floridahealth.gov.) American Autism Association (www.myautism.org.) Bloom Autism Services. ABA Therapy in South Florida (www.inbloomautims.com. National Autism Association (https://nationalautimsassociation.org.) Miami Dade County Autism Support Groups. South Florida/Autism Speaks (www.autismspeaks.org.) CAP4Kids Miami. Special Needs/Autism (https://cap4kids.org.) The Autism Society of Miami Dade (www.ese.dadeschools.net.) University of Miami Center for Autism and Related Disabilities (CARD) Family Life Broward and Miami Dade. Miami Dade Special Needs Resources and Activities Guide (2019). (https://southfloridafamilylife.com.) Running head: HIGHER EDUCATION 2 HIGHER EDUCATION 2 The Morrill Land-Grant Acts, Title V, Gratz v. Bollinger, and Grutter v. Bollinger Student’s Name Course Code Institution Affiliation Date The Morrill Land-Grant Acts had the most significant positive impact on students' access to higher education. This is because this act made it possible for the new states in the west to put up colleges for their students. The institutions that were established gave a chance to a lot of farmers and other working-class people who could not previously access higher education. Since the land was the most readily available resource, it was given for these states to establish colleges. According to Christy (2017), even though some individuals misused the earnings from those lands, the Morrill land-grant Act gave the foundation of a national system of state colleges and universities. Finances from the lands even helped existing institutions, helped build new institutions, and other states were able to charter new schools. Grutter v. Bollinger & Gratz v. Bollinger had the most influence in shaping how higher education institutions recruit and retain students from diverse backgrounds. This is because this ruling recognizes the benefits of diversity in education and validates any reasonable means which can be used to achieve that diversity. The verdict is even supported by a lot of studies which show that student body diversity promotes learning outcomes, and 'better prepares students for an increasingly diverse workforce and society…'" (The Civil Rights Project, 2010). Grutter vs. Bollinger laid a foundation for the diversity we see today in universities and colleges. Garces (2012) asserts that in our current world, which is diverse, access to higher education is what determines our legitimacy and strength. This all has been made possible by the Grutter v. Bollinger & Gratz v. Bollinger. The ruling helped break down stereotypes and for students to understand others from different races. References Christy, R. D. (2017). A century of service: Land-grant colleges and universities, 1890-1990. Routledge. Garces, L. M. (2012). Necessary but not sufficient: The impact of Grutter v. Bollinger on student of color enrollment in graduate and profess.

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ASCI 615 Aviation/Aerospace Accident Investigation and Analysis Data Collection Part II Overview • Records Review • Electronic Evidence  CVR  FDR  ATC data  Weather  Aircraft Records  Crew Records • Accident Photography • Witness Interviews Records Review • Records are not as glamorous as wreckage, but may tell a large part of the story. Personnel training and qualification, aircraft maintenance and modification, and company policies and procedures all help build a picture of the operation prior to the accident • Operations Specialist –  Gather personnel, medical, and training records of aircrew involved.  Get copies of operating procedures, flying schedules, and training procedures from the owner/operator. Records Review (Cont.) • Maintenance Specialists –  Gather aircraft, engine, appliance, maintenance, servicing, and overhaul records.  Gather personnel and training records for maintainers involved with the accident aircraft.  Gather records on maintenance procedures, policies, and training.  Gather the same records for any organization that did outsourced maintenance. • Air Traffic Control Specialist –  Gather copies of all ATC voice and radar tapes.  Gather copies of local ATC policies and procedures.  Gather personnel and training records of local ATC personnel if involvement in the accident is suspected. Records Review (Cont.) • Human Factors Specialist –  Gather and analyze crew issues including medical records, schedule, crew rest, off-duty activities, nutrition, hydration, etc.  May involve interviews with family members to establish activities leading up to the aircraft.  Research previous work done on human-machine interface and ergonomics in the aircraft. • Weather Specialist – FAA requires special weather observation to be taken at the time of the accident. Gather this as well as weather forecast provided to the aircrew. Records Review (Cont.) • Survival Specialist –  Gather information from first responders and rescue personnel on condition and location of survivors, condition and location of casualties, and type and severity of injuries.  Gather emergency response procedures and established plans (E.g., Airport Emergency Plan)  Gather data “CREEP” data (covered in a later module)  Gather information from operator on assigned seat location for each individual on the aircraft, both crew and passengers. Records Analysis • Personnel records (crew and maintenance) –  Look for the obvious first: medical problems, training deficiencies, qualification issues, personal problems.  Analyze training received and adequacy of training for the job  Analyze currency of training  Make sure the people involved were trained, qualified, and current to be doing the job they were doing for both crew and maintenance  Make sure the people involved were capable of doing wha.

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ASCM 631 – Integrative Supply Chain Management – Midterm Examination Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one alternative that best answers the question. 2 points each. 1) Successful supply chain management requires which of the following decision phases? 1) _______ A) Supply chain strategy/design B) Supply chain operation C) Supply chain planning D) all of the above E) A and B only 2) Supply chain surplus involves what two parts? 2) _______ A) Reliable transportation and supply chain cost B) Manufacturing cost and selling price C) Customer value and high quality products D) Customer value and supply chain cost 3) Successful supply chain management requires many decisions relating to the flow of information, product, and funds. These decisions fall into three categories or phases. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories? 3) _______ A) Supply Chain Strategy and Design B) Supply Chain Operation C) Supply Chain Alliances D) Supply Chain Planning 4) Customer arrival refers to 4) _______ A) the customer informing the retailer of what they want to purchase and the retailer allocating product to the customer. B) the process where product is prepared and sent to the customer. C) the process where the customer receives the product and takes ownership. D) the point in time when the customer has access to choices and makes a decision regarding a purchase. E) none of the above 5) Which of the following is not a process in the customer order cycle? 5) _______ A) Customer order fulfillment B) Customer arrival C) Customer order receiving D) Customer order entry E) All are processes in the customer order cycle. 6) Supply chain responsiveness includes the ability to do which of the following? 6) _______ A) Handle supply uncertainty B) Match supply chain responsiveness with the implied uncertainty of demand C) Ensure that all functional strategies within the supply chain support the supply chain's level of responsiveness D) Understand customers and supply chain uncertainty E) none of the above 7) The key weakness of the ________ view is that different functions within a firm may have conflicting objectives. 7) _______ A) Intrafunctional scope B) Intercompany scope C) Intraoperation scope D) Interfunctional scope 8) Supply chain responsiveness includes the ability to do which of the following? 8) _______ A) Meet short lead times B) Ensure that all functional strategies within the supply chain support the supply chain's level of responsiveness C) Match supply chain responsiveness with the implied uncertainty of demand D) Understand customers and supply chain E) all of the above 9) A supply chain strategy involves decisions regarding all of the following except 9) _______ A) operating facilities. B) transportation. C) inventory. D) information flows. E) new product development. 10) Pricing directly affects revenues but.

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ASB3109 Strategic ManagementYour Individual Assignment.docx

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asap nursing Provide a Topic of Health Promotion Paper for Approval Health Topic 1. Describe a single health promotion/disease prevention problem from the Healthy People 2020 Objectives Introduction to population or problem. Describe incidence, prevalence, epidemiology, cost burden etc., 2. Description of specific population, program or organization Discuss how the policy is intended for a specific population, program or organization. 3. Specific legislators involved Identify and discuss specific legislators involved in the policy development and policy, practice and outcomes. 4. Discuss how the policy influences clinical practice and is used to promote best outcomes. Policy, practice and the inter-professional team. Examine how the policy can be used by the inter-professional team to ensure coordinated. Use of primary sources and evidence that is not older than 5 years. Writing, grammar and APA application Scholarly grammar, use of APA 6th edition. .

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Asap Essay Need, it needs to be 4-5pages long. I really want to get A+.... Please help...... NO PLAGIARISM...OR SPELLING MISTAKES..... IF FOUND YOU WILL BE IN TROUBLE........ Topic--There are probably a few things that have changed since you were in high school. Write an essay that might seve as a call to action.What would you change about high school systems in general and specially. Please make sure that there is good introduction.. good attention in the intro... good transition... and there better be thesis.... Make sure there is a thesis... Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "purloining and publication" of another author 's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work . [1] [2] The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules. [3] [4] [5] [6] The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement . DO IT RIGHT OR MONEY BACK... .

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ASB 100 Spring 2019 Writing Assignment 3 In this assignment, you must select a topic, condition, or problem related to ‘water, sanitation, and hygiene’ or climate change that you consider to be a global health priority. This priority needs to be specific rather than a general concept such as ‘climate change.’ After describing the issue and justifying why it is a priority, design a health intervention to address the issue. The intervention must include at least two components: an educational component (e.g. dealing with beliefs and behavior); and an infrastructure or policy component (for example new construction, policy to limit emissions, etc.). For each component, state what you would do as well, why and how your intervention would have an effect, and how you would measure success (e.g. increasing handwashing rates). You are encouraged to use visuals to help explain your intervention or to provide examples of your interventions. If you use images from the internet, please provide the website where you found the image. Make sure that you address the ‘who, what, where, when, and why’ issues in both your justification as well as your proposed intervention. For example, do you focus on areas that lack access to adequate sanitation versus places where the quality of services may be an issue? Do you focus on areas that are at highest risk of climate change impacts, or areas that contribute the most to greenhouse gases? Do you focus on urban or rural areas? For the educational component, do you provide ads on tv, billboards, or in schools? Do you focus on adults, teenagers, or children? Do you propose policy at the global or national level? You must include at least one unique source for each section of the proposal (justification, education/behavior, infrastructure/policy). You may use the same author or institution for each section (such as the World Health Organization), but the documents must be unique for each part. Please make sure that you identify the source of any information you use by using in-text citations (e.g. the WHO (2016) states…), and well as identifying any direct quotations with quotation marks (“”). Topic: Justification: (approximately 200 words) Educational / Behavioral Component: (approximately 300-400 words) Infrastructure / Policy Component: (approximately 300-400 words) Citations: · Ulrich, D. & Smallwood, N. 2004. Capitalizing on capabilities. Harvard Business Review, 82(6):119-127 (C) · Porter, M. E. (2001). The value chain and competitive advantage. Understanding business processes, Chapter 5, pp. 50-59. The reading is available online at the following link. · https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lNEl9R4MWawC&oi=fnd&pg=PT54&dq=porter+value+chain&ots=XCm72AmYMJ&sig=gYW0LThqprzbiDfB1NNnPxIEKA8#v=onepage&q=porter%20value%20chain&f=false · Porter’s Value Chain Analysis: https://www.toolshero.com/management/value-chain-analysis-porter/ www.hbr.org A R T I C L E H B R S P.

ASB 100Spring 2019Writing Assignment 3In this assignme.docx

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asap nursing Health policy unfolds daily and drives clinical practice in the US. The student will investigate current policies or legislation underway for a specific health-related issue. The Student will develop a scholarly APA formatted supported by evidence. The rubric: 1. Introduction to population or problem (incidence, prevalence, epidemiology, cost burden etc) 2. Description of how the policy is intended for a specific population, program or organization 3. Specific legislators involved in the policy development and dissemination 4. Identify the role of the APRN in assisting with the policy or refuting the policy – this requires the evidence to support opinion, ideas and/or concepts. 5. Discuss how the policy influences clinical practice and is used to promote best outcomes 6. Examine how the policy can be used by the interprofessional team to ensure coordinated and comprehensive care for the specific population 7. Conclusion – summarize findings 8. APA format – use of primary peer-reviewed references as much as possible .

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Asam100bb Xinyu Shang Reading journal week1 In the article Immigration and Livelihood, 1840s to 1930s, the key reason why the Asians moved to the United States was to look for jobs. The Asians were desperate for jobs and were ready to work even if they received low salaries. On the other hand, their employers loved the situation since they made a lot of profits. The first Asians to enter the United States made it through the Manila galleon trade. “An act for the governance of masters and servants” (Chan, 1991 p25). However, other communities felt as if the Asians brought competition, which could result in a reduction of job opportunities. Some of these were the Euro-Americans employees who saw the Asians as their competitors. Others were the nativists for all levels who were aggressive to them since they stopped them for restless reasons to prevent their coming. Azuma Introduction tells that people who were born in Japan and later on shifted to America for studies had the right to express their views without any restrictions. Both the Tateishi and the Hoashi had not gotten a chance to become leaders in the Japenese colonist community, and they were not even recognized in America. “East is West West is East” (Azuma, 2005 p9). However, their routes were not highly valued compared to their expressions, especially during their times. These two communities had the capability of offering their shared predicament comprehensibly in public. Linking with the article on Mercantilists, Colonialists, and Laborers, the dilemma of these communities living through the claimed the separation for the East-West separation and linked binaries. The article also concentrates on the global history of Japanese immigrants and the procedure of creating the racial process. Additionally, the collective impacts of the organizational and figurative regulators control the experience of a marginal group that was viewed as a racial project.Chapter one talks about theoretical groups and how they are confusing. There was considerable confusion on whether the Japanese who relocated to the United States were there to colonize the U.S, or they had just come as immigrants. “Going to America” (Azuma, 2005 p23). The difficulty categorized the historical course of Japanese relocation to the United States as a varied nature of the early Issue community. It is clear that later on, after the Japanese had shifted to the United States, they implemented their capitalist economy, which brought more confusion concerning the issue of immigration and colonization. Therefore, this was one of the intercontinental histories of Japanese immigration in the American West, which brought about the contradiction issue. On the Takaki talks about how the Chinese moved to one of the cities in the United States known as California. It happened to be a movement that had been formed by several people from various nations. These were inclusive of the Korean, Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese. “Cheap .

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As you're reading On the Fireline, take good notes about what you're reading. Focus on the main concepts/questions I've outlined below What is Desmond's research question? In other words, what is the purpose of his book? Why is his study important? What theoretical frameworks does Desmond draw from to think about his analysis? In what ways in the U.S. Forest Service an institution in the firefighters' lives and work? How does the firefighters' social location shape the ways they view wildland firefighting and their interactions with their fellow firefighters? Discussion1 Discuss the research methods Desmond used for his study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the methods he chose? Why did he choose these methods? Would you have chosen the same methods? Why/why not? Discussion2 What is country competence and how does it impact the ways in which the firefighters approach firefighting? According to Desmond, what is habitus and what is the significance of habitus for country competence? Discuss an example of habitus in your own life. .

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As your assignment for this weekCreate and submit a complete C.docx

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As you will recall from Chapter 10 and the Changing Minds article on Genderlect (Links to an external site.) , family and gender relationships often reflect a variety of elements that affect how communication is conducted. For this week’s assignment, you will take the opportunity to explore this by choosing from one of the two options below and preparing a two-page paper describing the impact of either family or gender on communication, as well as your own personal communication strengths and growth. For Option 1 use the Week 4 Assignment Option One template for formatting and for Option 2 use the Week 4 Assignment Option Two template. Option 1: Family communication: Watch the video, The Power of Family: Types of Families and Family Development (Links to an external site.) and reflect on your own family. Describe how your family has influenced your communication style. Explain how that communication style could influence your strengths and opportunities as a human service professional. Option 2: Gender communication: Complete the Open Sex Role Inventory test (Links to an external site.) and reflect on the results. Describe your own gender beliefs based on the results of the inventory. Explain how the results of the inventory, your gender strengths, might influence your communication and practice in human services. The Family and Gender Communication Assignment: Must be two double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate title page with the following: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Required Resources Required Text 1. DeVito, J.A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu Chapter 10: Interpersonal Relationship Types (pp. 251-282) Article 1. Burrell, T. (2018). Don’t interru. . New Scientist Archive , 237 (3168), 34. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/issues/ The full-text version of this article is available through Ashford University’s Proquest database. This article provides information about communication skills that will assist you in your assignment and discussions this week. Multimedia 1. Rstafffordjr. (2012, April 26). Genderlect theory by Deborah Tannen [Video file]. Retrieved from This 4:42 minute YouTube video clip briefly describes Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen’s Genderlect theory and examples of its application This video will be used to support second discussion for this week. 2. Jennings, J. (Writer & Producer), & Vandiver, P. (Director). (2008). The power of family: Types of families and family dev.

As you will recall from Chapter 10 and the Changing Minds articl.docx

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As you read through Chapter 8 in the Ehrlich book, you see that he describes three events and society's reactions to them: the 1992 civic disorder in Los Angeles following the Rodney King beating and the subsequent acquittal of the four police officers; the 1999 shooting at Columbine High School; and the 2005 response to the predominantly minority victims of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Given the information that Ehrlich provides about how to view these societal responses, what do you think would have been better responses? Think in the long term. If you were a policy maker, what policies would you propose to any one of these incidents that would have had a more lasting, positive effect on the victims? (Remember covictimization as well, that many people are victims just through knowing about what other victims went through.) No need to respond to all three -- you can pick one situation and respond just to it. .

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As you read the excerpt from Black Marxism, focus on these1) Wh.docx

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As you prepare to formulate questions that can be translated into re.docx

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As you have seen through your assigned reading and media this week, the colonists wanted to be treated like their British contemporaries, including representation within Parliament. However, Parliament argued the colonists were represented, as most British citizens, through virtual representation. What was the series of events that brought Britain and the colonies to the brink of war by 1774? To what extent were these experiences the product of poor leadership? Differing theories of government? Different social experiences? Explain your answer with specific examples from your assigned reading and media. Readings Of the People: A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES WITH SOURCES Fourth Edition: ISBN: 9780190088026 By: Michael McGerr, Jan Ellen Lewis, James Oakes, Nick Cullather, Mark Summers, Camilla Townsend, Karen M. Dunak Chapters 6 and 7 Primary Sources 6.1 Letter from George Washington to Robert Dinwidde, Governor of Virginia (1755) 6.6 The Intolerable Acts (1774) 7.1 Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776) Note: Primary sources are available within your eText. Multimedia Videos closed-captions Closed-captions are available. The Seven Years War (Feature History) Prelude to the Revolution (Crash Course) The Constitution, the Articles, and Federalism (Crash Course) .

As you have seen through your assigned reading and media this week, .docx

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As we have seen in previous modules, there has been an explosion of interest in studying the Transatlantic Slave Trade, its volume, direction, and, as we will see in future modules, its effects on Europe and Africa. Nevertheless, a glaring gap remains in the literature on the role of West Africa. In Module 3, we examined African societies and states prior to and during the Transatlantic Slave Trade era. While the readings for that module present a concise narrative of a larger region of Africa, the information can be daunting and difficult to understand on its own. Students in the United States often have only a limited knowledge of African history, a topic that is not studied sufficiently in American schools. Furthermore, Africa in the period 1500 to 1800 consisted of thousands of different languages and ethnic groups, dozens of kingdoms and other political entities, and various regional climates. Lázaro Luis, map of Western Africa, 1563.Click on the image to view in full-size. A new approach to understanding Africa’s history of the slave trade is to take micro or regional approaches. The Voyages database now allows scholars to estimate which particular regions of Africa supplied most of the captives in the trade. Using this information, scholars conducted case studies of individual regions of West Africa, or, in the case of the historian we will study in this present module, an individual port town. Africa is perhaps the most diverse continent in the world, consisting of a multitude of languages, ethnic groups, climates, and geographies. These differences shaped the continent’s history. Moreover, prior to and during the era of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, there were massive political changes in the Western portion of the continent (new political entities rose and fell with significant regularity, for example) that shaped the evolution of the trade. Compounding the complexities of studying the trade, European nations had shifting experiences in trading with West Africa. Some European ships traded mainly with one particular region of West Africa in order to develop relationships and establish ties with communities. For example, Portuguese merchants tended to trade predominantly in the region in the modern nation of Angola, while English merchants traded heavily in the regions in the modern nations of Ghana and Nigeria. The French, on the other hand, traded overwhelmingly with the regions in the modern nation of Senegal. However, some European traders took the opposite approach and visited several different regions during individual voyages to diversify the ethnic origins of their slaves. Individual African communities also had shifting experiences in the trade, exporting many captives in one era, tapering off their connection to the trade in another era, and re-entering the trade again decades later. Given the number of variables involved, arriving at a cohesive narrative of African history during this era is rather complicated. A depictio.

As we have seen in previous modules, there has been an explosion o.docx

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