please answer these questions d View- w 20. Explain what happens when tr file is opened. Distinguish between logical VO and physical 21 22. 23. 24. 25. Distinguish an access method and a device driver Discuss the purpose of processor bus, a memory bud, an VO bus, and a standard bus. Whot is a batch command file? Whor functions performed by the file system? Distinguish between opening a file and lounching a program. How ave these processes similar? How do they differ? 26, whot is o boot? Why is beor necessary? What happens during the boor process? 27. Distinguish between root directory, home directory and working directory in Unix (how to el nder access them a plus) 28. Create a directary moamed lab1 under /user/home/youname/mac230 29. List at least two different ways to view the content of a file using cammand line in Unix 30. Search for file using command line in unix 31. Copy file file 1 in your home directory to file2 in directory newDir which is in directary aldvoi whhich is in your home directory 32. 33 Exploin redirections, fülters and pipes. Give exomples 34, what is shell script. 35. What are the TCPAP layersi? 36. What is an iP address, what is a MAC address and whar is a port number? Why do we need process. Give an exampke Explain how wild card characters con enhance the search process. Giwe an examale them? Solution 20) Opening a File Means we are accessing the file from memory and we are loading it from external Memory to Virtual Memory. Logical I/O means the data is treated as sequence of blocks that are nmbered from 0 ti N-1 Physical I/O treats them by sector,platter. 21) Access methods refer to a mechanism of accessing data whereas device driver is a software that looks after particular devices connected to our machine internally or externally. 22) Processor bus is defined as the bus that provides the path for communication between the main buses send the central processing unit The memory bus is the computer bus which connects the main memory to the memory controller in computer systems. A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. The I/O Bus. A personal computer may transfer data from disk to CPU, from CPU to memory, or from memory to the display adapter. 23) If we are having more than one command set for execution then it is known as Batch Command File 24) Below are few functions a) Opening a File b) Closing a File 3) Renaming a File etc.. 25) Opening a File means we are physically accessing a resource that is predefined and launching a program means we are externally loading the data that is not predefined. They are similar as both need the data to be transferred externally and difference are in terms of their functionalities 26) 27) Root directory lies on the top where all files are loaded Home Directory is a locatio.

1. please answer these questions d View- w 20. Explain what happens when tr file is opened.
Distinguish between logical VO and physical 21 22. 23. 24. 25. Distinguish an access method
and a device driver Discuss the purpose of processor bus, a memory bud, an VO bus, and a
standard bus. Whot is a batch command file? Whor functions performed by the file system?
Distinguish between opening a file and lounching a program. How ave these processes similar?
How do they differ? 26, whot is o boot? Why is beor necessary? What happens during the boor
process? 27. Distinguish between root directory, home directory and working directory in Unix
(how to el nder access them a plus) 28. Create a directary moamed lab1 under
/user/home/youname/mac230 29. List at least two different ways to view the content of a file
using cammand line in Unix 30. Search for file using command line in unix 31. Copy file file 1
in your home directory to file2 in directory newDir which is in directary aldvoi whhich is in your
home directory 32. 33 Exploin redirections, fülters and pipes. Give exomples 34, what is shell
script. 35. What are the TCPAP layersi? 36. What is an iP address, what is a MAC address and
whar is a port number? Why do we need process. Give an exampke Explain how wild card
characters con enhance the search process. Giwe an examale them?
Solution
20) Opening a File Means we are accessing the file from memory and we are loading it from
external Memory to Virtual Memory.
Logical I/O means the data is treated as sequence of blocks that are nmbered from 0 ti N-1
Physical I/O treats them by sector,platter.
21) Access methods refer to a mechanism of accessing data whereas device driver is a software
that looks after particular devices connected to our machine internally or externally.
22) Processor bus is defined as the bus that provides the path for communication between the
main buses send the central processing unit
The memory bus is the computer bus which connects the main memory to the memory controller
in computer systems.
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer
system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine
where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.
The I/O Bus. A personal computer may transfer data from disk to CPU, from CPU to memory, or
from memory to the display adapter.
23) If we are having more than one command set for execution then it is known as Batch

2. Command File
24) Below are few functions
a) Opening a File b) Closing a File 3) Renaming a File etc..
25) Opening a File means we are physically accessing a resource that is predefined and
launching a program means we are externally loading the data that is not predefined.
They are similar as both need the data to be transferred externally and difference are in terms of
their functionalities
26)
27) Root directory lies on the top where all files are loaded
Home Directory is a location where the individual user has access
Working Directory is a place where we are currently executing programs
28) Assume we are at user
type cd home
cd youname
cd mac2.30
mkdir lab1
29) cat filename
nano filename
30) find -name "filename"
31) cp /usr/newos/file2 file
32) If any matching character at any location needs to be traced then wild card entry is the best
eg ls %.
It will list all file name having file name size of atleast 1.
33) If we want to copy data from external to file then we use it
<< filename then the data present externally will be loaded to filename
Filters are used to enhance the readability of execution
eg-cat,cut,grep.
Pipes are used to join two or more commands
34) A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the Unix shell, a command-line
interpreter.
35) Network Access layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer
36) IP Address is address given to machines that are connected to internet.
MAC address is address given to machines by vendors who developed it
Port Number is through which external devices actually get connected.
Ip Address is needed as all systems that are connected globally needs to have unique addresses
For establing local Network we use MAC Addresses

3. Port are used for connecting devices forcommunication.