This document provides information and definitions related to vertical forms of balance sheets and income statements. It explains that vertical forms classify expenses and assets in different subheadings to make a company's financial situation easier to understand at a glance for lenders and investors. Sample vertical formats are also provided for a balance sheet showing assets, liabilities, and owner's equity, as well as an income statement categorizing revenues, expenses, and resulting net profit. Key terms defined include operating/non-operating income and expenses, retained earnings, tangible/intangible assets, loan and owner's funds, and working capital.

1. Vertical form of Balance Sheet
and Income Statement

2. Why do we study Vertical Form..
• Horizontal Form caters more to the owner of
the firm rather than the lenders or potential
investors.
• It is feasible and makes it easier to understand
the financial situation at a glance.
• Vertical form is allowed in case of Companies.
• Classifies expenses in different subheads.

3. Income Statement
An Income Statement tracks the income and
expenses of a company over a certain period
of time to create a picture of its profitability.
Income statements typically categorize
expenses and incomes broadly to make it
easier to understand the financial statement
of the firm.

4. • An Operating Expense is an expense a business
incurs through its normal business operations.
Operating expenses include rent, equipment,
inventory costs marketing, payroll, insurance etc
• Non-operating income is gains or losses from
sources not related to the typical activities of the
business .Non-operating income can include gains or
losses from investments, property or asset sales etc.
Some important definitions related to Income Statement:

5. • Non-operating expenses are
the expenses incurred by a business which are
outside of its main or central operations. Non-
operating expenses are also described as
incidental .
• Retained earnings refer to the net
earnings not paid out as dividends,
but retained by the company to be reinvested
in its core business, or to pay debt.

6. Format of Income Statement

7. Example:
Q: Rearrange the following in the form suitable for financial analysis.

8. No. Particular Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sales
Less: Cost of goods sold
Raw material consumed
Consumables
Direct Labor
Other Direct Expenses
Gross Profit (1-2)
Less: Operating Expenses
Administrative Expenses
Selling Expenses
Depreciation
Profit Before Interest and Tax(3-4)
Less: Interest
Net profit before Tax
Less : Income Tax@50%
Net Profit After Tax
7800
800
750
480
1200
260
700
16000
9830
6170
2160
4010
1440
2570
1285
1285
Income Statement for the year ending on….

9. Vertical Balance Sheet
A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital
of a business or other organization at a
particular point in time, detailing the balance
of income and expenditure over the preceding
period.

10. Some important definitions related to Balance Sheet
• Owner’s Fund: This represents
the capital theoretically available for
distribution to shareholders. Owner's Fund,
also called owner's equity, is the account that
shows the owners' stake in the business.
• Tangible Assets: Tangible assets include both
fixed assets, such as machinery, buildings and
land, and current assets, such as
inventory. Any Asset which can be seen and
touched is termed as tangible asset.

11. • Nonphysical assets , which cannot be touched,
such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, goodwill
and brand recognition are all examples of
Intangible assets.
• Long term Investments: A long-term
investment is an account on the asset side of a
company's balance sheet that represents the
company's investments, including stocks, bonds,
real estate that it intends to hold for more than a
year.
• Loan Funds: All the funds that have been
procured from external sources.

12. Format of Vertical Balance sheet

13. Example:
Q: Rearrange the following in the form suitable for financial analysis.

14. No. Particular Amount
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Share Capital
Reserve and Surplus
Own fund(1+2)
Long term loans
Short term loans
Loan funds(4+5)
Total funds Available(3+6)
Fixed Assets
Investment
Current Assets
Inventories
Receivables
Cash and Bank
Less: current liabilities
Trade creditors
5000
1500
12000
1500
6000
3700
100
9800
3350
6500
13500
20000
14000
400

15. No. Particular Amount
12.
13.
Provisions
Other
Working capital (10-11)
Total Funds Employed
650
200
4200
5600
20000

16. Thank you