project

1. PROJECT REPORT
On
REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM IN VEHICLES
Submitted For Partial Fulfilment of Award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(2020)
By
RAHUL YADAV
RAHUL KUMAR YADAV
SHIVAM
Under the Guidance
Of
Mr. SATYENDRA GUPTA
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL GROUP OF
PROFFESSIONAL COLLEGES, LUCKNOW
Affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW

2. ii
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SRMGPC
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project entitled “REGENERATIVE BRAKING
SYSTEM IN VEHICLES” submitted by Rahul Yadav [1612220055],
Rahul Kumar Yadav [1612220054] and shivam [1612220069] in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering) of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, is a record of students' own work carried under our
supervision and guidance. The project report embodies result of original
work and studies carried out by students and the contents do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.
Mr. SATYENDRA GUPTA Mr. KRIPA SHANKAR SINGH
Assistant Professor Professor
(Project Guide) (Head Of Department)

3. iii
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SRMGPC
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled “REGENERATIVE
BRAKING SYSTEM IN VEHICLES” submitted by us in the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology (Electrical Engineering) of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, is a record of our own work carried under the supervision and
guidance of Mr. Satyendra Gupta (Assistant Professor).
To the best of our knowledge this project has not been submitted to Dr.
A.P.J.
Technical University or any other university or institute for the award of any
degree.
Rahul yadav Rahul kumar
yadav
Shivam
[1612220055] [1612220054] [1612220069]

4. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the sense of great pleasure and satisfaction we present this project entitled
"Regenerative Braking system in vehicles”. The completion of this project is no doubt
a product of invaluable support and contribution of no of people.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our guide Mr. Satyendra Gupta
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering) for his continuous help and
valuable suggestions and also providing encouraging environment without which our
project and this documentation would not have been possible.
We would also like to express our gratitude to Mr. K. S. Singh, Head of the Department,
Electrical Engineering for his invaluable suggestions and constant encouragement all
through this work. And we would also like to thanks our project coordinator Mr.
Dheeraj Shukla (Assistant Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering)for his
continuous help and support during this project.
The completion of any task is not only the reward to the person’s activity involved in
accomplishing it, but also the person involved in inspiring and guiding. We are grateful
to our friends for their constant motivation and comments that has helped to complete
this report.
Rahul yadav Rahul Kumar
yadav
shivam
[1612220055] [1612220054] [1612220069]

5. v
PREFACE
We take an opportunity to represent this project on “AN AUTONOMOUS
AUTOMATIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM” and
put forth special information regarding this project. Considering the level of
presentation every effort has been made to ensure that the material included
in the report is presented in the state of art and the current expectation of the
direction of the future developments. This report has covered all the
important points about our project. The information in this report is accurate
and great care has been taken for accurate facts and figure mentioned in this
report. The task of the project though difficult was made quite simple and
interesting due to deep involvement and complete dedication of our group
members.
CHAPTER 1: This chapter includes an overview of the topic, background
study and definition of Embedded system and Photovoltaics. It also consist
working of photovoltaic system and details of its components.
CHAPTER 2: This chapter includes literature review.
CHAPTER 3: This chapter includes entire methodology of our project,
problem definition and solution approach and block diagram of whole
process.
CHAPTER 4: It includes results obtained and other findings after the
completion of project.
CHAPTER 5: It includes conclusion of the project.
CHAPTER 6: This chapter consists of future scope and extension of
project.

6. vi
ABSTRACT
Agriculture sector is a major source of income in a country like India. Till
today, most of the irrigation systems are operated manually resulting in over
irrigation and water wastage most of the times.
These obsolete techniques can be replaced by automated techniques of farm
irrigation. The decreasing cost of solar panel encourages its use in various
sectors, including irrigation system for farming. An automated irrigation
system uses solar panel which drives water pumps to pump water from
water source bore well to storage tank and the outlet valve of tank is
regulated automatically by using GSM/Wi-Fi, controller and sensors.
This technique optimizes the use of water for irrigation purpose. The
shedding control to farm can be given depending upon the temperature need
of the surrounding as measured by humidity sensor. Thus the problems
related to higher agricultural productivity, poor performance and decreased
availability of water for agriculture can be solved by using the proposed
solar powered automated irrigation system.

7. vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE
NO.
CERTIFICATE ii
DECLERATION iii
ACKKOWLEDEMENT iv
PREFACE v
ABSTRACT vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-10
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Background Study 2
1.3 Embedded System 2-3
1.4 Photovoltaics 3-7
1.4.1 Working of Photovoltaic System 4
1.4.2 Components of Photovoltaic System 5-7
1.5 Problems Associated with Photovoltaics 7-9
1.5.1 Hot Spot on the Panels 7
1.5.2 Micro Cracks 7-8
1.5.3 Snail Trail Contamination 8
1.5.4 PID Effect 8
1.5.5 Internal Corrosion,Delamination 9
1.6 Drip Irrigation 9-10
Chapter 2 Literature Review 11-15
Chapter 3 Proposed Methodology 16-51
3.1Formulation of Problem 16-17
3.1.1 Problem Definition 16-17
3.2 Solution Approach 18-22
3.2.1 Volumetric Water Content 19-22
3.3 Hardware Requirement and Specifications 22-39
3.3.1 Microcontroller 22-29
3.3.2 Temperature Sensor 29-32
3.3.3 LCD 32-33
3.3.4 Relay 34
3.3.5 LED 34-35
3.3.6 DC Motor 35-37
3.3.6.1 DC Motor Working 36-37
3.3.7 ADC Converter (ADC0808) 37-38

8. viii
3.3.8 Soil Moisture Sensor 38
3.3.9 Comparator Circuit 38-39
3.4 Software Description 39-41
3.4.1 KEIL Software 39-40
3.4.2 Proteus and Professional 40-41
3.5 Implementation 41-51
3.5.1 Working Process and Circuit
Design
41-42
3.5.2 Hardware Designing 43-44
3.5.3 Coding 45-51
Chapter 4 Result Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Result 52-53
4.2 Inferences 53-54
4.3 Advantages 54
4.4 Disadvantages 55
4.5 Applications 55
Chapter 5 Conclusion 56
Chapter 6 Future Scope 57
6.1 Scope For Future Work 57-58

9. ix
APPENDIX A
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO. CONTENT PAGE
NO.
Fig 1.1 Photovoltaic Systems 3
Fig 1.2 Working of Photovoltaic System 4
Fig.1.3 A Solar Panel Consisting of a Many Photovoltaic 5
Fig.1.4 A Solar Inverted Mounted on the Solar Racking 6
Fig.3.1 Block Diagram 19
Fig.3.2 Components of Power Supply 20
Fig.3.3 A Typical Microcontroller Device and its Subunits 23
Fig.3.4 Pin Diagram of AT89S51 25
Fig.3.5 IC of LM35 30
Fig.3.6 Electrical Connections 31
Fig.3.7 LCD Panel 32
Fig.3.8 Relay 34
Fig.3.9 DC Motor 35
Fig.3.10 Working of DC Motor 36
Fig.3.11 Soil Moisture Sensor 38
Fig.3.12 Circuit Diagram of Comparator 39
Fig.3.13 Snapshot of the Software 41
Fig.3.14 Circuit Diagram 42
Fig.3.15 Layout of Microcontroller 43
Fig.3.16 Hardware of the Project 44
Fig.3.16 DC Motor Used 44
Fig.4.1 Output on LCD when Motor is On 52
Fig.4.2 Output when Motor is Off 53

10. x
LIST OF TABLE
3.1 Pin Description of LCD 33

11. xi
APPENDIX B
ABBREVIATIONS AND
ACRONYMS USED
DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
BOS BALANCE OF SYSTEM
EVA ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE
PID POTENTIAL INDUCED UPGRADATION
WSN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
AIS AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM
GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION
LCD LIQUID CRSTAL DISPLAY
AC ALTERNATING CURRENT
ALE ADDRESS LATCH ENABLE
PSEN PROGRAM STORE ENABLE
EA/VPP EXTERNAL ACCESS ENABLE
LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
ADC ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

12. xii
REFERENCES
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13. xiii
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