Impact Of Deregulation On The Trucking Industry

Impact Of Deregulation On The Trucking Industry
Deregulation And It's Impact On The Trucking Industry
The Trucking Industry is a vital component of commerce in the United States largely because such a huge portion of all the goods transported in the
United States moves by truck. "68.5 percent of all the freight transportation tonnage moved in the United States according to Costello, B. (2013); and
trucking accounts for 84 percent of all revenue spent moving freight in the transportation industry according to Bennett, A. (2010). Truck drivers
facilitate one of the modes in intermodal transportation that has in effect created a spatial bridge across the United States. "Trucks are the only mode
of freight transport that services 100 percent of the communities in America, with 80 percent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also laid the pathway for the formation of the Interstate commerce commission (ICC) to oversee compliance with the new law. In 1935 the Motor
Carrier Act was passed to regulate the trucking industry due to pressure from the railroads. In 1980 a subsequent Motor Carrier act was passed to
deregulate the trucking industry. This laid the path for many trucking companies to enter the market. In 1994 the Trucking Industry Regulatory Reform
Act was passed; motor carriers were no longer required to submit tariffs with the Interstate Commerce Commission. In 1995 the Interstate Commerce
Commission Termination Act was passed. It eliminated the ICC and created what is known today as the Surface Transportation board. In addition to
these regulatory acts that have been passed, there have been several others that apply to other modes of transportation such as rail, air and sea
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Military Rule Of The Civil War
Case 7
1.The Court ruled that neither Congress nor the president could grant the military the authority to try civilians, so long as civilian courts were still
functioning.
2.General Hovey probably thought a military court would easily declare Milligan guilty, while a civil court had a good chance of declaring him
innocent.
3.According to the Court's ruling, military rule would take precedence over civilian authority when civilian courts were not operating. For example,
during a war where the civil courts stopped functioning.
4.Four Justices thought it was Congress, rather than the courts, who should be responsible for deciding whether a military court could try civilians.
5.Habeas corpus is an important part of the Constitution because it prevents a prisoner being held for an indefinite amount of time long without having
formal charges filed against them. This is important in restricting the ability of governments to deny personal freedoms.
This case occurred a year after the Civil War ended. The country was weakened and trying to get back together, so this decision may have been made
in order to get the country back on the right track by reinforcing the strength of the federal government. The Milligan case defended the writ of habeas
corpus written in the Constitution. It ruled that a citizen could not be tried by a military court unless the civil courts were closed. The decision made
prevents any citizen of the United States from not being given a fair trial,

The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster Essay
The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster      America at the turn of the century was a very different place
than it is today. The industrial revolution had set into motion a series of events that empowered and enriched some and nearly enslaved others.
Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal" was a necessary response to growing social unrest. A severely unequal distribution of wealth along with poor
living and working conditions were leading workers and capitalists to increasingly extreme means. By enacting a large body of legislation intended to
set right the wrongs in society and using whatever force necessary, Roosevelt avoided what could have been a popular revolution of the working... Show
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32). Though these industries were feeding unprecedented economic growth, only the privileged were seeing the benefit. Common people were living
and working in abhorrent conditions and discontent began almost immediately. Overcrowding and political corruption were also serious issues.
     The press was all too quick to point out social problems and served to bring many issues into public consciousness.
Known as "muckrackers", journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Upton Sinclair pointed out dirty politics, unsanitary handling of food food, and
dangerous working conditions. Political cartoons, too, were immensely popular and often satirized common social problems.
     "By 1900, the transformation of the American economy from agricultural to industrial was in full swing, as the
nation of farmers and artisans was giving way tot hat of factory workers and manufacturing giants" (Wattenberg, 1998, p. 32). Coinciding with this
transformation, an atmosphere conducive to entrepreneurship allowed single families to dominate individual industries, giving rise to the so–called
"trusts". As icons in American business, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were perceived as the enemy of the working
class. Bertrand Russell, a well known British philosopher said in a interview with Life

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism Essay
Theodore Roosevelt, like Jackson and Lincoln, believed that the president had the duty of initiating and leading Congress to implement a policy of
social and economic benefit to the people at large. As he himself put it, he found the presidency "a bully pulpit." Roosevelt's policies,
designed to secure a greater measure of social justice in the United States, were outlined in his first message to Congress, on December 3, 1901.
Roosevelt's address included demands for federal supervision and regulation of all interstate corporations; for amendment of the Interstate Commerce
Act to prohibit railroads from giving special rates to shippers; for the conservation of natural resources; for federal appropriations for irrigation of...
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Among the new laws were the Elkins Act (1903), aimed at eliminating the discriminatory practice of secret rebates given by various railroads to certain
shippers, and the Hepburn Act (1906), aimed at strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission in its authority over railroads and other public
carriers. During his administrations (after completing McKinley's administration, Roosevelt was elected in 1904), the Department of Justice instituted
43 suits against the trusts and won several important judicial decisions, including one ordering the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey as a holding company with a monopoly on oil refining. Other domestic reforms in Roosevelt's program, which he called the Square Deal, were
his expansion of forest reserves and national parks; the appointment of the National Conservation Commission in 1908 to promote further
conservation; and the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Also passed was the first of the Pure Food and Drug Acts, which followed a federal
investigation of packing–house conditions prompted by revelations made in Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) (see Sinclair, Upton Beall).
Roosevelt gained worldwide importance through his dramatic speeches and actions as president, his inauguration of the building of the Panama Canal,
and his activities in ending the Russo–Japanese War (1904–1905). Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908 and the

Sample Resume : National Diploma Essay
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS LEVEL 5
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Student Name:Chetan Rana
Student ID No:L0513001456
Unit Standard:11639
Course Lecturer:Laetitia Olivier
Credits4
Level5
Case study –1 (a) According to my perspective, Davis has breached the rules under the Fair Trading Act 1986. Undoubtedly, he had faith in that
information, which was provided to him and this shows unintentional falsification. He has got proof as well for relying third party.
But Mr. Bramley can claim $500 for his loss under section 40. As per section a b and c, he can ignore prosecution, but according to commerce
commission act he is still responsible for Mr. Bramley.
Case study 1 (b)
If we talk about the ABC Travel Company, they can easily give challenge to 'The Easy as ABC to travel Co. Ltd.' and take this issue to court as they
started using their company name without any prior legal approval. They have no authorization of doing this.
Under the section 9 and 13 for misleading and false information, Sam can and in my view he should take 'The Easy as ABC to travel Co. Ltd.' to the
court.
He can also claim $500 he paid and 'ABC travel Co. Ltd.' put penalties on the easy as 'The Easy as ABC to travel Co. Ltd.' or this company can be shut
down for misleading.
Case study 1 (c) a) How will you advise Dive &

Mgmt 330 Mid Term Study Guide
Constitutional Speech (Personal and Corporate) * (personal); afforded highest protection by the Courts. Balance must be struck between a
government's obligation to protect its citizens versus a citizen's right to speech. In other words, if government suppresses speech it must be to protect
the citizens. EX. Don't yell fire in a crowded area. See below. * If restriction is content neutral, restrictions must target some societal problem – not to
primarily suppress the message. (Corporate); –Political speech by corporations is protected by the First Amendment. –In Citizens United v. Federal
Election Commission (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that corporations can spend freely to support or oppose candidates for... Show more content on
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So if evidence obtained in violation of due process is brought, then any evidence that comes from the initial evidence is not admissible either. * Cyber
Crimes: Any act directed against computers or that uses computers as an instrumentality of a crime. * –Cyber Fraud: fraud committed over the internet
(e.g., Nigerian letter scam). * Online Auction Fraud. Cyber Theft: –Identity Theft. –Phishing. –vishing. –Employment Fraud. –Credit–Card Crime on
the Web * Prosecution of Cyber Crime. * "Location" of crime is an issue. * Jurisdiction of courts is an issue. * Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. *
Person is liable if he accesses a computer online, without authority, to obtain classified, private, or protected information. * Criminal Penalties; To be
convicted of a crime, a person must: –Commit a guilty act (actus reus). –Have the guilty mind (mens rea) during commission of the guilty act. * State
of Mind. –Required intent (or mental state) is indicated in the applicable statute or law.–Criminal Negligence or Recklessness (unjustified, substantial
and foreseeable risk that results in harm). –Violent Crime. * Murder, sexual assault, rape, robbery.–Property Crime. * Burglary, larceny, theft of trade
secrets, theft of services, arson, receipt of stolen goods, forgery. Criminal

Freedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause
Freedom Riders: Rebels with a Cause
"If not us, then who? If not now, then when? Will there be a better day for it tomorrow or next year? Will it be less dangerous then? Will someone
else's children have to risk their lives instead of us risking ours?"
–– John Lewis
May 16, 1961, to other Nashville students considering joining the Freedom Rides
John Lewis, a young black man who was born in the South, participated in the Freedom Rides. His statement rang true when Nashville students were
faced with the decision of joining the Freedom Rides in their fight for civil rights. This historical event paved the way for racial equality throughout the
United States. The Freedom Rides were a vital part of history because it set the foundation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Rider's cause was fortified by two recent Supreme Court rulings. In Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, the Supreme Court declared that
racial segregation was contrary to the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act. Going even further, in a 1960 Supreme Court ruling, the case Boynton v.
Virginia declared that segregation within interstate transportation violated the Interstate Commerce Act and was thereby illegal under federal law. The
Court's ruling deemed segregation in other public areas such as bus terminals, restaurant, and restrooms to be a violation of the Interstate Commerce
Act as well.
Despite these Supreme Court rulings, the Interstate Commerce Commission failed to enforce these decisions. It was apparent that the changes were to
be brought about only if the issue was forced. With this in mind, the Freedom Rides took place. Thirteen riders boarded two buses for a journey that
began in Washington D.C. and scheduled to end in New Orleans, Louisiana.
The Freedom Rides were met with strong opposition, coming from the Riders' families or from those who wanted to uphold segregation. This rings
true when a Berkeley student, John Dolan made the decision to join the Riders in their

Ogden V Gibbon Case Summary
In 1808 the government of New York gave ownership to a steamboat company to operate its boat on the state's waters. Aaron Ogden owned a
license under this monopoly to run steamboats between New Jersey and New York. Thomas Gibbons was another steamboat operator who
competed with Aaron Gordon on the same route but had a federal coasting license given by Congress. Ogden filed a complaint in the New York
court to stop Gibbons from running his boats. Gibbons disagreed arguing that the U.S. constitution gave Congress the power over interstate
commission. After losing twice in the New York courts Gibbons went to the Supreme court The decision of the Supreme Court was unified. The
court argued that Congress alone had the right to monitor coastal trade. The Court decided that communication is the actual trade of goods. The
justices also decided that one or more states had a working hand in the commerce that was in conflict. The Court was dominate in the favor of
Gibbons. The actual court decision read: "If, as has always been understood, the sovereignty of Congress, though limited to specified objects, is
plenary as to those objects, the power over commerce with foreign nations and among the several states is vested in Congress as absolutely as it
would be in a single... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gibbons fought as he did in New York that the monopoly conflicted with the federal law. This case was the first case to address the Commerce
Clause in the Supreme Court in 1824.The U.S Supreme Court was in favor of Gibbons. At this time the Commerce Clause was expanding and
creating more problems in different places, so it needed to be addressed. After the case got to the Supreme Court they decided that laws cannot be
passed if they interfere with the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Which made federal law stronger and this case was decided March
2,

Federalism Essay
Federalism
The Constitution of the United States was drafted at a time when our country was in dire need of many answers to political and social questions. In
addition to many other things, the drafters of the Constitution were concerned with solidifying our central government and the Constitution was
intended to provide a solid structure from which our burgeoning nation could grow. The Constitution gave explicit powers to the federal government
and provided the states with the Tenth Amendment which states ,"Powers not delegated to theUnited States, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to
the states respectively…" Of the enumerated powers given to the federal government by the Constitution, the interpretation of the ... Show more
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Dual Federalism also relies on the notion that in a court of law, the Tenth Amendment gives the states enough support to declare unconstitutional any act
of the national government that infringes on the reserved powers given to the states. Cooperative Federalism provides an entirely different view of the
relationship between the federal and state governments. Federal supremacy is the hallmark of this ideology. Supporters of the cooperative federalist
view prefer to employ a broad interpretation of the Constitution. The legal basis on which cooperative federalism has been argued is threefold: (1)
Enumerated powers (e.g. Commerce Clause) should be interpreted in light of an expansive Necessary and Proper Clause (2) The Supremacy Clause, as
prescribed in Article 6, paragraph 2, gives federal actions supremacy over state laws when made in pursuance of the Constitution and when they are
made using implied and enumerated powers (3) The Tenth Amendment does not give states the power to contest federal laws. To suggest that that these
two ideologies are contradictory is an understatement. To understand which theory best identifies with the correct interpretation of the Constitution, it
is necessary to understand the circumstances that created the necessity for a Constitution and the political circumstances that motivated decisions
contrary to the correct interpretation of the Constitution. The

Briefly Briefly Summarize The Regulatory Content Of The...
1. Briefly summarize, in two or three paragraphs, the regulatory content of the Indiana law at issue in this case. The Act struck down portions of
Indiana's controversial vaping law by demanding specific provisions required for out of state manufacturers in Indiana. The law revolved around a
company's security, cleanliness and audit requirements which are being looked into for being unconstitutional under the Dormant Commerce Clause.
Out of state manufacturers Legato Vapors, Rocky Mountain E Cigs, Derb E Cigs are suing the Indiana Alcohol and Tobacco Commission because the
Act involves inconsistent regulations imposed by other states besides Indiana. The violations seem to imply a state, Indiana, attempt to create a
monopoly for an Indiana... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can become a burden when thinking about limiting the numbers of business available for competition. When Indiana creates extremely unusual
strict regulations, it will limit the number of businesses who can sell their products in Indiana. This creates an environment similar to an oligopoly.
Indiana should not have that much control over regulations as it takes away from marketplace competition for customers. 4. Does the court's ruling
mean that Indiana may not impose any kind of product security standards on vaping products sold in Indiana? How might Indiana legitimately set
product security standards? Indiana could legitimately set product security standards by creating regulations for manufacturers within the state, but not
out of state manufacturers. Vaping products sold in Indiana can be from both in state and out of state manufacturers. The products made in Indiana can
be produced under Indiana's regulations. However, Indiana has no control how the products produced out of state are made. The do not have to meet
Indiana regulations but still can be sold. 5. The court refers at page 20 to three kinds of transactions that occur outside of the State of Indiana. It finds
the Indiana law impermissibly regulates commercial activities outside of the state in two categories but not necessarily the third. What is the rationale
that might

Analysis Of U.s. Energy Law
Introduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M– College station
22 October 2016
В¬В¬
1TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE
SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1.Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national policy for the regulation ofhydropower
development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2.Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
3.Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should implement measures to protect the endangered
species.
4.Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act

Following case describes how the energy laws governs the energy related projects.
PLATTE RIVER WHOOPING CRANE CRITICAL HABITAT MAINTENANCE TRUST V. FERC
This case involved a

Major Supreme Court Cases Under Judge John Marshall Essay
The decisions made by Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall have had a major influence on today's Judiciary System. One of his major
decisions was in the case Marbury v. Madison, in which he set the precedent of judicial review. Another major decision is in the case McCulloch v.
Maryland, in this case Marshall ruled that Congress possesses certain implied powers. Other major decisions made by Marshall were in the cases
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, in which Marshall defined national power over interstate commerce, and Cherokee Nation v. State
of Georgia. "John Marshall was the fourth chief justice of the United States, he was known as Great Chief Justice. He established the modern status of
the Supreme Court. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The court declared Section 13 unconstitutional. This marked the first time the United States Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional. It
established the supremacy of the Constitution over laws passed by congress and the right of the court to review the Constitutionality of legislation"
(Kutler, 193). "Marshall stated the powers of the legislature are defined and limited...It is emphatically the province and the duty of the judicial
department to say what the law is. The Constitution was thus established as a legal document subject to interpretation only by the courts" (U.S. Law,
883).
Another one of Marshall's major decisions was in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland. "James McCulloch, cashier of the Baltimore branch of the
Bank of the United States, refused to pay a Maryland State tax on the bank. The court first upheld the implied powers of Congress to create a bank,
because Congress needed a bank to exercise its specified power. The tax was declared unconstitutional because it interfered with an instrument of the
federal government. He ruled that Congress has implied powers in addition to those specified in the Constitution, and when federal and state powers
conflict, federal powers prevail" (Kutler, 335).
"Marshall's opinion for the court in McCulloch v. Maryland upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States, which has been
created by an Act of Congress in 1816, on the basis of

What Is The Custail Control Of The Transportation Industry?
The transportation systems in the United States have been regulated starting with the railroads in 1887 by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
This was done to curtail abuse of their monopoly powers. The public where not sure how to protect them self from an entity like that since Railroads
where the first large monopolies in the United States. This regulation controlled rate and prohibited railroads from the practice of charging low under
cutting rates between major cities where several railroads competed, and making up for this by over pricing on intermediate points served by a that
railroad only. Who could enter the railroad industry and leaving the industry was also regulated. (Wood, 2017)
Oil pipelines were regulated in 1906 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parts of the trucking industry that where not regulated had grown to surpass the regulated segments and began to take large amounts of the
railroads business. A large majority of the railroads where bankrupt or headed that way. Penn Central railroad was the largest bankruptcy to date at
the time. Workers' unions were one reasons regulated areas where in such trouble. Companies would have to reward wage increases to unions and not
be able to pass this cost on directly to the customers. Companies had to compete by adding services and offerings but where not able to drive cost
down. (Wood, 2017) To get an understanding on the cost of regulations, consider this example, "In a 2014 report, the National Association of
Manufacturers (NAM) modeled 2012 total annual regulatory costs in the economy of $2.028 trillion". (The Cost of Regulation and Intervention, 2017)
Deregulation
In 1962, John Kennedy started the push toward deregulation by sending a message to Congress recommending a reduction in the regulation of surface
freight transportation. Kennedy was followed in November 1975; President Gerald Ford called for legislation to reduce trucking regulation. Ford then
appointed several pro–competition commissioners

Essay on Employment Discrimination
Employment Discrimination laws seek to prevent discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by employers.
There is also a growing body of law preventing or occasionally justifying employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Discriminatory
practices include bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, compensation, and various types of harassment. The main body of employment
discrimination laws is composed of federal and state statutes. The United States Constitution and some state constitutions provide additional protection
where the employer is a governmental body or the government has taken significant steps to foster the discriminatory practice of the employer.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Equal Pay Act prohibits paying wages based on sex by employers and unions. It does not prohibit other discriminatory practices bias in hiring.
It provides that where workers perform equal work in jobs requiring "equal skill, effort, and responsibility and performed under similar working
conditions," they should be provided equal pay. The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to employees engaged in some aspect of interstate commerce or
all of an employer's workers if the enterprise is engaged as a whole in a significant amount of interstate commerce.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in many more aspects of the employment relationship. It applies to most employers
engaged in interstate commerce with more than 15 employees, labor organizations, and employment agencies. The Act prohibits discrimination based
on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Sex includes pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions. It makes it illegal for employers to
discriminate in hiring, discharging, compensation, or terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. Employment agencies may not discriminate
when hiring or referring applicants. Labor Organizations are also prohibited from basing membership or union classifications on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin.
The Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts, amended in 1993, ensure all persons equal rights under the law and outline the damages available to

The Progressivism Era
Progressivism shaped the United States in so many ways. The progressivism era lasted from 1890–1920, and began after the effect of industrialization
and urbanization the era was intended to be a political movement reforming the United States political, social and economy. Progressivism began
to emerge as the national movement when the era started to eliminate all of the negative aspects that would effect the country in a negative way.
For example progressivism era began by getting rid of all the government corruptions that occurred during the urbanization era. Also began to end
women's suffrage and social welfare, prohibition, and civil liberties. The progressivism era began to create women suffrage associations so that
women would have equal rights to voting and working. Direct primary was the reform that allowed people the power to choose who they wanted in
office. The progressive public health initiatives and universal education really was an advantage to everyone especially the poor and foreigners. The
goals for progressivism was to help make better working conditions so that it will be less poverty and better living conditions ending big businesses
so that the American life would be improved. In order to insure that working conditions became better a workers compensation law was passed
meaning companies had to buy insurance for their workers safety if anyone was to get injured on the job. One of... Show more content on
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Roosevelt wanted fair trade, pro–labor laws and child labor restrictions. Roosevelt improved racism by ending school segregation when he was
governor of New York in 1898. Roosevelt had many goals of progressivism for example, Labor mediation, consumer protection, and corporate
regulation. Also, Roosevelt's goals of progressivism to regulate big businesses without creating conflict congress began to pass the Hepburn act to build
up the Interstate Commerce

RICO Compliance Report
RICO represent Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which is a federal statute that deals with fraud. The United States Congress
enacted RICO in the early 1970's in an attempt to curb organized crime, which includes businesses, drug dealers, and any person subject to committing
fraud. (James, Shapiro & Martin, 2006) "The federal law creates an individual "racketeering offenses" that include participation in various criminal
schemes and conspiracies, and that allows government seizures of property acquired in violation of the act" (Hall, 2014, p.154). The essential elements
of RICO prohibit any individual from using income derived from a pattern of racketeering activity. The RICO act involves a person collecting an
unlawful debt to require an interest in an enterprise affecting interstate commerce. RICO prohibits acquiring or maintaining through a pattern of
racketeering activity conspiring, conducting, or participating in the behavior of the affairs of an enterprise affecting interstate commerce through a
pattern of racketeering activity or collection of an unlawful debt. However, mail fraud is the basis of the RICO violation.... Show more content on
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Second, for RICO to be enforced, the government must prove that through the commission of two or more predicate acts are continuous and
interrelated constituting a pattern of racketeering activity at least two acts occurring within ten years of each other. (James, Shapiro & Martin, 2006)
Third, to violate RICO, a person must either, directly or indirectly, acquire an interest in or administer an "enterprise." An enterprise must exist
independently from the racketeering activity in which it engages investing income, its groups must have a common or shared purpose, and there must
be at least some continuity of structure or personnel. Fourth, for RICO to apply, the alleged racketeering activity must affect interstate

Anti-Trust Laws
Anti–trust laws apply to business conduct in interstate commerce (Jennings 520). Furthermore, these laws make sure everything is regulated
accordingly and that trade takes place efficiently and effectively. There are a variety of different laws, but I will inform you about three of them: the
Clayton Act, the Robinson–Patman Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act. *The Clayton Act is a federal antitrust statute that prohibits tying and
interlocking directorates (Jennings 545). In other words, it controls mergers (Jennings 545). The book gives a detailed concise example of tying. It
uses a copier machine and copying paper. If one is requiring the buyer of the copier machine to buy the seller's paper when other brands are just as
suitable,

Big Business Research Paper
In the years following the brutal Civil War, the United States saw the rise of economic powers that have never been seen before. These economic
powers became known as Big Business. The government's economic approach of the time was a very hands off technique. This hands off technique
was called laissez faire and the government believed giving businesses freedom would cause a lot of companies to grow and prosper. It was believed at
the time that pure freedom for businesses would create a substantial amount of competition throughout the business world and prices would be made
competitive, which means less expensive for the everyday American consumer. Sadly, the U.S. government was tremendously outsmarted by savvy
entrepreneurs who believed in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everyone had an opinion of this complete control over the market certain people had, like American journalist Henry Demarest Lloyd, who wrote,
"Society is letting these combinations [railroads] become institutions without compelling them to adjust their charges to the cost of production,
which used to be the universal rule of price. Our laws and commissions to regulate the railroads are but toddling steps in a path in which we need to
walk like men." Henry wrote this for the North American Review in 1884. Some American legislators heard Henry's call and started to make efforts
to stop the overpricing that monopolies caused. The first corporation the government took a stab at was the railroad companies. The railroad
companies greatly overcharged, which crippled many Americans, especially farmers and they also required certain people to pay more than others.
States took the first shot at the railroad companies but their regulations were shot down by the Supreme Court in Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway
Company v. Illinois. This Supreme Court decision prevented states from regulating commerce that was originated or ended beyond state lines, which
caused more calls by the people for the federal government to regulate business. A few years before this Supreme Court decision a bill was presented
by Sen. Shelby M. Cullom from Illinois which set up a federal commission that would institute government regulations for the

Federal Aid To Highways Act Of 1956: Case Study
The regulation that will be discussed in this week's assignment is the Federal–Aid to Highways Act of 1956 found in the e–book: American
Transportation Policy. The reason that I have chosen to cover this topic is because this was the start of the development of the highway systems
that we are familiar with today. The Federal Highway Act of 1956, in fact, was a bill that was very important with introducing a framework for
highways and was done during the Eisenhower presidency. Following World War II, there was a boost from 31 million to almost 50 million in
ownership of vehicles; both car and truck. This did seem like prime time to give the go ahead to start construction of a highway system that would
clear up the traffic jams that the roads (and citizens) just could not handle. Of course, with traffic, there are angry drivers that were... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It was said that during this period "local government officials lacked the fiscal resources necessary to meet the growing demand for highways and
other surface transportation projects" but a Highway Trust Fund was set up and was able to pay a very large majority of the funding for the
highways (Dilger, 2003, p.?). According to History.com, "the 1956 law declared that the construction of an elaborate expressway system was
"essential to the national interest" citation. With the new highways being built, they did not just have the standard stop sign at a basic intersection;
there were underpasses as well as overpasses which I would think was far advanced for that time. Having underpasses and overpasses allowed traffic to
continuously flow, allowed evacuations in times of possible attacks, prevented travelers from ending up in unwanted neighborhoods, and made way for
the trucking

An Introduction Of The Interstate Commerce Act Of 1887
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Introduction
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is federal law in the United States. It was designed to regulate the railroad industry especially its monopolistic
practices. A number of states in US such as Ohio had unsuccessfully attempted to regulate railroads before 1887. Ohio had created a state commission
to report on railroad and telegraph rates in 1867 but the commission did not have the authority to change rates or to order the railroad companies to
change their policies. Due to failure of states to regulate railroads, the Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. The Act required that
railroads charge fair rates to their customers and make those rate public.
Background
In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, making railroads the first industry subject to Federal regulation. This law was passed by the
Congress largely in response to the public demand that railroad operations be regulated. A five–member enforcement board knowns as the Interstate
Commerce Commission was also established by the act.
In the years following the Civil War, railroads had become the primary form of transportation for both people and goods. They were privately owned
and entirely unregulated which gave them a natural monopoly in the areas that only they serviced. Monopolies are normally viewed harmful as they
obstruct the free competition that determines the price and quality of products and services offered. The railroad monopolies had the power to set
prices, exclude competitors, and control the market in several geographic areas. There was competition among railroads for long–haul routes but there
was none for the short haul runs. This allowed the railroads to discriminate in the prices by charging a higher price per mile for short hauls than long
hauls. They also discriminated in the prices they charged to passengers and shippers in different localities by providing rebates to large shippers or
buyers. These practices caused problems to the American farmers who lacked the shipment volume necessary to obtain more favorable rates. The
prices charged and the practices adopted by the railroad services greatly influenced individuals and businesses. Railroads also banded

Old Dominion Line Essay
Old Dominion Freight Line
The company I have chosen is Old Dominion Freight Line. They are a common carrier of goods. Old Dominion Fright Line has a lot of new
technology to help their customers ship their goods which would help them to be a higher degree company of caring for the goods they ship. Some of
the technology they have is for their drivers which has on board camera to record them when they are speeding or even if the truck starts swerving on
the road the camera would automatically cut on and start filming. Old Dominion Fright Line also has a Dock Yard Management System (DYM) that
would help the company keep up with the information of the shipment (http://www.odfl.com/Landings/technologyLanding.faces 3–12–17). It also helps
the consignor and consignee keep up with their shipment also and letting them know when the goods will be delivered.
Some of the information I researched on Old Dominion Fright Line is that in 2015 their annual revenue was 2.97 billion which was up from 2014 by
6.6 percent. That tells me that they are a well–oiled company and very efficient with their shipping technique. They shipped 10,129 (in thousands) in
2015 (http://www.odfl.com/Home/3–12–17).
Old Dominion Freight Line has over 18,000 employees which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
et al. Law for Business. Boston, MA, Cengage Learning, 2015. Accessed 12 Mar. 2017
"Old Dominion Freight Line." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Mar. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line. Accessed 20
Mar. 2017
"Common Carrier Law Overview." FreeAdvice, accident–law.freeadvice.com/accident–law/accident–law/common–carriers–bus.htm. Accessed 20 Mar.

Major Supreme Court Cases Under Judge John Marshall
The decisions made by Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall have had a major influence on today's Judiciary System. One of his major
decisions was in the case Marbury v. Madison, in which he set the precedent of judicial review. Another major decision is in the case McCulloch v.
Maryland, in this case Marshall ruled that Congress possesses certain implied powers. Other major decisions made by Marshall were in the cases
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, in which Marshall defined national power over interstate commerce, and Cherokee Nation v. State
of Georgia. "John Marshall was the fourth chief justice of the United States, he was known as Great Chief Justice. He established the modern status of
the Supreme Court. He... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward was another major ruling by Chief Justice John Marshall. "In 1769, King George III of Great
Britain granted Dartmouth College a charter as a private school. Various states succeeded to the rights and obligations of such charters when they
became independent. In 1816, New Hampshire tried to make Dartmouth the State University by canceling the charter. Former trustees of the college
claimed that the royal charter was still valid. They sued to recover the school seal and records from William H. Woodward, the college secretary.
Daniel Webster, a graduate of Dartmouth, presented the trustees case before the Supreme Court in one of his greatest arguments. The court ruled for
the trustees saying that the state had impaired the obligation of the charter in violation of Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution. Because of this
case, legislatures today put time limitations on charters or include provisions allowing cancellation by the government under proper circumstances"
(William, 38). Marshall also had a major decision in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden. "New York granted Robert Fulton exclusive steamboat rights on
the Hudson River in New York for a limited period of years" (Mendelson, 85). "Thomas Gibbons had a federal license to use the same waters" (Kutler,
185). "Gibbons ran steamboats from New York to New Jersey violating Fulton's patent. The case began

African American Civil Rights Turning Points
Eunice Assibu Take Home Final Essay QUESTION: What were three specific turning points in the struggle for African
–American civil rights from
1865 to the present? African american civil rights advocates mounted challenges to racial discrimination and came up with plans like the nonviolent
resistance, freedom riders, and the marche. With attention from the national media spotlight, they were able to express their struggle in racial
inequality.Martin Luther King, Jr. lead the national Civil Right Movement. .Martin Luther King, Jr. encouraged blacks and whites to confront racism
everywhere and spoke about "militant nonviolence" which called on blacks of all ages to who had the willpower to endanger their lives in order to
freedom. He wanted

Supreme Court Case: The Wabash Vs. Illinois Case
Wabash v Illinois In 1886 the US Supreme Court declared that states could not regulate commerce that went beyond their boundaries in the Wabash,
St. Louis and Pacific R.R. versus Illinois case. The decision provided the basis for the formation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was a regulatory agency in the united states. Its purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to
regulate rate discrimination and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. With the
construction and use of railroads, the main question that had to be answered was who would control the railroad services and monitor rail ways.
Since there were no laws within the railroad services, many states established and controlled their own regulatory board. Many rail companies
operated between states so enforcing rules was seen as impractical and useless. Meanwhile the railroad companies were abusing their powers by setting
their own standards and practices. This case began with Illinois suing the not Wabash, St.Louis and Pacific... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The Court ruled that a state law that
"implies merely a legal distinction" between whites and blacks did not conflict with the 13th and14th Amendments. Restrictive legislation based on
race continued following the Plessy decision, it was not overturned until Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. The case came from
Louisiana, which in 1890 adopted a law providing for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" on its railroads. In 1892,
passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car. He was brought before Judge John H. Ferguson of the Criminal Court for New Orleans, who
upheld the state law. The law was challenged in the Supreme Court on grounds that it conflicted with the 13th and 14th

U.s. Energy Law And The Federal Water Power Act Of 1920
aIntroduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M– College station
22 October 2016
В¬В¬
1TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE
SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1.Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national policy for the regulation ofhydropower
development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2.Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
3.Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should implement measures to protect the endangered
species.
4.Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act

Trust-Busting: Theodore RooseveltвЂ™s Effectiveness in...
Before a series of antitrust acts and laws were instituted by the federal government, it was not illegal for businesses to use any means to eliminate
competition in late nineteenth–century America. Production technology was now advanced to the point that supply would surpass product demand. As
competition in any given market increased, more and more companies joined together in either trusts or holding companies to bring market dominance
under their control (Cengage 2). As President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn into office in 1901, he led America into action with forceful government
solutions ("Online" 1). Roosevelt effectively regulated offending business giants by the formation of the Department of Commerce and Labor, the
Bureau of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the dishonorable measures taken by the interstate trusts and monopolies were product quality reduction, employee exploitation, and even
putting ultimatums on necessary products ("Domination" 1). Such abuse of business combinations consisted of secrecy or misinterpretation in
corporate organization, overcapitalisation, and of course, price manipulation (Johnson 572). Roosevelt became president as a result of William
McKinley's assassination, but his policies were vastly different from those of McKinley ("Theodore" 1). McKinley had been in favor of maintaining
the Republican laissez–faire "status quo", and seemed to favor big business ("Online" 1). Roosevelt's bullish personality and brazen self–confidence
was a substantial factor that strongly influenced both the development of governmental regulation of trusts and the supervision of corporations
functioning across state lines. He believed that "industrial combination" was unavoidable and "generally desirable," adhering to this view (Johnson
571). "Trust–busting" was apparently not a popular term with the president. He did not believe in destroying the offending corporations, but only that
they needed to be regulated. Critics of Roosevelt's policies, however, did not consider the difference ("Online" 1). In reality,

Comparing Two Court Cases
1. Two cases that help represent how congress dealt with voting rights are Breedlove v. Suttles (1937) and Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
(1966). The former case upheld a Georgia Statute that allowed the state to implement a voting tax on all eligible male voters between the ages of
22–59 for $1.00 per year. They ruled that voting is a privilege consequential of state rights not federal, which can enact certain conditions that may be
deemed applicable. A law requiring payment of poll taxes as a condition to voting does not infringe any privileges or immunities granted by the
fourteenth amendment. The later case, Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, filed suit alleging that Virginia's poll tax was unconstitutional, therefore
challenging the decision made in 1937. The court held that making wealth a voting standard did in fact violate the equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment. The court stated that voter affluence was not a qualification necessary to vote. These two... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After two programs within his New Deal were found unconstitutional, the NLRA and the AAA, President Roosevelt proposed a bill to expand the
number of Supreme Court Justices due to the larger and larger case loads, which would actually give him power to appoint additional justices to the
Supreme Court and out number his opponents in order to get things done they way he and his administration wanted to. Both Republican and
Democrats were outraged by this attack on the court's independence and forced Roosevelt to withdraw his proposal. The President was still able to gain
power over the Supreme Court, despite his plan's failure. The court reversed its earlier decision; to what extent Congress could interferer in interstate
commerce, on the constitutionality of the National Labor Relations Act. Subsequently, the court maintained the constitutionality of the Minimum Wage
Law in Washington State. These results were deeply impacted by the ongoing predicament of the Great

Socialization And Immigrants During The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was a time period in the history of the United States in which a large number of serious social problems rose about. In the North and
the West especially, this was also a time of rapid growth. During this time, a lot of immigrants came to the United States as well. To them, America
was seen as the land of opportunity. In their home countries, the working conditions were terrible and they had very low wages, so they came to
America in hopes of a better life. Little did they know, the United States was not much better for them. Although, with a large amount of workers now
in the United States, some skilled and others unskilled, it allowed industry to expand and consolidate. During the Gilded Age, industry expanded and
became stronger over time, resulting in workers coming together and organizing themselves into unions and forcing the federal government to step
away from practicing laissez– faire capitalism.
This time period really began when a new type of business organization came about. People, called entrepreneurs, would start their own business and
use large scale production with the end goal of lowering the prices of goods and allowing them to make a huge profit on it. Some people during this
time would call these entrepreneurs "robber barons" because of the the low wages that they paid their workers in combination with their terrible tactics
to destroy their competition. Many business owners were also philanthropists. These were the people that donated the money that they made to good
causes. One person who is an example of this is Andrew Carnegie, who supported the ideas of the "Gospel of Wealth" and believed that the more
fortunate and wealthy people had the responsibility of giving back to society. Some of these business owners were accused of having a monopoly,
which is having complete control over the supply of a product or service. Overall, this industrialization lead to more goods at a faster rate, which
greatly contributed to the rise of big businesses. These businesses lead to a greater profit, which lead to bigger business, which eventually lead to
corporations.
Industry also expanded and came together in terms of economic practices. For example, one type of economic practice was a

Transcontinental Railroad Railroads
Railroads were a huge step in innovations for the United States. The transcontinental Railroad was
Built from 1863 to 1869. Taking over six years, the railroad stretched almost 2,000 miles, connecting the Mississippi rivers to the Pacific Coast in San
Francisco. Although the transcontinental railroad was one of the biggest things to happen in the railroad industry, there was many other railroads that
caused significance. Through the 1850's and 1860's alone over 50,000 miles of railroad were built throughout the United States. And with all these
railroads being built they were sure to leave impact on many other industries. One of the most important changes that the railroads caused was the
increase of convenience
For citizens all throughout the United States. By traveling via train passengers could reach their destination in 90% of the time compared to the
travel methods before. This also caused a large increase in Western Settlement. Now, families did not have to worry about the harsh and long travel
they would have had to make to go West just a few years before. People did not have to worry about weather, supply shortage, disease, and more, as
railroad travel helped all of those situations. However, every good thing has a bad side, and it is important to note that the increase of Western
Settlement forced more Indians out of their land, which began to cause violence between white men and Indians. The railroads also affected agriculture
throughout the

An Overview Of Chapter 24: Industry Comes Of Age
Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900 1. Transcontinental Railroad–It started from Sacramento and Omaha, Nebraska and met in Utah. It took
many land and the railroad companies made profit by selling the extra land they didn't need. 2. Cornelius Vanderbilt–He replaced iron tracks into steel,
which made railroads safer and more economical. 3. Jay Gould–He was one of the Robber Barons who involved with Boss Tweed. He inflated the price
of gold and had control of railroads. 4. Interstate Commerce Commission–It was established to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act that banned pools.
It helped to enforce the railroads to publish standard rates and was the way government regulated business. 5. Vertical Integration–Andrew Carnegie
used it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cornelius Vanderbilt replaced the iron tracks with steel, which is safer and more economical than iron. Standard width made railroads more
convenient for there would not be line changes. Westinghouse air brake made the trains safer. Pullman Cars was introduced as nice hotels but was not
safe since kerosene lamps could burn people at any time. Telegraph, double–tracking, and block signal also helped to improve railroads. 4. Jay Gould
manipulated the stocks of railroad companies and earned millions from it. Those who manipulated prices of railroad stocks made Stock Watering, in
which inflated prices and sold stocks with more money. Then, railroad managers needed to charge excessively high rates to pay off the money. Also,
they bribed the legislatures to make their own people to hold offices. They used Pools to divide the business and share the profits 5. Wabash case
suggested individual states do not have power to regulate interstate commerce. Interstate Commerce Act was passed and banned pools and unfair
discrimination against shippers. It also set up the Interstate Commerce Commission that enforced the legislation. It was the first attempt that the
government tried to regulate

Anti-Trust Laws Essay
Anti–Trust Laws
The anti–trust movement in America during the late 1800s and early 1900s is a prime example of the conflict in society between autonomy and
responsibility. Trust–related issues tested the extent to which the government could allow businesses to maintain their autonomy and at the same time
fulfill its responsibility to protect the right of the common worker. America was founded on the principles of free enterprise. Throughout its history, the
United States government maintained a "laissez–faire" or "hands off" policy in regard to regulation of business. However, in the late 1800s public
demand for the government to regulate big business in order to protect the rights of farmers and smaller business owners became ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, railroads would charge more for transporting goods a short distance than they would for a long one. The reason for this was that over a long
distance they needed to cut rates to keep up with the competition from other railroad lines. When only traveling a short distance, there was most likely
only one line that traveled the route and farmers were forced to pay whatever rate that particular railroad was charging. In order to get more business,
railroads would also refund money to big business owners who used their lines. Such refunds were known as rebates. Since these businesses paid less to
transport their goods, they could sell them at a cheaper rate than small business owners thus driving the small business owners out of business.2 Other
practices used by big business included vertical integration, horizontal integration, trusts, interlocking directorates, and holding companies. Vertical
integration occurred when one business controlled all industries involved in making a product from the raw materials to the finished consumer version.
In a horizontally integrated industry all companies that produced a certain type of product consolidated to corner the market. 3 Atrust was controlled by
a board of trustees that controlled the stock and voting privileges of a number of companies in the same industry.4 In an interlocking directorate, the
same people sat on the board of directors for multiple

The Commerce Clause And Its Effect On Interstate Commerce...
The Commerce Clause in Article 1, Section 8 states that Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce itself as well as the power to regulate
local commerce if that local commerce has a substantial economic effect on interstate commerce. When Congress regulates an intrastate activity, there
is a test that is used by the Supreme Court that determines whether Congress actually has the right to regulate this intrastate activity with some sort of
economic effect. The Commerce Clause test is one that also goes on to explain that it is not just about one instance where if there is a substantial
economic effect on interstate commerce, but as a whole having a substantial economic effect. Also, if the activity does deal with interstate commerce
that has an economic effect, then Congress has the ability to regulate wages and any other instance of activity which includes all workers even if the
workers do not produce the commerce. Section 1001 of the PSA states Congress' intention to "establish a nationwide program to protect the public from
the adverse effects of tainted and contaminated pharmaceutical products." Section 5001 of the PSA establishes licensing and pharmaceutical
production education requirements for "individuals employed by any pharmaceutical producer" and sets maximum hours such individuals can work.
One could then argue that the Supreme Court is allowed to say that Section 5001 of the PSA is within Congress' power to set maximum hours and
make people

Puppies N Love: Article Analysis
The article, "Critics Infuriated As Phx's Anti–Puppy Mill Law Upheld By U.S. District Court" was an article written by the Phoenix New Times. In
2013, the City of Phoenix in Arizona passed an ordinance regulating pet stores ("the Ordinance"). Under the Ordinance, pet stores may not sell dogs or
cats obtained from persons or companies that breed animals. Pet stores may sell only animals obtained from animal shelters or rescue organizations.
Puppies 'N Love operates a pet store in Phoenix that sells purebred dogs obtained from out–of–state breeders. Puppies 'N Love and its owners filed a
suit against Phoenix in 2015,and one of its claim was that the Ordinance was a violation of the dormant Commerce Clause by closing the Phoenix
market to out–of–state

Government Interventions : An Economic Intervention
Government interventions is an economic intervention by the government or international institution in a market economy to help impact the economy
past basic regulation of fraud and enforcement of contracts. Government regulations are split into two categories, social regulation and economic
regulation. Economic regulations obtain to mainly control prices. This was intended to protect consumers and certain companies from more powerful
companies. Social regulations obtain to promote objectives that are not economic, such as safe workplaces and a cleaner environment. My Government
Interventions are the First Income tax, The Interstate Commerce Act, and The Sherman Antitrust Act. I will evaluate these interventions by describing
what it was, what the purpose of the act was, the primary and secondary costs and benefits of the intervention, and if the intervention was
economically efficient. A law enacted by the government to help control prices is called a price control. Price controls have two parts, price
ceilings and price floors. This law assists producers in setting the price ceiling and price floor in the market place. Price floors retain the price from
falling below a certain level. A price floor in the market for goods and services is the lowest legal price that can be paid. Price ceilings keep the price
from exceeding a certain level. This helps support the attempt to keep prices lower for consumers who demand a product. Although the concept of price
ceilings and

Chapter 24
Chapter 24 – Industry Comes of Age, 1865–1900 I. The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
1.Railroads began being built much more following the Civil War going from 35000 miles of track in 1865 to 192,556 miles in 1900 o Railroads were
granted land by Congress
п‚§Lands were kept from all other users while railroad companies discussed which lands for optimal for railroads which stemmed from the original
system of checker–board distribution of land to the companies
1.This was put to an end in 1887 by Cleveland
2.Towns and cities sprang from lands where railroads were built and those that were far from railroads became ghost towns
II. Spanning the Continent with Rails
1.1862–Congress calls on Union Pacific Railroad to begin building a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
1.These newer western railroads were backed by the older eastern ones like the one under Cornelius Vanderbilt, New York Central
2.New Tech: steel rails that were stronger than iron, Westinghouse air brakes, Pullman Palace Cars which were the premiere cars that had telegraphs
and block signals o Despite these advancements, death via train accidents were pretty common
V. Revolution by Railways
1.These new railroads glued the country together thus creating a massive new market and loads of jobs contributing to the industrialisation of the US.
Said industrialisation helped along mining and agriculture and brought supplies to the people that worked in said industries
2.The Great Plains, previously inhospitable, were now being populated
3.Time zones were first introduced on November 18, 1883 due to these railroads as opposed to each city having its own time zone
4.The first millionaires arose from this era of railroads
VI. Wrongdoing in Railroading
1.The Gould scandal involved embezzlement of stocks from the Pacific, Texas, Union Pacific, Kansas Pacific, and Erie railroads
2.Stock watering–The over–inflation of stock worth to sell for massive profit
3.The public were abused, judges and legislatures bribed, lobbyists pressured, rebates were given which helped the rich, and free passes used to look
good in the press; in addition,

Old Dominion Fright Line: Company Analysis
For my next minor project the company I have chosen was Old Dominion Fright Line. They are a common carrier of goods. Old Dominion Fright
Line has a lot of new technology to help their customers to ship their goods. Which would help them to be a higher degree company of caring for the
goods they ship. Some of the technology they have is for their drivers. Which has a on board camera to watch them when something happens while
they are driving like speeding or even if the truck starts swerving on the road the camera would automatic cut on and start filming. Old Dominion
Fright Line also has a Dock Yard Management System (DYM) that would help the company to keep up with the information of the shipment. It also
helps the consignor and consignee... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They pick up some of our goods to devliver to our vendors and customers. When Old Dominion Fright Line show up to are wharehouse they bring
a regular trailer or a container trailer that can be shipped by a ship. Old Dominion Fright Line then leaves it where we can load it and secure it the
way we want it. Since they drop it off and we load it and make sure everything is right on it. It takes the responiablabilty away from Old Dominion
Fright Line for any damages to the customer's goods. Old Dominion Fright Line is just responsible for bring the trailer. Since, Merchants Distributors
(MDI) is shipping the good that would make them the consignor and the vendor or customer receiving the goods would be the consignee. So, Old
dominion Fright Line will be the bailee because there are just delivering the goods. But Both Merchants Distributors (MDI) and the customer or
vendor could check with Old Dominion Fright Line about the shipment and that would be their communication about when they will receive it. Old
Dominion Fright Line would have insurance just in case of their employees are negliance with the shipment. Unless they can prove the damages of
the goods of the shipment was cause by Acts of God (tornadoes, lighting, floods and snowstorms), Acts of a public authority (public officials seize
illicit goods and health officials seize goods), Inherent nature of the goods (death of livestock or decaying of vegetable), Acts of the shipper (improper
packaging), and Acts of a public enemy (Rioters or organized

Intermodal Surface Transportation Act Of 1991 Case Study
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) was created to better the transportation infrastructure in the United States. One
of the main reasons for the act was that it "emphasized intermodalism – the seamless linking of highway, rail, air, and marine transportation"
(Schweppe, 2001). The legislation enabled the state and local government to have a greater flexibility in transportation programs such as safety, traffic
mitigation and reduced emissions. This has lead to many positive changes in the enhancement of roads and bridges along the intermodal transport
system to include historic and scenic improvements. What the legislation did not enable the federal government to be directly involved with innovative
changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At present the trucking industry functions on public roads and the railways function as privately owned. Each mode needs to be addressed equally to
make improvements. If the government implements or funds a change to a road network it should be done to either add a benefit to the rail system. As
innovations are ready to be utilized there may be a need for government assistance in implementation due to the scale of which the transportation
modes operate. The nation's railway is the largest in the world due to the amount of land mass it crosses and size of the country. A balance needs to be
achieved between the companies that own the transportation companies and the nations end goal that is beneficial to both the public and private sector.
The many different trucking and railway companies needs legislature to be in effect on a federal level so each company falls within the guidelines
across the country. The private and public sectors need to synchronized their future goals and develop timelines together to reach their end

Are United States Business Laws Effective at Promoting...
The United States ranks as the highest gross domestic product nation in the world (Wickipedia, Retrieved March 22, 2014). This ranking indicates that
millions of people buy, sell, trade and perform business transactions daily within a multitude of industries and professions. In order to preserve the trust
and integrity of our financial systems, it is imperative that the United States implement, regulate, and enforce business practices to remain relevant and
effective within the constantly changing global economic marketplace.
The United States has a long history of ensuring fair and balanced business practices through legislation. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, began a
shift in the economy from state commerce regulation to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main agencies which currently promote United States business laws and practices are the Federal Trade Commission and the Small Business
Administration.
The Federal Trade Commission, established September 26, 1914, has two key functions which include protecting consumers and promoting
competition. (ftc.gov, Retrieved March 22, 2014). Consumer protections include opposing illegal, and unjust business practices within the American
economy. The agency investigates, litigates and legislates to promote fair and sound business standards. Promotion of competition is accomplished by
the enforcement of anti–trust laws, which results in lower prices, higher quality and free movement of goods. (ftc.gov, Retrieved March 22, 2014)
Per the 2014–2015 Federal Trade Commission Performance Plan, "The agency administers a wide variety of laws and regulations such as the Federal
Trade Commission Act, Telemarketing Sales Rule, Identity Theft Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, and Clayton Act. In total, the Commission has
enforcement or administrative responsibilities under more than 70 laws (see http://www.ftc.gov/ogc/stats.shtm for a listing). The FTC also enforces
rules issued pursuant to the Federal Trade Commission Act or other laws, including the Business Opportunity Rule and the Telemarketing Sales Rule."
(ftc.gov, Retrieved March 22,

Case Study: Complete Auto Transit, Inc. V. Brady
and the use tax immunity should not have been extended to the business National Bellas Hess does in the forum. The dissent concludes by saying
that there "is no doubt that the collection of taxes from consumers is a burden but it is . . . hardly more of a burden than it is on any ordinary retail
store in the taxing state." Complete Auto Transit Following National Bellas Hess, a second case on the issue was presented to the Supreme Court. In
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, a Michigan corporation was engaged in the business of carrying vehicles for General Motors via a motor carrier.
The Mississippi Tax Commission informed the corporation that it was being assessed taxes for the transportation it was doing within the state.

Impact Of Deregulation On The Trucking Industry

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