Cohort studies are the analytical design of observational studies that are epidemiologically used to identify and quantify the relationship between exposure and outcome This article will provide knowledge about Designing A Prospective Cohort Study For Cardiovascular Intervention Learn More: https://bit.ly/2NOP5ZX Contact us: Web: https://pubrica.com/ Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/ Email: sales@pubrica.com WhatsApp : +91 9884350006 United Kingdom : +44-1143520021

1. Designing a Prospective
Cohort Study for
Cardiovascular Intervention
An Academic presentation by
Dr. Nancy Agens, Head, Technical Operations, Pubrica
Group: www.pubrica.com
Email: sales@pubrica.com

2. OUTLINE OF
TOPICS
Briefing
Intervention
Conclusion
Today's Discussion

3. OUTLINE OF
TOPICS
Briefing
Intervention
Conclusion
Today's Discussion

4. Briefing
Approximately, 30% of death among the health complications occurs due to the disorders
in heart and blood vessel. This health problem is known to be cardiovascular diseases
(CVD). In most of CVD, the death occurs due to heart attacks and strokes which accounts
for one third of premature death. CVD exhibit various signs in our body to alarm us by
showing raise in blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol that leads to overweight and obesity.
The main causative factors of CVDs are tobacco usage, alcohol abuse, unhealthy diet
and inadequate physical activity.

5. Intervention
FATS AND CARBOHYDRATE
INTAKE
(Associations of fats and
carbohydrate intake with
cardiovascular disease and mortality
in 18 countries from
FIVE CONTINENTS (PURE): A
PROSPECTIVE COHORT
STUDY
Objective / outcome - To assess the association between
fruit, vegetable and legume consumption and cardiovascular
disease and mortality in 135,335 individuals in 18 countries.
Study design & type of prospective study - Prospective
cohort study Exposure: Country-specific, validated food
frequency questionnaires Covariates: Demographics, other
lifestyle, health history, center Outcomes: Major CVD (CV death
and nonfatal MI, stroke, and heart failure) (n=4784), using
standardized definitions; total mortality (n=5796).
Population - Unbiased selection from general population in
667 urban/rural communities in 18 countries N=135,335; aged
35-70 years, without CVD at baseline.
Contd.

6. Duration - Median 7.4 years
Data collection - Data were collected at the community, household, and individual levels.
Follow ups - Detailed follow-up to be done at 3, 6, and 9 years and repeated measures of selected risk
factors, causes of death, other health outcomes, and community data to be collected.
Tools - Dietary intake of the individuals have to be recorded using validated food frequency
questionnaires. . Standardised questionnaires used to collect information about demographic
factors, socioeconomic status (education, income, and employment), lifestyle (smoking, physical
activity, and alcohol intake), health history, and medication use. Physical activity assessed using
the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Physical assessment included weight, height, waist
and hip circumferences, and blood pressure.
Retrieval drop rate - Nil

7. Intervention
BLOOD PRESSURE
AND CHOLESTEROL
LEVELS
Objective / outcome - independent associations between
young adult exposures to risk factors and later life CVD risk,
accounting for later life exposures.
Study design & type of prospective study - the ARIC
(Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study ; 2) the CARDIA
(Cardiovascular Risk Development in Young Adults) study ; 3) the
CHS study (Cardiovascular Health Study) ; 4) the FHS-O cohort
(Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort) ; 5) the Health ABC
(Health, Aging and Body Composition) study ; and 6) the MESA
study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
Contd.

8. Population - 36,030 individuals.
Duration - Adult life course
Data collection - Pooled data from multiple cohorts (which together span the adult life course), and
leveraged the risk factor patterns observed in the younger cohorts to impute unobserved young adult
exposures in the older cohorts.
Follow ups - From the cohorts
Tools - period-specific time-weighted averages (TWAs) of SBP, DBP, LDL, and HDL levels as
summary measures of young (18 to 39 years of age) and later adult (≥40 years of age) exposures to
CVD risk factors.
Retrieval drop rate - Nil

9. Morning plasma cortisol as a
cardiovascular risk factor:
findings from prospective
cohort and Mendelian
randomization studies in
European Journal of
Endocrinology
Objective / outcome - The identification of new causal risk
factors has the potential to improve cardiovascular disease
(CVD) risk prediction and the development of new treatments to
reduce CVD deaths. In the general population, we sought to
determine whether cortisol is a causal risk factor for CVD and
coronary heart disease (CHD).
Study design & type of prospective study - British Women’s
Heart and Health Study (BWHHS) BWHHS is a prospective
cohort study of 4286 women who were randomly selected from
23 British towns between 1999 and 2001 and who were aged 60–
79 years at baseline,multivariable regression in two prospective
nested case-control studies (total 798 participants, 313 incident
CVD/CHD with complete data).
Contd.
Intervention

10. Population - 4286 women
Duration - 3 years
Data collection - Serum cortisol levels were determined by radio-immunoassay (MP
Biomedicals, UK; intra-assay CV 5.1–7.0%, inter-assay CV 6.0–7.9%) on blood samples
obtained at the baseline examination after a minimum 6-h fast between 08:00 h and 17:00 h.
Follow ups - At periodic regular intervals
Tools - Serum cortisol Retrieval drop rate- Nil

11. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
(CITATION) HEALTHY
LIFESTYLE AND RISK OF
HEART FAILURE RESULTS
FROM 2 PROSPECTIVE
COHORT STUDIES SUSANNA
ET AL
Objective / outcome - healthy lifestyle factors with HF
incidence in 2 population-based prospective cohort studies.
Study design & type of prospective study - 33 966 men
(Cohort of Swedish Men) and 30 713 women (Swedish
Mammography Cohort) who were 45 to 83 years of age and
free of HF and ischemic heart disease at baseline.
Population - Study population in the current analyses were
participants of the Cohort of Swedish Men (COSM) and the
Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC).
Duration - 13 years
Data collection - Incident HF cases were ascertained by
linkage with the Swedish National Patient Register and the
Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cox proportional hazards
regression was used to analyze the data.
Contd.
InterventionIntervention

12. Follow ups - Information on smoking, weight, height, alcohol consumption, education, aspirin
use, family history of myocardial infarction before 60 years of age, and history of diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia was obtained by a self- administered
questionnaire. Through linkage with the Swedish National Patient Register, we obtained
information on diagnoses of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction.
Participants were considered to have diabetes mellitus if they had a diagnosis of diabetes
mellitus in the Swedish National Patient or Diabetes Registers or a self-report of diabetes
mellitus in the questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported weight and height
(kg/m2).
Tools - A healthy lifestyle was defined as being a nonsmoker and physically active (≥150
min/wk), and having body mass index between 18.5 and 25 kg/m2 and a healthy diet
(defined as adherence to a modified Mediterranean diet).
Retrieval drop rate - Nil

13. BEST-PRACTICE
INTERVENTIONS IN BLOOD
PRESSURE,BLOOD
GLUCOSE AND TOTAL
CHOLESTERO
L (CITATION)
objective / outcome - (best-practice) interventions could reduce
socioeconomic inequalities of coronary heart disease mortality.
Study design & type of prospective study - We undertook a
prospective cohort study on 17 186 male civil servants aged 40– 69
years between 1967 and 1970 in the UK (the Whitehall study).
Socioeconomic position was based on employment grade.
Population - 19 019 non-industrial London-based male government
employees aged 40–69 years between Sept 14, 1967,
and Jan 15, 1970 (response rate 74%).
Duration - 15 years
Contd.
Intervention

14. Data collection - A trained observer took a single blood-pressure reading from the participant's left
arm with a London School of Hygiene sphygmomanometer. We recorded systolic blood pressure at
the first appearance of the Korotkoff sounds. We took a capillary blood sample from the earlobe after
an overnight fast. Participants then drank a 50-g anhydrous dextrose preparation. We measured
plasma cholesterol concentration with the standard Technicon method N24a, and we took a second
blood sample 2 h later. We measured post-load blood glucose concentration by the ferricyanide
reduction method on an autoanalyser.
Follow ups - 15-year mortality data were obtained from the National Health Service (NHS)
Central Register with the NHS identifi cation number assigned to each citizen in the UK.
Tools - (reduction of systolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg, of total cholesterol by 2 mmol/L, and of
blood glucose by 1 mmol/L in pre-diabetic people; halving the prevalence of non-insulin- dependent
diabetes; and complete cessation of cigarette smoking) or primordial prevention.
Retrieval drop rate - 3.7%

15. PhD Assistance.com Research Lab 2019-2020
This intervention also involved in screening fasting blood
specimens, glucose, total cholesterol and high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) along with smoking status, medication
used and other necessary demographic variables can be
obtained by questionnaire.
The primary outcome of this study can be estimated for
certain time line and will be compared with Framingham
risk equations.
This equation helps in estimating the risk factors and
condition which involved in development of CVD (Maruthur,
Wang, & Appel, 2009) The adherence towards the
intervention should also been estimated for optimizing the
process.
Conclusion

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