1) (-3xy^-3)^-4/(xy^-1)^-2 = (xy^-1)^2/(-3xy^-3)^4 ( revesring the num and denom.) Now , (x^2*y^-2)/(81x^4*y^-12) = x^2-4*y^(-2+12)/81 = x^-2*y^10/81 2) x^2 +4x+3 by (x+3) x^2 +4x +3 = x^2 +3x+x +3 ( Factorising) x(x+3) +1(x+3) = (x+1)(x+3) So, we have (x+1)(x+3)/(x+3) = (x+1) 3) 4b^2 -4b -3 by 2b-1 4b^ -6b+2b -3 = 2b(2b-3) +1(2b-3) ( factorising) = (2b+1)(2b-3) (2b+1)(2b-3)/(2b-1) = 2b-3 (cancelling out common term ) 4) (7x^2 +x^3)/(x^2 +5x -14) We have to look for points where denominator is zero and function is undefined x^2 +5x -14 = x^2 +7x -2x -14 = x(x+7)-2(x+7) = (x-2)(x+7) Denominator is zero at x =2 , -7 Domain : All real except x = 2 and x =-7 Solution 1) (-3xy^-3)^-4/(xy^-1)^-2 = (xy^-1)^2/(-3xy^-3)^4 ( revesring the num and denom.) Now , (x^2*y^-2)/(81x^4*y^-12) = x^2-4*y^(-2+12)/81 = x^-2*y^10/81 2) x^2 +4x+3 by (x+3) x^2 +4x +3 = x^2 +3x+x +3 ( Factorising) x(x+3) +1(x+3) = (x+1)(x+3) So, we have (x+1)(x+3)/(x+3) = (x+1) 3) 4b^2 -4b -3 by 2b-1 4b^ -6b+2b -3 = 2b(2b-3) +1(2b-3) ( factorising) = (2b+1)(2b-3) (2b+1)(2b-3)/(2b-1) = 2b-3 (cancelling out common term ) 4) (7x^2 +x^3)/(x^2 +5x -14) We have to look for points where denominator is zero and function is undefined x^2 +5x -14 = x^2 +7x -2x -14 = x(x+7)-2(x+7) = (x-2)(x+7) Denominator is zero at x =2 , -7 Domain : All real except x = 2 and x =-7.