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Location Based Routing Protocols and its Performances in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Investigation
1. Presentation
on
Location Based Routing Protocols and its Performances
in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Investigation
(Paper Id- 206)
Presented By-
Prasanta Pratim Bairagi
Research Scholar, CSE
Faculty of Engineering &Technology
Assam Down Town University
3. Research Area
Research Area: Wireless Sensor Network
Research Topic: Location Based Routing Protocols and
its Performances in Wireless Sensor Networks: An
Investigation
3
4. Motivation
During this study, it was observed that the selected protocols
function differently in different network conditions and have
distinct working methodologies.
Furthermore it is also observed that, a WSN has a significant
degree of power dissipation at the network level, particularly
in routing.
As a result, it is essential to examine the protocols'
performances so that based on this analysis new energy
efficient routing protocol may be recommended to improve
network performance and network longevity.
4
5. Objectives
The main objectives of this paper work are mentioned below:
◦ To study different location based routing protocols in wireless sensor
networks
◦ To conduct a simulation based comparative study of different location
based routing protocols to evaluate their performances based on
different network parameters
5
6. Introduction
Wireless Sensor Network is consists of thousands of low cost sensor
devices that are communicating to each other to perform collaborative
task
It is basically a distributed autonomous network to monitor physical and
environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure and sound etc
and transmits the data through the sensor nodes to destination
Fig 1: Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) - GeeksforGeeks)
6
7. Introduction Contd..
The main elements of a wireless sensor network are a sensor device for
sensing, a CPU for processing data, a power device for power supply and
a communication device for communication in a network
Fig 2: Sensor Node Components (Sensor node - Wikipedia)
ADC- Analog to digital converter
7
8. Routing Protocol
A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each
other, distributing information that enables them to select routes
between any two nodes within a network.
Routing Protocol Classifications:
Routing protocols in WSN are mainly classified into three different
categories.
These are:
a. Flat based routing protocols.
b. Hierarchical/Cluster based routing protocols.
c. Location based routing protocols
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9. Location Based Routing Protocol
Location based routing is based on the position/location of nodes.
In this type of routing, location information of a node is required by
the sensor network to calculate the distance between two particular
nodes so that energy consumption can be estimated.
There are various types of location based protocols available in
WSN. These are :
Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)
Geographic Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)
Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR)
Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM)
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10. Literature Survey
Ref Protocols Key Features Challenges Remarks
[1, 2, 3]
Flat
Based
All nodes are active at the same
time
Each and every node plays the same
role in the entire network
Eg: SPIN, Direct Diffusion etc
Because all the nodes are
active and work together
at the same time, it is not
possible to provide a
global identification to
each sensor node
Energy
consumption is
comparatively
high
[1, 2, 4]
Cluster
Based
It creates clusters and one node is
assigned as cluster-heads
Assign different task to different
category of nodes
Eg: LEACH, PEGASIS etc
Selection of cluster head.
Synchronization
between the nodes to
form clusters.
Energy
consumption is
comparatively
low
Provides more
Scalability
[1, 2, 5]
Location
Based
GPS system is used to determine the
nodes location
A node can go to the sleep state if it
is not involved in any transmission.
Eg: GAF, GEAR, GPSR etc
Maintaining the network
topology due to its
dynamic nature of
Network
It provides high
efficiency and
Scalability
10
Table 1: Key highlights of types of routing protocols in WSNs
11. Literature Survey Contd..
Ref Protocols Key Features Challenges Remarks
[6, 7, 8] GAF
It is distributed in nature
It is based on virtual grid model
In GAF, a sensor node supports three
modes. Sleep, Active and Discovery
Neighbour node selection
is critical because it ignores
the residual energy of
active nodes
Energy
consumption is
comparatively
high
[9, 10, 11] GEAR
In GEAR, two individual techniques are
available. One is greedy neighbor
selection and the other is recursive
geographic forwarding
If region head selection is
not done efficiently, there
is a possibility of forming a
loop between the nodes
during the transmission of
packets
It has a longer
network lifespan
[12, 13,
14]
GPSR
In GPSR, two individual techniques
work together. One is greedy
forwarding and the other is perimeter
forwarding
It also keeps track of sender and
receiver addresses
If nodes are highly
movable, it is difficult to
perform greedy forwarding
efficiently
It supports
scaling of the
network
[15, 16] DREAM
In DREAM, two individual techniques
work together. One is restricted
flooding and the other is directed
flooding
Due to the constant
updating of node positions
inside the network, packet
collision or overhead may
occur
Bandwidth
wastage happens
11
Table 2: Key highlights of location based routing protocols in WSNs
13. Evaluation Parameters
Network Delay-It is the length of time it takes for a whole message to
travel from its origin to its destination.
Network throughput- The average rate of successful message
transmission across a communication link is referred to as average
throughput.
Data Delivery Ratio- Packet delivery ratio (PDR) is defined as the ratio
of total packets delivered to total packets sent from source node to
destination node in the network.
• Packet Loss Ratio- Packet loss ratio is defined as the ratio of total
packets loss to total packets sent from source node to destination node in
the network.
13
16. Conclusion
This study highlights that the performance of the
mentioned protocols varies depending on the network
parameter and network size.
It may be concluded from the simulation results that when
it comes to data loss and network delay, both GEAR and
GPSR protocol perform better when compared to the
others.
Additionally, in terms of network data delivery ratio and
average throughput GEAR performs better among all.
It also highlights that based on the performance of
protocols against the network parameters, the selection of
the best routing protocol is crucial.
16
17. Future Scope
Throughout this analysis it was discovered that, the selected
protocols perform differently under different network
conditions and have different functioning methods.
Furthermore, the overall performance of the existing GEAR
protocols is superior to the others.
As a result of these findings, new routing protocols may be
developed to improve routing performance and network
longevity.
17
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