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Anglo nepal war
- 1. Geo-Political Situation • Beginning of 17th Century, EIC opened its trade in South India • 1757 AD - formed their own force and defeated the Nawabs • By 19th Century, direct control over Delhi
- 2. Geo-Political Situation • Unification campaign in Nepal • 1784 – 86 AD – Chaubise states • 1791 – Mahakali River • 1791 – crossed River Sutlej • 1806 – Seized Kangada
- 3. Relation Between Nepal & EIC • Rise of Gorkhali power • 1767 – Capt. Kinloch expedition • 1710 – 1801 – Efforts of Diplomatic relations • EIC planned to compel Nepal to accept British proposals
- 4. Causes of War • Main causes of the war • Immediate cause of War
- 5. Main Causes of War • Policy of expansion • Growing Military power of Nepal • Failure of diplomacy • EIC commercial interests • Self over estimation • Territorial disputes • Strategic interests and objectives of EIC
- 6. Immediate Cause of War • Border dispute in Seoraj and Butwal • 1804 AD – Nepalese troops captured Palpa • EIC proposed to give Seoraj and take back Butwal • March 1814 – Border Commision • EIC gave an ultimatum of 25 days • Nepalese troops recaptured Butwal
- 8. 12:15:59 PM Maj-Gen Rollo Gillespie, 4500 Maj-Gen John Wood 4000 Maj-Gen Bennet Marley 6500 Capt Latter 2000 Anglo-Nepal War 1814-16 British Forces Line of Attack & Nepalese Defence Plan T I B E T Maj Gen Ochterlony 6000 AMAR S THAPA 5000+ UJIR S THAPA 3000 R S THAPA 4000 B THAPA 2000
- 9. 12:16:00 PM Comparison of Forces British Infantry -4,061European -31,008 Natives -17,111 Irregulars • Artillery -3,628 • Pioneers -843 Nepalese Infantry 16-18000 Artillery about 200
- 10. 12:16:00 PM
- 13. East India CompanyEast India Company Preparation for WarPreparation for War
- 14. Political Schemes of EIC Rise Ex-petty rulers against Gurakha Confine Nepal within hills Annexation of Nepalese territory Pre-conditions for a treaty: – Surrender of Culprits – Surrender of all disputed lands – War indemnity – Surrender of all lands captured by EIC
- 15. EIC Preparation contd.. Factors Considered by EIC Time of operation – limited Area of operation – mountainous Concentration of Nepalese force in two areas Field Army Capital Strategy of division and diffusion: • Independent & simultaneous attacks • Attack in two theatres separated by River Kali Strategy for InvasionStrategy for Invasion
- 16. Deharadun No 4 Div No 3 Div No2Div No1Div Bijayapur Amar Singh Thapa, Arki Palpa Makwanpur Field Army Western Theatre Eastern Theatre British Military Preparation Rohilla Khand CHINA Rangapur Gorakhpur Dinapur Saharanpur Rupar Chhauni Capital
- 17. Special arrangements Hasting’s arrangements for war: Supporting artillery European troops Ordnance Mobility & cannon for carriage Special clothing Supply depots & food stock Communication China FactorChina Factor
- 18. NepaleseNepalese Preparation for WarPreparation for War
- 19. Nepalese Preparation for War Factors Considered by Nepal – Advantages over the British • Knowledge of the Area • Experienced in fighting in the mountainous terrain – Numerical & Weaponry Inferiority – Mixed opinion & Decision Military Preparation – French expert – Manufacturing of arms and ammunitions – European titles for army – Uniforms of European pattern – Construction of Barracks – Fortification
- 20. Bijayapur Arki Palpa Makwanpur Field Army Nepalese Military Preparation Capital East India Company Deployment of Troops
- 21. Nepalese Political Maneuver Bhimsen Thapa’s diplomacy against the common enemy EIC. Marathas Gwalior Punjab Rohilla Khand Tibet China
- 22. Battle of Nalapani • Battle before the decleration of Anglo Nepal War 24th Oct -30th Nov 1814 • Battle of Khalanga • Famous – Nepalese History Plain land Fort Deharadun Nahan 7km NE Lakhand Kharsali Village Asthala Basti Tapoban
- 23. Events 22nd Oct 1814 – Col Mawby Captured Nahan 24th Oct -0430 Mawby fired cannons – single cannon could not reach fort British experience a failure – retreted
- 24. Events a) 26th Nov Gen Gillespie Shifted HQ to Foot Hills – Recce Multi directional/ simultaneous attack b) 30th Oct Gen Gillespie ordered to fire fort c) Gillespie forgot signal – Furrious d) Nepalese raid against cannons e) Nepalese aggression outside the fort, Several losses on British side including Gen Gillespie at 1115 am 30th Oct 1814 f) 30 NCO and OR died 225 injured
- 25. THIRD ATTACKTED AGAINST NALAPANI Events a) British 4x18 pounder, 2400 cannons balls, 2 x 8” Mortar 400 mortar shell and reinforcement of extra Bns cdrs Maj. Ludlow & Balduck Capt. Bucke &Caultama Construction of Road Cut off of water supply, reinforcement of Nepalese side b) Nepalese, Strengthen the fort, storage of water, food and supply. Reinforcement –Jawaladal Coy
- 26. 12:16:00 PM • Battle of Jaithak
- 27. 12:15:58 PM
- 28. BATTLE OF JITGADHBATTLE OF JITGADH Plan • Cdr - Major General John Sullivan Wood • Assigned responsibility of capturing Butwal, and up to Palpa in Nepal • On 15th November,1814 - arrived at Gorakhpur • King’s 17th Regiment and 8th Cavalry
- 29. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway Tinau River Jitgadh Butwal Gauda Siddharth Highway Nuwakot Gadhi Palpa - Cdr – Kaji Bdr Pandey - Very strong posn - 100 slodeirs- Gurubox Coy - Platoon - Sabuj Plan - 1 Plan - 2 N
- 30. First plan was not supported by Kanak Nidhi Tiwari ( Advisor to Wood) - Difficult to reachDifficult to reach - No water within 5 km radius- No water within 5 km radius Guru and advisor to ex Palpa king Prithivi Pal Trying to regain Palpa from Gorkhali Contd…
- 31. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway Tinau River Jitgadh Butwal Gauda Nuwakot Gadhi Palpa Plan - 1 - 3 Jan, 1815 – Adv from Seoraj - Guide – Kanak Nidhi - Adv along Eastern bank - Thick Sal forest-no roads and tracks - Difficult for Wood - Assembled- found only 3 coys - When further adv- found that forest was ending nearly 30yds from his loc - Little further adv – fort covered with mosses and creepers - No sight of Nidhi THE FIRST BATTLE Seoraj
- 32. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway Tinau River Jitgadh Butwal Gauda Nuwakot Gadhi Palpa Plan - 1 - Ensign Stephens was sent for recce - Found fort was deserted and vacant - While returning, barrage of gun fire - 2 soldiers were hit - Decided to wait till the remaining tps - Divided into two gps - Morale was high - Reinforcement – Col Ujir Singh Thapa - Turning in favour of Wood - Unable to read the exact picture – ordered retreat THE FIRST BATTLE Seoraj Capt Croker Gen Wood
- 33. DeadDead InjuredInjured British SideBritish Side 1919 100100 Nepal Side – Roughly the sameNepal Side – Roughly the same Contd… Casualty( Approx)
- 34. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway Tinau River Jitgadh Butwal Gauda Nuwakot Gadhi Palpa -Wood not giving up the idea of capturing Jitgadh again - 6 April, marched towards butwal - Weather deteriorated - Rise of Tinau river - British, 2 x 18 pound canon and 4 mortors - Nepal had not more than 100 soldiers - 4 x def posn- Butwal town - 2 x def posn- Butwal Darbar THE SECOND BATTLE Seoraj
- 35. Mahendra Highway Mahendra Highway Tinau River Jitgadh Butwal Gauda Nuwakot Gadhi Palpa - British opened up fire with cannons - Fire exchange continued for some time and stopped - Thought fort was destroyed and deserted - Crossing of river - Intense fire from Jitgadh - Some swam safely back to the river - Not worth it and retreated again back to his loc THE SECOND BATTLE Seoraj
- 36. 12:15:58 PM Battle of Diothal 16th April 1815
- 37. 12:15:58 PM Battle of Diothal 16th April 1815 • Introduction • Background • The Battle • Aftermath • Reasons behind Gorkhali Failure
- 38. Tactics & Principle of War British Side Political isolation of Nepal Attack in various fronts to divide the troops of Nepal Detailed preparation logistic planning Well thought out time planning for the campaign with respect to the weather and climate of Nepal Use of overwhelming force and multidirectional attack
- 39. Maximum use of local guides to gain local information Maximum use of artillery weapons Isolation and encirclement of strongly held position Use of diplomacy CONTD…..
- 40. Nepalese Side Maximum use of local resources and improvisation Well thought out selection of defensive location and defensive battle Timely counter attack Taking maximum advantage of terrain and local knowledge Good leadership
- 41. Principles of war used in the War Selection and maintenance of Aim Offensive Action Security Surprise Concentration of Force Economy of Effort Flexibility Cooperation Administration
- 42. Strong and weak points of both sides
- 43. British Side The main weaknesses were as follows:- • Lack of knowledge of adversary • Lack knowledge of the ground • Lack of information • Lack of detailed and precise planning and also lack of contingency plan • Underestimation of the adversary • Lack of training in the mountainous terrain • Lack of cohesive spirit
- 44. The positive points were as follows Good leadership Good logistic support Good fighting spirit
- 45. Nepalese Side The main weaknesses were as follows:- Lack of knowledge of adversary Lack of information Lack of good logistic backup The positive points were as follows. Good fighting spirit Good leadership
- 46. 12:15:59 PM •Results of war •Effects of war •Conclusion
- 47. RESULTS OF WAR Treaty of Sugauli New Nepalese Boarder Gorkha Recruitment Unification Campaign of Nepal Halted Increase in British Influence in Nepal
- 48. EFFECTS OF WAR Lost the 1/3 territory in the East, South and West Decisive Check for the Gorkhali Expansion Ended the possibility of Gorkhas with Marathas and Sheikhs Question mark on Sovereign status Interference in the internal politics of Nepal Gorkha recruitment started Though able to maintain the independent status Nepalese Side
- 49. EFFECTS OF WAR Position became secure in Indian sub-coninent Got the valuable territorial Income from Mines and Timber Trade route opened British resident in Nepal Gorkha recruitment started Re-structuring of Bengal Army Lost lot of Money, man and material East India Side
- 50. CONCLUSION • After the War, the expansion policy of Nepal Halted and the size of its territory was reduced by one third • Despite of heavy loss in the war, Nepalese troops were able to demonstrate outstanding courage, bravery, patriotism and leadership and able to protect its sovereignty • Nepalese became famous all over the world for their bravery