Ugnayang Bayan 2015 - UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
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![I. Overview
State of Food and Nutrition Security: World and the Philippines
Selected Philippine Food and Nutrition Security Indicators [1]
II. Legal Basis/Framework
International obligations/commitments
Relevant Philippine laws
House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill”
III. Right to Food Assessment in the Philippines[2] by APPC for FAO
Findings of “Right to Food Assessment”
Policy Recommendations
IV. Philippine Government Efforts
Presentation Outline](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Ugnayang Bayan 2015 - UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
- 1. RIGHT TO FOOD: Philippines ARSENIO M. BALISACAN Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning Visit of UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Department of Agriculture 20 February 2014
- 2. I. Overview State of Food and Nutrition Security: World and the Philippines Selected Philippine Food and Nutrition Security Indicators [1] II. Legal Basis/Framework International obligations/commitments Relevant Philippine laws House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill” III. Right to Food Assessment in the Philippines[2] by APPC for FAO Findings of “Right to Food Assessment” Policy Recommendations IV. Philippine Government Efforts Presentation Outline
- 3. STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY Global Hunger Index (GHI) - A tool developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) that is designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger globally. - Countries are ranked using a 100-point scale, with 0 being the best score (no hunger) and 100 being the worst - Combines three (3) equally weighted indices into one (1) index: 1. Undernourishment 2. Child underweight 3. Child mortality Overview
- 4. STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY • GHI in the Philippines improved for the past years, from 20.1 in 1990, to 13.1 in 2014. • Global Hunger Index or GHI in 2014: 12.5% • GHI is highest in South Asian countries and in Sub-Saharan Africa Source of basic data: GHI 2014 Report Overview 0 5 10 15 20 25 1990 1995 2000 2005 2014 GHI in the Philippines
- 5. STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY • State of undernourishment in the world has improved, with the decline in the incidence of undernourished people for the past decades at an average of 14.6%. • Majority of population who are considered hungry live in developing countries, where about 805 million people (11% of world population) are estimated to be chronically undernourished. • For 2010-2012, highest incidence of undernourishment was recorded at 26.8% for Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by the Caribbean at 17.8%. • Prevalence of undernourishment in the Philippines decreased from 24.5% (1990-1992) to about 16.2% (2011-2013). Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012, FAO Undernourishment Overview
- 6. STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY • Prevalence of underweight in children under 5 y/o has generally been decreasing for the past years. • Per 2012 MDG report, one in five children (51%) under-five in the developing countries is underweight, with highest incidence noted in Southern Asia. • Prevalence of underweight in children under 5 years in the Philippines decreased from 29.9% to about 20.2% (2009-2013). Health status of children under 5 Overview 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Incidence(%) Prevalence of underweight in children under five years (%) Bangladesh India Sri Lanka China Brazil Philippines
- 7. STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY • Almost whole of Sub-Saharan Africa showed high levels of MMR, with more than 300 deaths per 100,000 live births. • In the Philippines, 2011 MMR was recorded at 221 per 100,000 livebirths, based on the Family Health Survey. • Periodic FHS show that MMR in the Philippines have experienced a decline from 1990-2006, but have grew last 2011. Maternal Health Mapping of Global Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR, death per 100 000 live births), 2010-2014 Source: WHO Overview
- 8. Subsistence Incidence In The Philippines • From 2006-2013, subsistence incidence has decreased from 14.2% to 10.7% in families, and 10.8% to 7.7 in population. 10.8 10.0 10.0 7.7 14.2 13.3 13.4 10.7 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 2006 2009 2012 2013 Families Population Overview SELECTED PHILIPPINE FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY INDICATORS
- 9. Trend (%) in the prevalence of underweight-for-age among children, under-five years old using World Health Organization - Child Growth Standard (WHO-CGS): 1990-2011 Overview SELECTED PHILIPPINE FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY INDICATORS
- 10. Prevalence (%) of underweight-for-age children, under five years old by region using WHO-CGS: 2008 and 2011 Overview SELECTED PHILIPPINE FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY INDICATORS
- 12. a. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights b. Convention on the Rights of the Child c. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women d. Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International and Non-International Armed Conflicts Philippines Human Rights Treaties relevant to the Right to Food
- 13. • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights • The Declaration on the Rights of the Child • The Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition • The Declaration on Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflicts • The Code of Ethics for International Trade • The Declaration on the Right to Development • The Rome Declaration on World Food Security • The Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security • High-Level Conference on World Food Security: the Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy Other human rights instruments
- 14. Philippine laws and related jurisprudence focussing on normative entitlements to food Relevant Philippine laws 47 - Food Availability , 17 Food Accessibility , 25 Food Safety , 10
- 15. House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill”
- 16. • Introduced by Reps. Ibarra Gutierrez III and Walden Bello of Akbayan Partylist, Rep. Arlene Bag-ao of Dinagat Islands, and Rep. Jose Christopher Belmonte of Quezon City in February 2014 • Takes off from Philippine commitments as a state-party to ICESCR and the FAO’s Right to Food Guidelines adopted in 2004; and Article II of the Philippine Constitution House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill” Government Obligations • States that the government has a duty to respect, protect, and fulfil the right to adequate food.
- 17. Salient Provisions: Targets • Reduce the incidence of hunger from current levels by 25% every 2.5 years • increase of land devoted to food production to 50% within 10 years Institutional Changes • Creates the Commission on the Right to Adequate Food, attached to the Commission on Human Rights • Creates the Inter-Agency Council on the Right to Adequate Food • Includes a provision mandating the rationalization of existing laws, in accordance with the right to adequate food House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill”
- 18. RIGHT TO FOOD ASSESSMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES[1]
- 19. Assessment of the Philippine Legal Framework Governing the Right to Food • Despite the surfeit of laws, the Philippine legal framework governing the right to food falls short of the imperatives for realizing the right to food. • Recourse mechanisms to seek state protection due to violation of an individual’s right to food are in place but this may be negated by other barriers such as the costs of litigation and access to advocates. • The legal framework is neither coherent nor complementary.
- 20. Assessment of the Philippine Legal Framework Governing the Right to Food • The weaknesses of the Philippine legal framework governing the right to food can be traced to: – the lack of explicit recognition of the right to food by the country’s fundamental law; and – the lack of a national food policy.
- 21. Policy Recommendations of the Study • Adoption of a national food policy, with the full and active participation of all actors in the public and private spheres. • Rationalization of the food legal framework.
- 23. PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT EFFORTS PDP Strategies on Food Security (2013-2016) 1. Raise productivity and incomes of agriculture and fishery-based households and enterprises • Diversify production • Complete the delineation of municipal waters • Improve rural infra and facilities • Develop markets and sharpen regulatory competency • Strengthen RD&E • Improve sector’s credit access • Secure food availability and accessibility
- 24. PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT EFFORTS PDP Strategies on Food Security (2013-2016) 2. Increase investments and employment across and efficient value chain • Create job opportunities • Localize agricultural promotion and development • Promote value-adding • Promote vertical and horizontal integration • Strengthen country’s agricultural exports • Expand investments in aquaculture and other food production areas 3. Transform ARBs into viable entrepreneurs
- 25. PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT EFFORTS PDP Strategies on Nutrition Security (2013-2016) 1. Reduce disparities in nutrition by focusing on population groups and areas highly affected by or at risk of malnutrition 2. Devote more resources to interventions with a greater impact on undernutrition among children under–five 3. Revive, identify, adopt, and propagate good practices and models for nutrition improvement 4. Increase food supply at the community level through food production programs and development and the maintenance of facilities 5. Improve access to food by generating employment and building capacities for higher employability 6. Protect the vulnerable from food insecurity through food-based safety nets, e.g. direct distribution of rice, emergency employment 7. Strengthen and nurture interagency structures for integrated and coordinated implementation of nutrition and related services at national and local levels
- 26. RIGHT TO FOOD: Philippines ARSENIO M. BALISACAN Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning Visit of UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Department of Agriculture 20 February 2014
Editor's Notes
- Good morning.
- This slides shows the outline of the presentation. Sources: [1] Philippines Fifth Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (2014). Downloaded from: http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MDG-Progress-Report-5-Final.pdf [2] Abad-Santos, C., Edillon, R., Piza, S.F., delos Reyes, V., & Diokno, M. S. (2010). Right to Food Assessment Philippines. Downloaded from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap596e/ap596e.pdf
- This slides introduces the Global Hunger Index (GHI) as a multidimensional statistical tool developed by IFPRI that measures progress in the global fight against hunger. GHI uses a 100-point scale as shown in the figure, with 0 being the best score (no hunger) and 100 being the worst GHI captures three dimensions of hunger: insufficient availability of food, shortfalls in the nutritional status of children, and child mortality (which is to a large extent attributable to undernutrition).
- GHI is recorded to be 12.5% for 2014 compared to the 20.6% for 1990. This represents a 39% decrease of value for the given period. According to the GHI 2014 Report, hunger is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa has a GHI of 18.2, while is at 18.1 for South Asia. This means that the hunger situation in these two regions is still serious following the index’s categorization. For the Philippines, GHI has been improving for the past years. Starting from 20.1 in 1990, it has consistently decreased and reached 13.1 last 2014.
- State of undernourishment in the world has improved, with the decline in the incidence of undernourished people for the past decades at an average of 14.6%. It must be noted however that majority of population who are considered hungry live in developing countries, where about 805 million people (or around 11% of world population) are estimated to be undernourished. Prevalence of undernourishment in the Philippines decreased from 24.5% (1990-1992) to about 16.2% (2011-2013).
- Prevalence of underweight in children under 5 y/o has generally been decreasing for the past years. The table shows a decreasing trend for some selected countries. Even in the Philippines, there is a decreasing trend. However, the 20.2% national average for the period 2009-2013 still means that there are around two in every ten Filipino children aged zero to five years old are underweight-for-age.
- As per WHO, the number of maternal deaths decreased by 45% between 1990 and 2013. The density map shows where the most MMR is concentrated. The whole of Sub-Saharan Africa showed high levels of MMR, with more than 300 deaths per 100,000 live births. For the Philippines, 2011 MMR was recorded at 221 per 100,000 livebirths based on the Family Health Survey.
- The succeeding slides shows selected indicators for the Philippines related to Right to Food. The graph shows an improvement on the subsistence incidence among families and population from 2006-2013. The decrease in subsistence incidence among population from 14.2 percent in 2006 to 10.7 percent in 2013 implies that 1 out of every 10 Filipinos do not have income adequate enough to meet basic food needs.
- As shown in the graph, the prevalence of underweight children under-five years old have decreased by 0.4 percentage points from 2008 to 2011, but there are still regions with very high prevalence of underweight-for-age. As per the Philippines Fifth Progress Report on the MDGs, there is still a medium probability that the country’s MDG target of 13.6% prevalence of underweight children under-five years old will be achieved. (The medium probability means that in the pace of progress , there is around 50%-90% chance that it will be achieved) Source: Philippines Fifth Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (2014). Downloaded from: http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MDG-Progress-Report-5-Final.pdf
- As a follow-thru to the previous slide, these density maps shows the regions with very high prevalence of underweight-for-age. These include the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) with 26.2 percent; Eastern Visayas, 25.7 percent; Bicol, 25.3 percent; Zamboanga Peninsula, 25.2 percent and SOCCSKSARGEN, 25.1 percent Source: Philippines Fifth Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (2014). Downloaded from: http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MDG-Progress-Report-5-Final.pdf
- This section discusses the legal basis or framework related to the Right to Food.
- These treaties were ratified in the Philippines and are part of Philippine law through the process of transformation, a constitutional mechanism governed by Section, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution. a. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which recognizes the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger and the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food; b. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, which recognizes the right of the child to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health, including access to adequate nutritious food and clean drinking-water. c. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ensures appropriate services in connection with pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation; and d. The Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International and Non-International Armed Conflicts which recognizes the right of persons whose liberty is restricted to food and drinking water, and expressly prohibits “starvation of civilians as a method of combat. Further to this, the passage of the International Code of Marketing Breastmilk Substitutes; by virtue of Executive Order 51, which affirms “the right of every child and every pregnant and lactating woman to be adequately nourished,” is now part of Philippine law.
- Other human rights instruments relevant to the right to food also form part of Philippine law through the process of incorporation: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which guarantees the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being, including food; the Declaration has been enforced by the Court in a number of decisions and is “now recognized as customarily binding” on the Philippines; The Declaration on the Rights of the Child, which enunciates the right of a child to adequate nutrition; The Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition, which recognizes “the inalienable right to be free from hunger and malnutrition;” The Declaration on Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflicts, which affirms the right to food of women and children in situations of emergency and armed conflict; Among other human rights instruments.. (Other laws can be discussed further below) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Code of Ethics for International Trade, which introduces general principles “to protect the health of the consumer and ensure fair practices in the trade in food,” and recognizes the right of consumers to safe, sound and wholesome food and to protection from unfair trade practices; The Declaration on the Right to Development, which urges states to take all necessary measures to realize the right to development and ensure equality of opportunity for all in their access to basic resources, including food; The Rome Declaration on World Food Security, which reaffirms the right to adequate food and to be free from hunger, and prohibits the use of food “as an instrument for political and economic pressure;” The Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security (hereafter referred to as the Right to Food Guidelines), which provide practical examples of how states may comply with their obligations related to the right to food; and High-Level Conference on World Food Security: the Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy, whose declaration recognizes the Right to Food Guidelines as the framework for the implementation of the different operational recommendations of the Outcome of the Summit.
- In the Philippines, there already exist 47 laws and related jurisprudence focussing on normative entitlements to food. It can be summarized in the figure presented. In addition to these laws, the latest effort that is still in the pipeline is the House Bill 3795 “Right to Adequate Food Bill” which will be highlighted in the succeeding slides.
- The said bill aims to respond to this problem by harmonizing the provisions of all laws related to the right to adequate food , clarify the content and scope of the right, and establish standards for compliance. It highlights the obligation of the government to respect, protect, and fulfil the right to adequate food.
- Among the bill’s targets are to reduce the incidence of hunger from current levels by 25% every 2.5 years, and to increase of land devoted to food production to 50% within 10 years The proposed bill also sets the path for the creation of the Commission on the Right to Adequate Food. It also creates the Inter-Agency Council on the Right to Adequate Food to be headed by the Chairperson of the Commission on the Right to Adequate Food.
- This section discusses the results of the study developed by APPC for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Among the authors of this study is ADG Rose Edillon and Dir. Carlos Abad-Santos of NEDA. The general objective of the assessment is to provide analytical support to the Philippine Government in its efforts to mitigate the incidence of hunger in the country and to address the underlying causes of food insecurity in the Philippines. Source: [1] Abad-Santos, C., Edillon, R., Piza, S.F., delos Reyes, V., & Diokno, M. S. (2010). Right to Food Assessment Philippines. Downloaded from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap596e/ap596e.pdf
- Results of the study indicates that the Philippine legal framework does not sufficiently incorporate human rights obligations arising from the right to food; neither does it heed the Right to Food Guidelines. While the Philippine legal framework reflects some steps government has taken to comply with obligations of progressive realization, these steps are clearly insufficient to alleviate the hunger situation in the country. The legal framework is neither coherent nor complementary: while some laws contribute to hunger alleviation, these are not pursued in tandem with the rest of the laws.
- In summary, the weaknesses of the Philippine legal framework governing the right to food can be traced to the lack of explicit recognition of the right to food by the country’s fundamental law, and to the lack of a national food policy that should serve as the overarching framework to address hunger.
- The study therefore recommends the adoption of a national food policy. This policy should include concrete measures that address food production, processing, distribution, consumption, food prices, income and employment, and other normative entitlements inherent in the right to food requires the adoption of a rights-based approach, rather than a minimum basic needs approach, towards hunger eradication. The study also recommends the rationalization of the food legal framework. This could be done by synchronizing laws with the right to food, addressing contradictions in policy objectives within and among the various laws, correcting flaws and ambiguities, repealing those laws that obstruct the realization of the right to food, among others.
- After this presentation, partner government agencies will be discussing their programs and projects related to the right to food. To begin this, we want to highlight a few points based from strategies identified under the Philippine Development Plan that is related to the Right to Food.