When dignitaries broke ground on the Access to the Region’s Core (ARC) project in northern New Jersey in 2009, it was supposed to be a celebration to signal the start of a bright new future. Creating a commuter rail tunnel under the Hudson River was not a particularly new or difficult idea, but it was viewed as a critical need. The project was first proposed in 1995, and every New Jersey governor after that time had publicly sup- ported the need for the tunnel. The reasons were compelling: The entire commuter rail system connecting New York and New Jersey was supported by only one congested 100-year-old, two-track railroad tunnel into an overcrowded Penn Station in midtown Manhattan; both tracks had reached capacity and could no longer accommodate growth. Passengers were making more than 500,000 trips through Penn Station every day, with station congestion and overcrowding the norm. The project was especially critical for New Jersey residents because their commuter ridership to New York had more than quadrupled in the past 20 years from10 million annual trips to more than 46 million annual passenger trips. In the peak hours, the New Jersey Transit Authority operated 20 of the 23 trains heading into or out of New York. Building the ARC would double the number of New Jersey Transit commuter trains, from 45 to about 90, that could come into Manhattan every morning at rush hour. · In the face of such congestion and perceived need, the ARC project was conceived to include the following elements: · Two new tracks under the Hudson River and the New Jersey Palisades · A new six-track passenger station, to be known as “New York Pennsylvania Station Extension” (NYPSE) under 34th Street, with passenger connection to Penn Station · A new rail loop near the Lautenberg Secaucus Junction station to allow two northern New Jersey line trains access to New York City · A midday rail storage yard in Kearny, New Jersey Proponents also argued the environmental advantages of the project, noting that the ARC project would eliminate 30,000 daily personal automobile trips, taking 22,000 cars off the roads and resulting in 600,000 fewer daily vehicle miles traveled. The project was expected to thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 66,000 tons each year. The ARC project was anticipated to take eight years to complete, coming into service in 2017. The cost of the project was significant, as the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) reported the project cost as $8.7 billion in their Annual Report. In order to share the burden of the project costs, the funding as originally proposed included the following sources: · Federal government: $4.5 billion
 · Port Authority of New York and New Jersey: · $3.0 billion
New Jersey Turnpike Authority: $1.25 billion A final important feature of the funding plan limited the exposure of the federal government for any project overruns, meaning that the government was locked into its original commitment amount only. Any .

1. When dignitaries broke ground on the Access to the Region’s
Core (ARC) project in northern New Jersey in 2009, it was
supposed to be a celebration to signal the start of a bright new
future. Creating a commuter rail tunnel under the Hudson River
was not a particularly new or difficult idea, but it was viewed as
a critical need. The project was first proposed in 1995, and
every New Jersey governor after that time had publicly sup-
ported the need for the tunnel. The reasons were compelling:
The entire commuter rail system connecting
New York and New Jersey was supported by only one congested
100-year-old, two-track railroad tunnel into an overcrowded
Penn Station in midtown Manhattan; both tracks had reached
capacity and could no longer accommodate growth. Passengers
were making more than 500,000 trips through Penn Station
every day, with station congestion and overcrowding the norm.
The project was especially critical for New Jersey residents
because their commuter ridership to New York had more than
quadrupled in the past 20 years from10 million annual trips to
more than 46 million annual passenger trips. In the peak hours,
the New Jersey Transit Authority operated 20 of the 23 trains
heading into or out of New York. Building the ARC would
double the number of New Jersey Transit commuter trains, from
45 to about 90, that could come into Manhattan every morning
at rush hour.
· In the face of such congestion and perceived need, the ARC
project was conceived to include the following elements:
· Two new tracks under the Hudson River and the New Jersey
Palisades
· A new six-track passenger station, to be known as “New York
Pennsylvania Station Extension” (NYPSE) under 34th Street,
with passenger connection to Penn Station
· A new rail loop near the Lautenberg Secaucus Junction station
to allow two northern New Jersey line trains access to New
York City

2. · A midday rail storage yard in Kearny, New Jersey
Proponents also argued the environmental advantages of the
project, noting that the ARC project would eliminate 30,000
daily personal automobile trips, taking 22,000 cars off the roads
and resulting in 600,000 fewer daily vehicle miles traveled. The
project was expected to thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by nearly 66,000 tons each year.
The ARC project was anticipated to take eight years to
complete, coming into service in 2017. The cost of the project
was significant, as the Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
reported the project cost as $8.7 billion in their Annual Report.
In order to share the burden of the project costs, the funding as
originally proposed included the following sources:
· Federal government: $4.5 billion
· Port Authority of New York and New Jersey:
· $3.0 billion New Jersey Turnpike Authority: $1.25 billion
A final important feature of the funding plan limited the
exposure of the federal government for any project overruns,
meaning that the government was locked into its original
commitment amount only. Any cost overruns or project
slippages would have to be covered exclusively by the state of
New Jersey.
The contracts for various parts of the project began to be
awarded following competitive bidding in June 2009, and the
first tunneling contract was awarded in May 2010. Within little
more than three months, rumbles began being heard from the
New Jersey governor’s office on the viability of the project.
Governor Chris Christie ran and was elected on the promise of
reining in what many viewed as out- of-control spending by the
state’s legislature, coupled with some of the highest property
and business taxes in the country. As a self-described “budget
hawk,” Christie was increasingly troubled by rumors of cost
overruns in the ARC project. Worse, all projections for
completion of the project pointed to a much higher final price
tag than the original $8.7 billion estimate.

3. In early September 2010, Governor Christie ordered a
temporary halt in awarding new contracts for the project until
his office had a chance to study project cost projections more
thoroughly. This issue was highlighted when U.S.
Transportation Secretary
FIGURE 14.4 Artist’s Rendition of Underground Train Platform
at Penn Station for ARC Project Source: Star-Ledger
Ray LaHood, though a supporter of the tunnel, publicly
admitted that federal estimates showed the project could go
between $1 billion and $4 billion over budget. Christie
suspected that even those estimates might be low, putting his
state on the hook for a potentially huge new debt, at a time
when the economy was sour and the state was already
desperately seeking means to trim runaway spending. As
additional evidence of highly suspect initial cost estimates,
Christie’s supporters pointed to the recently completed “Big
Dig” project in Boston, which started with an initial price tag of
$2.5 billion and ultimately ended up costing well over $14
billion to complete.
Governor Christie first canceled the contract on October 7,
2010, citing cost overruns for which he said the state had no
way to pay. The following day, he agreed to temporarily
suspend his cancellation order so that he could try to resolve the
funding dilemma with federal transportation officials and other
project stakeholders. After a two-week period to analyze all
their options, the governor made the cancellation official.
Christie said that given the impact of the recession and the
probability of continuing cost overruns, the state could no
longer afford the tunnel’s escalating costs. More than a half-
billion dollars had already been spent on construction,
engineering, and land acquisition for a project that was
budgeted at $8.7 billion, but which the governor said could go
as high as $14 billion. “The only prudent move is to end this
project,” Governor Christie said at a Trenton news conference.

4. “I can’t put taxpayers on a never-ending hook.”30
Questions
1. How would you respond to the argument that it is impossible
to judge how successful a project like this one would have been
unless you actually do it?
2. Take a position, either pro or con, on Christie’s decision to
kill the ARC. Develop arguments to support your point of view.
3. In your opinion, how clearly must a large infra- structure
project like ARC have determined its need, costs, and so forth
before being approved? If the criteria are too stringent, what is
the implication for future projects of this type? Would any ever
be built?