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Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi (Anura, Leptodactylidae)
Author(s): Denise de C. Rossa-Feres and Jorge Jim
Source: Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 536-539
Published by: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
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2. SHORTER COMMUNICATIONSSHORTER COMMUNICATIONS
in spite of the vulnerability of such assemblages to
human predation. This observation agrees with ob-
servations made on Hispaniolan snakes that suggests
opportunistic predation by boas on ubiquitous prey
species (Henderson et al., 1987).
Acknowledgments.-The members of the Sociedad
Espeleologica de Puerto Rico and the Sociedad Av-
ance Espeleologico have been very kind in guiding
me to caves and assisting with field work. Robert W.
Henderson and two anonymous reviewers helped to
improve the manuscript. Juan Fernandez, EdgarViz-
quez, Francisco Marcano,Jose Quifiones, and Manuel
Gonzaez assisted with field work. The office of
C.E.C.I.A.at Inter American University of Puerto Rico,
Bayam6n Campus provided logistic and some eco-
nomic support. The Department of Natural Resources
of Puerto Rico granted the permit to capture bats.
Ivonne Rivera kindly typed the manuscript. Brenda
Valentin proof-read the manuscript and MariaQuiles
helped with the figure.
LrERATURECrrED
EWEL,J.J.,ANDJ.L. WHITMORE.1973. The Ecological
Life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. Forest Serv. Reserch Pap. ITF-8,USDA.
GRANT, C. 1932. Notes on the boas of Puerto Rico
and Mona. J.Dept. Agic. Puerto Rico. 16:327-329.
.1933. Notes on Epicratesinornatus (Rein-
hardt). Copeia 1933:224-225.
HARDY,J. D. 1957. Batpredation by the Cuban boa,
EpicratesanguliferBibron. Copeia 1957:151-152.
HENDERSON,R. W. 1993. Foraging and diet in West
Indian Corallusenydris(Serpentes:Boidae). J. Her-
petol. 27:24-28.
, T.A. NOESKE-HALLIN,J.A. OTTENWALDER,AND
A. SCHWARTZ.1987. On the diet of the boa Epi-
cratesstriatuson Hispaniola, with notes on E.fordi
and E.gracilis.Amphibia-Reptilia 8:251-258.
LILLYWHITE,H. B., AND R. W. HENDERSON. 1993. Be-
havioral and functional ecology of arborealsnakes.
In R. A. Seigel and J. T. Collins (eds.), Snakes:
Ecology and Behavior,pp. 1-48. McGraw-Hill,New
York.
PEREZ-RIVERA,R.A., AND M. J.VELEZ,JR. 1978. Notas
sobre algunas culebras de Puerto Rico. Science-
Ciencia 6:68-73.
REAGAN,D. P. 1984. Ecology of the Puerto Rican boa
(Epicratesinornatus)in the Luquillo mountains of
Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. 20:119-126.
RIVERO,J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto
Rico. Editorial Universitaria, Rio Piedras.
RODRIGUEZ-DURAN,A. 1995. Metabolic rates and
thermal conductance in four species of neotropical
bats roosting in hot-caves. Comp. Biochem. Phys-
iol. 110A:347-355.
, AND A. R. LEWIS.1985. Seasonal predation
by Merlins on soothy mustached bats in western
Puerto Rico. Biotropica 17:71.
, AND . 1987. Patterns of population
size, diet, and activity time for a multispecies as-
semblage of bats at a cave in Puerto Rico. Carib.
J. Sci. 23:352-360.
RODRfGUEZ,G., AND D. P. REAGAN. 1984. Bat pre-
dation by the Puerto Rico boa (Epicratesinornatus).
Copeia 1984:219-220.
in spite of the vulnerability of such assemblages to
human predation. This observation agrees with ob-
servations made on Hispaniolan snakes that suggests
opportunistic predation by boas on ubiquitous prey
species (Henderson et al., 1987).
Acknowledgments.-The members of the Sociedad
Espeleologica de Puerto Rico and the Sociedad Av-
ance Espeleologico have been very kind in guiding
me to caves and assisting with field work. Robert W.
Henderson and two anonymous reviewers helped to
improve the manuscript. Juan Fernandez, EdgarViz-
quez, Francisco Marcano,Jose Quifiones, and Manuel
Gonzaez assisted with field work. The office of
C.E.C.I.A.at Inter American University of Puerto Rico,
Bayam6n Campus provided logistic and some eco-
nomic support. The Department of Natural Resources
of Puerto Rico granted the permit to capture bats.
Ivonne Rivera kindly typed the manuscript. Brenda
Valentin proof-read the manuscript and MariaQuiles
helped with the figure.
LrERATURECrrED
EWEL,J.J.,ANDJ.L. WHITMORE.1973. The Ecological
Life zones of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Is-
lands. Forest Serv. Reserch Pap. ITF-8,USDA.
GRANT, C. 1932. Notes on the boas of Puerto Rico
and Mona. J.Dept. Agic. Puerto Rico. 16:327-329.
.1933. Notes on Epicratesinornatus (Rein-
hardt). Copeia 1933:224-225.
HARDY,J. D. 1957. Batpredation by the Cuban boa,
EpicratesanguliferBibron. Copeia 1957:151-152.
HENDERSON,R. W. 1993. Foraging and diet in West
Indian Corallusenydris(Serpentes:Boidae). J. Her-
petol. 27:24-28.
, T.A. NOESKE-HALLIN,J.A. OTTENWALDER,AND
A. SCHWARTZ.1987. On the diet of the boa Epi-
cratesstriatuson Hispaniola, with notes on E.fordi
and E.gracilis.Amphibia-Reptilia 8:251-258.
LILLYWHITE,H. B., AND R. W. HENDERSON. 1993. Be-
havioral and functional ecology of arborealsnakes.
In R. A. Seigel and J. T. Collins (eds.), Snakes:
Ecology and Behavior,pp. 1-48. McGraw-Hill,New
York.
PEREZ-RIVERA,R.A., AND M. J.VELEZ,JR. 1978. Notas
sobre algunas culebras de Puerto Rico. Science-
Ciencia 6:68-73.
REAGAN,D. P. 1984. Ecology of the Puerto Rican boa
(Epicratesinornatus)in the Luquillo mountains of
Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci. 20:119-126.
RIVERO,J.A. 1978. Los anfibios y reptiles de Puerto
Rico. Editorial Universitaria, Rio Piedras.
RODRIGUEZ-DURAN,A. 1995. Metabolic rates and
thermal conductance in four species of neotropical
bats roosting in hot-caves. Comp. Biochem. Phys-
iol. 110A:347-355.
, AND A. R. LEWIS.1985. Seasonal predation
by Merlins on soothy mustached bats in western
Puerto Rico. Biotropica 17:71.
, AND . 1987. Patterns of population
size, diet, and activity time for a multispecies as-
semblage of bats at a cave in Puerto Rico. Carib.
J. Sci. 23:352-360.
RODRfGUEZ,G., AND D. P. REAGAN. 1984. Bat pre-
dation by the Puerto Rico boa (Epicratesinornatus).
Copeia 1984:219-220.
SILVA-TABOADA,G. 1979. Los murcielagos de Cuba.
Acad. de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba.
SWANEPOEL,P., AND H. H. GENOWAY. 1983. Brachy-
phyllacavernarum.Mammalian species account No.
205, pp. 1-6. The Am. Soc. of Mammalogists.
TUTTLE,M. D. 1974. An improved trap for bats. J.
Mammal. 55:475-477.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
Journalof Herpetology,Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 536-539, 1996
Copyright 1996 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi
(Anura, Leptodactylidae)
DENISE DE C. ROSSA-FERES,1 AND JORGE JIM,2
'DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadualPaulis-
ta,CaixaPostal136,CEP15054-000,SdoJosedoRioPreto,
Sao Paulo, Brasil.E-mail:denise@condor.polo.ibilce.unesp.
Br,and2DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadual
Paulista,CEP18618-000, Botucatu,SaoPaulo,Brasil.
The genera ProceratophrysMiranda-Ribeiro, 1920,
and OdontophrynusReinhardt and Luetken, 1862 (Tel-
matobiinae, Odontophrynini), are closely related and
differ mainly by osteological characteristics (Lynch,
1971). Odontophrynusmoratoi,the smallest species in
the genus, shows features intermediate between the
genera Proceratophrysand Odontophrynus;however, it
has been placed in the genus Odontophrynusbecause
diagnostic features of the latter genus predominate
(Jim and Caramaschi, 1980).
Twelve species are currently known in Procerato-
phrys and eight in Odontophrynus(Frost, 1985; Wey-
goldt and Peixoto, 1985; Cei, 1987; Giaretta and Sa-
zima, 1993). Tadpoles of six species of Proceratophrys
(Peixoto et al., 1984; Giaretta and Sazima, 1993) and
seven of Odontophrynus(Caramaschi, 1979; Cei, 1987)
have been described. Herein we describe the tadpole
of 0. moratoiand provide comments concerning its
current generic allocation.
The use of morphological characters primarily fol-
low Altig and Johnston (1986; 1989)and Johnston and
Altig (1986). The analysis of Odontophrynustadpoles
was based on original and subsequent descriptions
(Cei, 1980 and 1987) and drawings, and reinterpreted
according to Johnston and Altig (1986). Tadpoles of
six species of Proceratophrysand of 0. americanusand
0. carvalhoiwere borrowed from the Jorge Jim col-
lection, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Es-
tadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (JJ),Eugenio Iz-
ecksohn collection, Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brazil (EI)and Museu de Hist6ria
Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cam-
pinas, SP, Brazil (ZUEC) (Leviton et al., 1985). Mea-
surements were made with an ocular grid at 10x
SILVA-TABOADA,G. 1979. Los murcielagos de Cuba.
Acad. de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba.
SWANEPOEL,P., AND H. H. GENOWAY. 1983. Brachy-
phyllacavernarum.Mammalian species account No.
205, pp. 1-6. The Am. Soc. of Mammalogists.
TUTTLE,M. D. 1974. An improved trap for bats. J.
Mammal. 55:475-477.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
Journalof Herpetology,Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 536-539, 1996
Copyright 1996 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles
Tadpole of Odontophrynus moratoi
(Anura, Leptodactylidae)
DENISE DE C. ROSSA-FERES,1 AND JORGE JIM,2
'DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadualPaulis-
ta,CaixaPostal136,CEP15054-000,SdoJosedoRioPreto,
Sao Paulo, Brasil.E-mail:denise@condor.polo.ibilce.unesp.
Br,and2DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadeEstadual
Paulista,CEP18618-000, Botucatu,SaoPaulo,Brasil.
The genera ProceratophrysMiranda-Ribeiro, 1920,
and OdontophrynusReinhardt and Luetken, 1862 (Tel-
matobiinae, Odontophrynini), are closely related and
differ mainly by osteological characteristics (Lynch,
1971). Odontophrynusmoratoi,the smallest species in
the genus, shows features intermediate between the
genera Proceratophrysand Odontophrynus;however, it
has been placed in the genus Odontophrynusbecause
diagnostic features of the latter genus predominate
(Jim and Caramaschi, 1980).
Twelve species are currently known in Procerato-
phrys and eight in Odontophrynus(Frost, 1985; Wey-
goldt and Peixoto, 1985; Cei, 1987; Giaretta and Sa-
zima, 1993). Tadpoles of six species of Proceratophrys
(Peixoto et al., 1984; Giaretta and Sazima, 1993) and
seven of Odontophrynus(Caramaschi, 1979; Cei, 1987)
have been described. Herein we describe the tadpole
of 0. moratoiand provide comments concerning its
current generic allocation.
The use of morphological characters primarily fol-
low Altig and Johnston (1986; 1989)and Johnston and
Altig (1986). The analysis of Odontophrynustadpoles
was based on original and subsequent descriptions
(Cei, 1980 and 1987) and drawings, and reinterpreted
according to Johnston and Altig (1986). Tadpoles of
six species of Proceratophrysand of 0. americanusand
0. carvalhoiwere borrowed from the Jorge Jim col-
lection, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Es-
tadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (JJ),Eugenio Iz-
ecksohn collection, Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, RJ,Brazil (EI)and Museu de Hist6ria
Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cam-
pinas, SP, Brazil (ZUEC) (Leviton et al., 1985). Mea-
surements were made with an ocular grid at 10x
* Send correspondence to D. C. Rossa-Feres.* Send correspondence to D. C. Rossa-Feres.
536536
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3. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
I 5
5 mm
1
FIG.1. Odontophrynusmoratoitadpole at stage 37 of Gosner (1960), (A) Dorsal view, (B) Lateral view.
magnification, except for the total, body, and tail
lengths, which were measured with a caliper. Mouth
parts were cleared in 4% potassium hydroxide and
prepared on temporary slides with lactic acid. Mouth
parts were drawn with aid of a phase contrast light
microscope. Odontophrynusmoratoi tadpoles are de-
posited in the JJCollection.
OdontophrynusmoratoiJim and Caramaschi, 1980
(tadpole)
SpecimensExamined.-JJ 6943 to JJ6973:112 tadpoles
obtained by the authors from small, shallow streams
in Rubiao Junior, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil (ap-
proximately 22?53'S,4830'W), between February 1983
and January 1984.
Measurementsin mm.-Mean + SD (range) of nine
specimens at developmental stage 37 (Gosner, 1960):
total length 31.7 ? 2.35 (28.4-35.4); body length 13.3
? 1.0 (12.0-15.0); tail length 18.3 + 1.68 (15.4-20.6);
maximum body height 6.3 + 0.26 (6.0-6.8); maximum
body width 7.4 + 0.63 (6.6-8.3); eye diameter 1.7 ?
0.12 (1.6-2.0); nostril diameter 0.2 ? 0.08 (0.1-0.3);
interorbital distance 1.54 + 0.12 (1.3-1.7); internarial
distance 1.5 ? 0.13 (1.3-1.7); eye-nostril distance 0.7
? 0.07 (0.6-0.8); eye-snout distance 1.9 ? 0.29 (1.5-
2.5); dorsal fin depth 2.2 ? 0.25 (1.8-2.7).
Description.-Body elliptical in dorsal view (Fig. 1A),
depressed/globular in lateral view (Fig. 1B); snout
rounded; eyes large, dorsal, laterally directed; nostrils
dorsal, small and rounded, aperture level with body
surface, internal border slightly elevated; spiracle sin-
istral, on medium third of body, short, without free
edge; spiracle tube fused to body wall, with elliptical
opening directed posterodorsally; vent tube dextral,
attached to ventral fin entire length.
Oral disc ventral, emarginate laterally, with single
row of marginal papillae, except on upper ridge (Fig.
2A); inframarginal papillae absent; papillae large,
conical, with rounded tips; labial teeth black, slightly
curved toward mouth, often with five to six cusps,
with slightly divergent tips (Figs. 2Band 2C);distance
between adjacent teeth about one-half width of a sin-
gle tooth; tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1); innermost up-
per row interrupted medially by a gap approximately
one-third length of outermost upper row; innermost
lower row interrupted medially by approximately a
three-tooth gap; outermost lower row approximately
two-thirds adjacent tooth row. Jawsheaths heavy, ser-
rated, entirely black; upper sheath slightly convex;
lower sheath U-shaped; serrations triangular, point-
ed; serration density approximately 29/mm, a single
serration 3.7 Am wide.
Tail with maximum depth slightly shallower than
body, tip rounded; caudal musculature heavy, deeper
than dorsal fin as faras approximately one-half length
of tail; dorsal fin deeper than ventral fin; ventral fin
rectilineal.
In life, body reddish brown with few silver-gray
dots dorsally and laterally; a rectangular dark spot on
origin of dorsal fin; venter transparent;tail light brown
with few sparse dark spots in dorsal view; caudal
musculature with small dark dots, forming a thin dark
stripe on proximal one-third of tail; fins transparent
with few small dark dots. In formalin, body yellowish
brown, transparent laterally and ventrally; tail cream
on the proximal one-third, rest transparent; fins trans-
parent with sparse dark spots.
537
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4. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
1mm
/r * * /
^^ .
'
220pm
2 c
FIG.2. Odontophrynusmoratoitadpole, (A) Oral disc, (B) Lateralview of tooth of upper lip, (C) Dorsal view
of the apical region of a lower labial tooth, showing the cusps.
TABLE1. Comparative features distinguishing tadpoles of the tribe Odontophrynini. Data for tadpoles are
from Altig and Johnston (1986), Cei (1987), and original drawings. Measurements in mm. Abbreviations: D
= depth, Depr/Glob = depressed/globular, str/pool = streamlets or pools, str'mount = stream mountains.
Body Toothrow Body D dorsal D tail/
Species length formula shape fin/body body Habitat
0. achalensis 76 (28) 2 (2)/3 (1) ? 0.44 1.31 ?
O. americanus 75 (?) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.36 0.92 pool
O. barrioi 67 (38) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.47 1.13 pool
0. carvalhoi 49 (36) 2/3 (1) Globular 0.39 0.95 pool
O. cultripes 40 (35) 2 (2)/3 Globular 0.37 1.02 pool
0. lavillai 56 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob ? 1.4 str/pool
0. occidentalis 58 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.29 1.0 pool
0. moratoi 32 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.35 0.90 streamlet
P. appendiculata 33 (36) 2/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.34 0.96 streamlet
P. boiei 31 (34) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.33 0.96 str/pool
P. laticeps 31 (36) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.37 1.12 streamlet
P. moehringi 24 (29) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depressed 0.32 0.82 str'mount
P. palustris 36 (37) 2 (2)/3 (1) Globular 0.35 0.97 streamlet
P. precrenulata 31 (34) 2 (2)/3 (1) Depr/Glob 0.37 0.95 streamlet
538
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5. SHORTERCOMMUNICATIONS
Tadpoles in stage 41 (Gosner, 1960) exhibited warts
forming arches between the eyes and nostrils. The
inner metatarsal ridge is absent, and the metatarsal
tubercle is large with a free margin.
Habitat.-Tadpoles were collected at the type lo-
cality and a nearby site. The climate is tropical with
two seasons: the wet season extends from October to
March, and the dry season from April to September.
The type locality has a shallow, slow-moving stream
forming a swampy area where shrubs, trees, and
grasses are plentiful. The other site has a moist, sandy
substrate, crossed by many small, shallow streams
formed by springs. The area is covered by grasses and
some shrubs and small trees. At both sites the tadpoles
occurred in shady areas around the trees.
Discussion.-The tadpoles of the genera Odonto-
phrynusand Proceratophrysresemble each other close-
ly, with several features in common: tooth row for-
mula (2(2)/3(1) or 2/3(1)), aperture shape of the nos-
trils reniform or rounded, spiracle opening sinistral,
and marginal oral papillae occur in a single row with
a wide dorsal gap. The features that distinguish tad-
poles of these two genera may be related to habitat:
tadpoles of Odontophrynusoccur in pools, whereas
those of Proceratophrysoccur in streams or streamlets.
Thus, tadpoles of Odontophrynushave globular bodies
and deeper dorsal fins, whereas those of Procerato-
phrys have more depressed bodies and slender fins.
Moreover, total length of tadpoles of Odontophrynus
is greater than Proceratophrys(Table 1).
The tadpoles of 0. moratoi may be distinguished
from those of other species of Odontophrynus(0. achal-
ensis, 0. americanus,0. barrioi,0. carvalhoi,0. cultripes,
O. lavillai, and 0. occidentalis)by the following fea-
tures: depressed/globular body, tail slightly convex,
dorsal fin shallower, light brown color, and occur-
rence in streams. These same features indicate resem-
blance of the tadpoles of 0. moratoito those in the
genus Proceratophrys(Table 1).
Jim and Caramaschi (1980) suggested that tadpoles
would aid in the resolution of the generic allocation
of Odontophrynusmoratoi.The tadpole morphology de-
scribed herein supports the suggestion of Jim and
Caramaschi (1980) that this species belongs to the
genus Proceratophrys.More detailed studies about
morphology of adults and vocalizations should be
undertaken before any generic reallocations are made,
however.
Acknowledgments.-We thank E. Izecksohn and I.
Sazima for loaning material under their responsibil-
ity. I. Sazima, C.F.B. Haddad, and J. Pombal, Jr., crit-
ically read the manuscript and made helpful sugges-
tions.
LITERATURECITED
ALTIG,R., ANDG. F. JOHNSTON.1986. Major char-
acteristics of free-living anuran tadpoles. Smith-
sonian Herpetological Information Service 67:1-
75.
, AND . 1989. Guilds of anuran larvae:
Relationships among developmental modes, mor-
phologies, and habitats. Herp. Monogr. 3:81-109.
CARAMASCHI,U. 1979. O girino de Odontophrynus
carvalhoiSavage and Cei, 1965 (Amphibia, Anura,
Ceratophrydidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39:169-171.
CEI,J.M. 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore
zool. ital. (N.S) Monogr. 2.
. 1987. Additional notes to "Amphibians of
Argentina": an update, 1980-1986. Monitore Zool.
Ital. (N.S.) 21:209-272.
FROST,D. R. (ed.). 1985. Amphibian Species of the
World. Allen Press and the Association of System-
atics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.
GIARETTA,A. A., ANDI. SAZIMA.1993. Nova especie
de ProceratophrysMir. Rib. do sul de Minas Gerais,
Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Rev.
Brasil. Biol. 53:13-19.
GOSNER,K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging
anuran embryos and larvae with notes on iden-
tification. Herpetologica 16:183-190.
JIM,J.,ANDU. CARAMASCHI.1980. Uma nova especie
de Odontophrynusda regiao de Botucatu, Sao Paulo,
Brasil(Amphibia, Anura). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40:357-
360.
JOHNSTON,G. F., ANDR. ALTIG.1986. Identification
characteristics of anuran tadpoles. Herpetol. Re-
view 17:36-37.
LEVITON,A. E., R. H. GIBBS,JR.,E. HEAL,ANDC. E.
DAWSON. 1985. Standards in herpetology and
ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for
institutional resource collections in herpetology
and ichthyology. Copeia 1985:802-832.
LYNCH,J. D. 1971. Evolutionary relationships, os-
teology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas, Misc. Publ. 53:1-
238.
PEIXOTO,O. L., C. A. DACRUZ,E. IZECKSOHN,ANDS.
P. CARVALHOESILVA.1984. Notas sobre o girino
de Proceratophrysprecrenulata(Amphibia, Anura,
Leptodactylidae). Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J.,
Itaguai, 7:83-86.
WEYGOLDT,P., ANDO. L. PEIXOTO.1985. A new spe-
cies of horned toad (Proceratophrys)from Espirito
Santo, Brazil. Senckenbergiana Biol. 66:1-8.
Accepted: 7 July 1996.
APPENDIX1
Material Examined.-Odontophrynus americanus:(JJ
6974 and JJ6975) 640 tadpoles, Pardinho, State of Sao
Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, July and October, 1971.
0. carvalhoi:(JJ 4393) 8 tadpoles, Maracas, State of
Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, January 19, 1978. Procer-
atophrysappendiculata:Teres6polis, State of Rio de Ja-
neiro, Southeastern Brazil: (EI 5582) 20 tadpoles, No-
vember 29,1978; (EI5583) 21 tadpoles, March 17,1979.
P. boiei:Teres6polis, State of Rio de Janiero, South-
eastern Brazil: (EI 5512) 4 tadpoles, January 18, 1978;
(EI 5513) 4 tadpoles, December 29, 1977. P. laticeps:
(El 5613) 36 tadpoles, Linhares, State of Espirito Santo,
Southeastern Brazil, January 19, 1980. P. moehringi(EI
7364), 3 tadpoles, Santa Tereza, State of Espirito Santo,
Southeastern Brazil,August 10, 1981.P.palustris(ZUEC
09195) 4 tadpoles, Morro do Ferro, PQcos de Caldas,
State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, summer
1988. P. precrenulata(El 7363) 3 tadpoles, Domingos
Martins, State of Espirito Santo, Southeastern Brazil,
August, 1983.
539
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