The Internationalisation Of Emerging Market Multinationals...
1. The Internationalisation Of Emerging Market Multinationals...
The study of the internationalisation of emerging market multinationals (EMNCs) has gained
prominence in the last two decades, as a result of increased internationalisation of firms from
emerging markets (EM). These internationalisation phenomena have resulted in a surge of interest
from international business (IB) scholars (Cavusgil,1980; Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wright, 2000;
Jormanainen & Koveshnikov, 2012). This surge in EMNCs internationalisation is due to the
economic growth and transformation witnessed among the emerging markets (EM) in the same
period. A critical observation of extant literature shows however, that multinationals from Asia and
Latin America has dominated the study of EMNCs internationalisation (Child and Rodriguez, 2005;
Yeoh, 2011; Fortanier & Tulder, 2009; Sim, 2005,). Others include that of Olaya, Olaya and Cueter
(2012) of 5 Latin American countries, while, Cyrino, Barcellos & Tanure (2010) study Brazil, Eren–
Erdogmus, Cobanoglu, Yalcın & Ghauri (2010) study Turkish retail firms and Bianchi, (2014) that
of Chilean firms. While some Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA) firms have also emerged as high profile
multinationals and internationalising. Research on Sub–Saharan Africa emerging market firms from
countries such as Nigeria, Kenya and South African, Angola and Ghana are lacking in the
internationalisation business research and policy debate (Adeleye, White, & Boso, 2016).
These multinationals are emerging across different sectors, taking advantage of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
2.
3. Children And Screen Time : Children 's Development
Children and Screen Time
With new technology and advances in education it is no wonder the use of computers, iPads, and
other devices are trickling into the daily life of our younger generations. Perhaps these advances
could be doing more harm than providing the enriching education parents and schools think they
are. There are now elementary schools where every child has their own iPad and middle schools
with Chrome Books the students can take home. Even paper textbooks are being replaced with
electronic versions. The use of technology moving forward with education needs to be balanced
with critical factors involving a child's development. Children must be separated from constant
attachment to screens to properly learn and develop necessary social skills to become adults who are
able to interact and communicate. There's no doubt new electronic learning programs designed for
children can be engaging and serve as purposeful learning tools. Although, through research
preformed, the real problem could be the amount of time children are spending staring at screens.
Interaction and social skills, well known to be essential in child's development, often stem from play
time with friends and exploring outside. Now, with technology being used for even more than
intended, babies are being soothed with iPads, phones, and being babysat with TV's. Exploration
and true childlike playfulness is dwindling. Pediatric occupational therapist Chris Rowan states: "As
children reach the age of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
4.
5. Ghan A Need For Change Essay
Running Head: GHANA, A NEED FOR CHANGE Ghana, a Need for Change: Inefficiency of
Education System Destroying the Lives of Thousands in Primary Schools in Ghana Daniel Yirenya–
Tawiah Brigham Young University Abstract There are several challenges with education. Some are
specific to regions, district, and cites. Some are influenced by people's culture, religious belief and
even perception about education. Most of these challenges are hard to pinpoint, discuss and even
find solutions. Yet there are several major challenges that are not only the basics of most of these
more difficult challenges to address but are also very widespread all over Ghana and are the trigger
to some other more detrimental problems. This paper seeks discuss how the mismanagement,
distribution and access to funds have greatly hampered the progress of Ghana in not only reaching
the UN millennium development goal to provide education to all children in Ghana, but also to
provide them with good quality education. It also how addresses how the low qualifications or in
some parts no qualifications to become a teacher and absenteeism by teachers affect the type of
education students in Ghana receive. There are number of institutions set up to train teachers,
however most of the cut off grades for these colleges are a bit lower than the average university cut–
off grade point which is the major route for people who complete their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
6.
7. African Development And Income Inequalities
Africa is a continent rich in culture, resources, and potential. But when compared to the rest of the
world, Africa stands as the poorest continent despite having some of the world's richest natural
resources. Africa has some of the poorest life expectancy, highest HIV/AIDS rates, malnutrition and
infant mortality rates in the world (African Development Bank Group, "Income Inequality in
Africa", 2012, p. 2). It leaves one to question the reason for such disparity within the continent. The
following will provide an in–depth analysis into one of the many reasons for such inequalities and
poverty. I will argue that tribalism imbedded in African culture has had a significant role in the lack
of economic development and income inequalities. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without taking to account the loyalty people have for their various tribes and ethnic groups,
attempts to combine tribes failed and further heightening tribal tensions and conflicts ("Ethnicity
and Tribalism in Africa: The Truth", 2014). Instead of working towards transitioning from the
unfavorable hierarchy it so long endured, the African "bourgeoisie" inherited the practices of
exploitation from its European colonizers ("Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism", 2014). Like the
Europeans, Africans wanted to make economic gains in the expense of the working people.
Therefore, today we see African politics made up of unequal advantages stemming from tribalism
and ethnic discrimination ("Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism", 2014).
Tribalism, which is the "behavior and attitudes that stem from strong loyalty to one 's own tribe or
social group", is believed to be the reason for inequality and tension between people within a
country and between countries (Clay, "Nation, Tribe and Ethnic Group in Africa", 1985). It is argued
that if African states are to make any substantial economic and social development, tribalism must
first be destroyed (Clay, "Nation, Tribe and Ethnic Group in Africa", 1985). The reasoning for this
notion being that it, tribalism is threatening to the authority and distribution of resources. As
mentioned in the previous sections, Africa has some of the richest natural resources in the world,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
8.
9. International Conference On Financing For Development
Under 150 days stay before the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD)
happens in Addis Ababa. The African improvement financing connection has absolutely changed
subsequent to the two past comparative social event in Monterrey in 2002 and in Doha in 2008: For
instance, private capital streams, for the most part as remote direct speculation, and settlements have
now overwhelmed official advancement help (ODA). Thus, China and alternate BRICS nations have
firmly expanded their vicinity in the landmass.
Given the difficulties Africa confronts, African partners have much to add to the dialog, at the same
time, as Africa 's connection has transformed, we should think about what Africa 's needs ought to
be. The up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The initial five columns cover various more particular needs. Case in point, Pillar One spotlights on
basic monetary change and comprehensive development while Pillar Two highlights science,
innovation, and advancement. We realize that both of these targets specifically confront real
financing crevices as residential assets are not adequate to take care of the expenses connected with
the SDGs. This is the reason Pillar Six, money and associations, is so critical and must be connected
with the initial five columns. In this manner, the Addis FfD gathering must consider the financing of
the "columns" in the Common African Position.
As world pioneers start get ready for their official conclusion on financing for advancement, I need
to give my suggestions on how best to surmount Africa 's financing crevices to accomplish its
improvement objectives:
Need No. 1: Do not consider financing in detachment, rather interface it unmistakably with its
motivation.
This need might appear to be entirely self–evident, however it is extremely enticing to concentrate
on raising more back without scrutinizing the expected utilization of the cash raised. For example,
there is an accord conforming to the need to put resources into overhauling and adding to Africa 's
base. Yet,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
10.
11. Failure of IMF and World Bank Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Failure of IMF and World Bank Policies in Sub–Saharan Africa
Over the last several hundred years, Africa has been deprived of the peace that it so desperately
needs. For over 400 years, Africa was subjected to the harsh trans–Atlantic slave trade. Europeans
and Americans brutally uprooted millions of Africans and shipped them away. Torn away from their
homes, Africans were inhumanely exploited for their labor. The slave trade had a devastating effect
not only on those involved, but also on future generations to come. The exploitation of Africans
continued even after slavery was abolished. A new form of slavery disguised as colonialism quickly
took form as an institutionalized method of exploiting Africans. European ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the following essay, I will show how the policies in place now are neither working but also
making the situation worse. In order to solve the debt crisis in Africa, I propose the following three
measures:
1) The Cancellation of all external debt
2) Investments in health, education, and infrastructure
3) New trade policies to fix the disparity in trade between African countries and industrialized
nations.
New methods need to be taken in order to at least curtail the region?s downward spiral. Cleary, the
policies in place now undermine the economic development of African countries.
The IMF and World Bank
The IMF was established in 1945 by the United Nations to improve the health of the world
economy. It was designed in order to avoid the catastrophic economic policies that had contributed
to the Great Depression in the 1930s. The IMF is an international organization comprised of 184
member countries. It was established with the goal in mind of promoting international monetary
cooperation in order to stimulate economic growth and provide temporary financial assistance to
countries to help alleviate problems associated with debt. Acting as the central institution of the
international monetary system, the IMF?s main objective is to prevent crises in the system by
advising countries to implement reliable economic policies. It also provides funds that
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
12.
13. Influenced By Marxism And Imperialism
Influenced by Marxism and imperialism, Dependency writers sought to explain the high inequities
in the world economic system in terms of its distribution of power and resources and places most
nations in a dependent position in relation to the industrial powers. Dependency scholars basically
believe that less–developed countries will be unable to develop because the rich world uses them as
the equivalent of colonies. The major contention here is that the developing countries of the Global
South are hindered in their developmental efforts by their association (economic) with the
industrialized countries of the Global North.
Prominent scholars here include: Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy (Monopoly Capitalism, 1957/1960;
Fernando Henrique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Free trade with minimal state intervention is the key tenet of neoliberal ideas driving most
international organizations. In the contemporary world characterized by open markets, US
hegemony, international organizations, regional cooperations and large inflows of foreign aids and
technologies in economically less developed states, national governments are increasingly
constrained in formulating and implementing policies that are deemed appropriate for their citizens.
I discuss below major developmental challenges in Africa (by extension other poor countries) which
have roots in contemporary imperial relations with the West. These include: debt burdens, structural
adjustment programmes, operations of multinational corporations and external aid.
Debt Burden
One of the greatest threats to development in most African countries is the huge debt stock and the
cost of servicing it. Large–scale borrowing in the 60s and 70s (in a bid to ensure welfare of the
citizens after colonialism) coupled with events in the world economy such as rising oil prices, rising
interest rates, falling commodity prices and global recession led to the Debt crisis of the early 80s
which left many poor countries with huge cost of servicing debts which still lingers today. Even
with the debt relief initiative of the World Bank and IMF about two
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
14.
15. The World Has Advanced Over The Centuries. To Ensure...
The world has advanced over the centuries. To ensure progression and growth, society must
embrace organizations which support improving the quality of human life. The United Nations is
one such organization that has ensured the well–being of the human race by collaborating
internationally on how to tactically approach conflicts. From combating terrorism to eradicating
smallpox, the United Nations has resolved numerous foreign issues and international crises. The
creation of the United Nations continues to be critical because the organization is a fundamental
necessity for global peace, good relations, and development.
First, the creation of the United Nations continues to be crucial as it is a fundamental necessity for
global peace. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organization has also been working to prevent sexual violence. Unrightfully, rape has been used
as a weapon of war. During the genocide of Rwanda, a whopping 250,000 women fell victim to this
act. This terrible crime has also been used in the civil war of Sierra Leone, the breakup of
Yugoslavia, war in Liberia, and war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sexual violence has also
characterized conflicts in many Islamic nations. The UN has helped countries implement laws that
criminalize war rape, and prevent perpetrators from punishment exemption. Although the UN has
made mistakes in the past, lessons are learned and improvements are made. One such mistake was
the massacre of Srebrenica. During the Yugoslavian War, ethnic groups were fighting for
independence, and eventually, Yugoslavia broke apart. Today, Yugoslavian land is owned by Croatia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and other Eastern European nations. The town of Srebrenica was
meant to be a safe haven for Bosnian Muslims. The UN authorized the town as a safe zone, with 60
Dutch peacekeepers guarding the town. However, peace came to catastrophe in July 1995, and Serbs
were coming to invade. To start off the massacre, Serbs shelled the city, and took 30 Dutch
peacekeepers hostage. Dutch Colonel Thom Karremans asked the UN for air support. However, the
UN did not respond, thinking everything was under control. As the days followed, more men and
boys were killed. At the end of the massacre, the Dutch
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
19. The Global Banking Financial Crisis's and Its Impact on...
The Global Banking Financial Crisis 's and Its Impact on Developing Nations: Case Study Africa
(1888 PressRelease) The Global Banking Financial Crisis 's and Its Impact on Developing Nations:
Case Study Africa.
For several decades the public has witnessed the shift of world global economic policies from
countries ' production and stable economic indicators, to wild crazy speculations and market
derivatives created to hide the real cause of economic instability which is the printing of the fiasco
money and fiscal policy! Plainly stated we cannot continue to run and hide, the problem will not
eradicate itself. We have no other alternative than to face what rulers of globalization have created
and the consequences.
The FED and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusively, the stimulus money received by banks and insurance companies alternatively belong
to the taxpayer, so far banks receive these funds and still traction persists creating a downward spiral
for the worse.
Today, central bankers are more powerful than the heads of state as such central bankers play a very
important role in the shape and complexion of the world 's economy. Central banks are like other
institutions which are in the business to make profits, but the fallout and consequences are grossly
different. Since last December the US Federal Reserve posted capital as $54 billion and $3.57
trillion in assets. This is less than 1.513% cash to asset or liquidity ratio and it becomes worse every
month; the European Central Bank 3.68%, Bank of Japan 1.93%, Bank of England 0.8426% and
Bank of Canada 0.531%. In 2008 when Lehman Brothers filed for Bankruptcy, they had almost
$691 billion of assets and $22 billion of equity; this represents an average of 3% equity to asset
ratio.
Each of these Central Banks: The European Central Bank, Bank of Japan, Bank of England, and
Bank of Canada are in average, below the level of Lehman Brothers when it filed for bankruptcy;
this should conclude that these central banks days are numbered and bankruptcy is imminent.
Evidence supporting this conclusion is based on the presumption that the aforementioned central
bank 's corresponding
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
20.
21. The Creation Of The World Bank
The creation of The World Bank was an attempt to remedy the wealth disparities facing African
nations, and open new markets for international trade. Africa's economic stagnation calls for a shift
in paradigm, leaning towards sustained economic growth. It is only through the sustained growth of
these economies that the World Bank can claim success. This essay will assess the meaning of failed
development, effects of trade liberalization and the impact that multi–national corporations have had
on African countries. Imposing neo–liberalism on African nations has led to a lack of sustainable
development due to its ability to proliferate complex interdependency and exploitation. Failure in
development is a lack of sustained periods of economic growth and stability, and an increased
dependence on foreign aid. For example, forty five per cent of people in Sub–Saharan Africa still
continue to live in poverty (About Sub–Saharan Africa). Secondly, the inability to meet eight of the
Millennium Development Goals constitutes a failure in promoting development within the last
fifteen years (The Millennium Development Goals 2014). Furthermore, World Bank prescriptions
have not promoted sustained growth independent of foreign involvement by "[raising] Southern
output" (Mosley 1949). The World Bank's "measured ability to trigger sustained growth in
developing countries has been poor [...] particularly [...] in the poorest countries" (1951). This
disparity in flow of investments to developing
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
22.
23. NEPAD Business Foundation: Achievements that can end Aid...
NEPAD Business Foundation: Achievements that can end Aid
The NEPAD business Foundation is by far the most resourceful of all NEPAD business groups in
Africa and also remains in the fore front of implementing NEPAD policies in form of concrete
programs of action to promote growth. Since the group is composed of mostly private sector group
of companies with vast business ideas and strategies, it never found it difficult to mobilize resources
given their track record as successful entrepreneurs. Unlike the traditional government to
government Aid with nobody in particular to be held accountable for default or non performance,
NEPAD Business Foundation as a group financed its programs mainly from capital investments
from the group, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are to coordinate implementation of NEPAD projects in collaboration with sector heads in
each priority sectors. This project management office brings the required expertise knowledge to
project implementation in order to reduce waste and systemic corruption often associated with ODA
funded projects. They also make sure that most of their project have regional focus and therefore
will benefit businesses operating in more than one country.
NEPAD Business Foundation's African Leaders Program
This program is designed to train new generation of African leaders in good governance in which
ever field of human endeavor they found themselves. It is uniquely designed to bring together
aspiring leaders from both the private and public sector, and allows them to work together not only
to gain an understanding of their inter–dependence, but also to learn and share experiences from one
another. The program coordinated in partnership with Wits University business school has a
stringent selection process to ensure a diverse body of students from different countries, with a
target of 50percent female participants – 2007 students came from Nigeria, Kenya, Cameroon,
Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The content of the program is specifically tailored
towards challenges facing Africa, a strong focus on self discovery, leadership development and
coaching and a rigorous academic
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
24.
25. A Brief Note On Financial Development And Inequality Essay
Financial Development and Inequality in sub–Saharan Africa
The relationship between how developed a countries' industry is and how much financial inequality
persists within that country are not linear across the world. Many countries within Africa have
developed numerous industries with only a small percentage of countries showing modest gains in
levels of inequality. Through the analysis of 10 research papers and articles this hypothesis is
supported with empirical examples. The result also confirms that societal norms play a significant
role in making income distributions more equal. In selecting this topic, I want to better understand
the relationships between industries in sub–Saharan Africa, and how that impacts levels of
inequality amongst the people that support those industries. Sub Saharan Africa has consistently
been one of the most impoverished and least developed areas of the world. Looking at gross
domestic product it is clear that sub–Saharan Africa remains generally under–developed
economically, even when compared to the average per capita income in Latin America. There is also
a good deal of consistency across countries with similar primary industries. Oil–rich countries such
as Gabon and Congo have relatively high GDP per capita, as does resource–rich South Africa. Yet
countries in Central and East Africa such as Burundi, the Central African Republic, and Malawi still
have among the lowest per capita incomes in the world. The World Bank classifies Gabon
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
26.
27. Nigeria 's Strong Economic Track Record Burden Of Disease
Nigeria is the largest Sub–Saharan country in Africa and has a population of around 173 million
people. The population is very diverse. It has over 200 ethnic groups, with three tribes known as the
Yoruba (West), Ibo (East), and the Hausa (North). These tribes speak nearly 500 different
indigenous languages (World Health Organization, 2015).
Nigeria has the largest natural gas reserves in Africa and is also the biggest oil exporter on the
continent. What this means in terms of global health is that Nigeria has the largest economy in
Africa with an estimated GDP of 510 billion USD, which surpasses South Africa's economy by over
200 billion (World Health Organization, 2015). This type of economic growth can reduce poverty,
improve standards of living by offering proper education, provide quality healthcare, and repair
infrastructure, which will help reduce injuries related deaths. This paper will attempt to explain that
despite Nigeria's strong economic track record their burden of disease is still running rampant, also
there are many leading health indicators that need to be readdressed, and finally the steps Nigeria is
taking to combat these issues.
The burden of disease can be measured using the disability adjusted life year scale (DALY). This
scale was developed in the 1990's to assess the burden of disease across regions, risk factors and
different diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a measure of the "years
of life lost due to premature
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
28.
29. Theoretical Literature Review On Poverty
2. Literature Review 2.1 Theoretical Literature Review 2.1.1 concept definition Poverty: classical
economist define of poverty as, the inability to attain a minimal standard of living measured in terms
of basic consumption needs or the income required for satisfying these needs (World Bank 1990).
Poverty is in this case characterised by the lack of individuals, households or whole societies to
command adequate properties to satisfy their basic necessity. Consumption–based poverty lines are
basically concerned with physical measures household well–being. The lack of minimal standards of
consumption to attain basic physiological criteria is always termed absolute poverty or deprivation.
It is mainly directly explained as not having adequate to eat or as hunger or malnutrition.
According to Lipton (1997), the fundamental factors of poverty definition are based ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This poverty line is always depend on an estimated lowest dietary energy intake, or an amount
needed for buying a minimum consumption bundle. Absence of consumption is more readily
measured than absence of income, because the capability of poor house hold to smooth their
consumption time to time in the face of income change arising from shocks (ascitedNimrod,2003).
Present day, there has been a total change of in definition of poverty, stressing on vulnerability of the
poor springing from their lack of capital assets such as human,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
30.
31. Wells Fargo Research Paper
Credit system eyes little business development across the country Wells Fargo just gave little
entrepreneurs about I billion motivations to grin. The San Francisco–based bank as of late settled an
across the nation $1 billion advance program particularly focusing on African American
entrepreneurs. "In the past we've taken a gander at diverse business sector portions and saw that
African Americans have the quickest developing organizations, yet we haven't coordinated
promoting endeavors toward this specific fragment," says Effie Booker, senior VP and group
improvement officer at Wells Fargo. Booker says the credits will stretch out for the following 12
years to set up African American little entrepreneurs. "The objective of this system is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bank built up a $1 billion ladies' credit program in 1995, which it extended to $10 billion in
1996. The bank then made a $1 billion Latino credit program a year ago. The new program comes at
an especially welcome time for Steven Jones, CEO of NCLN 20, a Pleasanton, California, 911
dispatch organizations. Jones took out a $100,000 credit with Wells Fargo a year ago to stay with his
above water. This year he's taking a gander at further development. "When I began this organization
in 1990 it was verging on difficult to get an advance, so I needed to slug it out all alone for four or
five years," he says. "This year I'm hoping to grow my business, and another advance would give a
level of security that will give me a chance to arrange well into what's to come." In a further sign
that Wells Fargo is strolling the walk, the bank has connected up with another African American
business, NetNoir Inc., to announce the advance system in the internet. "We are the entryway to this
little business credit program from Wells Fargo," says Joseph Mouzon, VP of offers and showcasing
for NetNoir. By connecting onto NetNoir's site atwww.netnoir.com/wellsfargo, little entrepreneurs
can take an "individual test" contained eight inquiries that will offer them some assistance with
seeing on the off chance that they meet all requirements for a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
32.
33. Commercial Banking in Kenya
EGERTON UNIVERSITY TOWN CAMPUS
FACULTY OF COMMERCE
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, FINANCE & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
NAME: OCHIENG JARED OPONDO
REG NO: C12/60275/09
GROUP: A
FACULTY: COMMERCE
COURSE: BCOM 330; Financial Institutions and markets
TASK: TERM PAPER
TITLE: COMMERCIAL BANKING IN KENYA
PRESENTED TO: MRS. BOSIRE MARY
PRESENTED ON: 19TH October 2011
ABSTRACT:
This term paper analyses the commercial banking system in Kenya. In particular it focuses on the
history of commercial banks from a general perspective then narrows down to Kenya's context. It
looks at the importance of commercial banks in Kenya, the roles/functions of commercial banks. It
then focuses on the regulations that govern the commercial banks. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even after the introduction of coinage these Egyptian grain banks served to reduce the need for
precious metals which tended to be reserved for foreign purchases, particularly in connection with
military activities.
B: KENYAN CONTEXT
34. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
COLONIAL PERIOD ERA
The history of banking in Kenya dates back to the colonial period. Colonial rule brought in its wake
new forms of banking. British commercial banks started operations in Kenya during the 1890s. The
operations of these foreign–owned banks were characterised by high degree of concentration,
branch banking, an almost exclusive concern with financing external trade and for many decades, a
lack of interest in, or involvement with, the African population.
As Kenya became more and more part of this capitalist world economy, the banks established
themselves in the colony to provide services for financing exports and imports. Three British banks
dominated banking in colonial Kenya. The National Bank of India (later National and Grind lays
Bank) began operations in 1896. It was followed in 1910 by the Standard bank of South Africa (later
standard Bank and Standard Chartered), and shortly thereafter the national Bank of South Africa
entered the field. In 1925, the latter merged with two other British banks to form Barclays Bank
Dominion Colonial and overseas (later Barclays Bank).
Although their primary interest was to finance external trade, as time
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
35.
36. The Discourse On The Need For Universities
The discourse on the need for universities to contribute to innovation is widespread in African
countries and among international organisations. Stakeholders lament the weak contribution of
universities to innovation, while at the same time acknowledging the difficulties higher education
institutions face. Major international organizations recognize that university–industry collaborations
are scarce and weak in most African countries; in addition, they point to a shortage of skills in
science and engineering, and university curricula that tend to be irresponsive to industry's needs
(The World Bank 2009). Moreover, because of a lack of expertise and financial resources, many
African countries are not able to develop sound science, technology and innovation policies (World
Bank 2009; UNESCO and The African Union 2009).
An array of policy documents and initiatives seek to encourage and support the contribution of
universities to innovation in Africa. These policy discourses can be identified among national
governments, international organizations, and international aid agencies. Organizations such as The
World Bank, OECD and UNESCO regularly issue policy documents in support of African
universities playing a greater role in innovation. For instance, the United Nations' Task Team on the
Post Millennium Development Goals–2015 acknowledges the role of innovation in driving growth
in developing countries (UN 2013). The World Bank in particular has been for the past couple of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
37.
38. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Development Banks
These are national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium– and long–term
capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in poor countries.
The number of development banks has increased rapidly since the 1950s; they have been
encouraged by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliates. The
large regional development banks include the Inter–American Development Bank, established in
1959; the Asian Development Bank, which began operations in 1966; and the African Development
Bank, established in 1964. They may make loans for specific national or regional projects to private
or public bodies or may operate in conjunction with other financial institutions. One of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The African Development Bank Group (AFDB) is a multilateral development finance institution
established to contribute to the economic development and social progress of African countries. The
AfDB was founded in 1964 and comprises three entities: The African Development Bank, the
African Development Fund and the Nigeria Trust Fund. The AFDB's mission is to fight poverty and
improve living conditions on the continent through promoting the investment of public and private
capital in projects and programs that are likely to contribute to the economic and social development
of the region. The AFDB is a financial provider to African governments and private companies
investing in the regional member countries (RMC). While it was originally headquartered in
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, the bank's headquarters moved to Tunis, Tunisia in 2003, due to the Ivorian
civil war; before returning in September
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
39.
40. The Importance Of Women's Rights
Human rights which include the right to life and liberty as well as freedom that belong to all human
beings inherently despite of their statuses without discrimination (United Nations, 1948). Among
issues of human rights, women's rights could be one of the most serious ones. In the 1990s, women's
rights were not generally accepted as human rights and suffered various violations (Bunch, 1990).
Despite women's rights have been improved so far in most regions that female have almost equal
employment opportunities and enhanced status in society, the issues of female rights need to be
considered because they still have inferior positions compared with men in workplace and society
due to a lot of factors.
The most vital reason for improving women's rights is the perpetuate violations of women's rights in
some regions. Certainly, women's positions in society have been enhanced a lot since the public has
attached importance to female and their rights. According to Wadesango, Rembe and Chabaya
(2011), members of Southern African Development Community (SADC) have taken measures to
prohibit traditional practices which are harmful to women. However, "lack of capacity, resources
and commitment among the implementers" make these legislations be pale in protecting female
(Wadesango et al, 2011, p.121). Therefore, detrimental cultural practices include female genital
mutilation, marriage by abduction, child marriages and virginity testing still bring women physical
and mental injuries in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
41.
42. Proposed Clean Development Mechanism ( Cdm )
Another very common strategy is to sell "credits guaranteed delivery". This means that the seller
(often the fund manager) pay the difference if the proposed Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
underlying does not provide the promised number of credits. This promise, particularly if it is made
by a well–capitalized financial institution makes offsets guaranteed more expensive than those that
are not guaranteed (Wanner: 2015; Kegley & Blanton: 2016). But as the investment contract
provisions are rarely made public, we can ask ourselves about what happened to the project
Timarpur Waste Management Company. The Luxembourg government funded this project through
its participation in the Asia Pacific Carbon Fund (APCF), up to $ 15 million, managed by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) (UNEP, 2009) . According to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the project should begin issuing credits since April 2009, while the
construction of the plant waste in Delhi, India is expected to close only late 2012 (Bond: 2012). For
some reason, the fund manager decided to withdraw from the project in May 2010, without our
government knows why. No explanation either on the largest database of carbon market data, the
Carbon Market Data and even less in the usual sources of funds in question, which supports an
evaluation report by one of the departments the Asian Development Bank and confirms the lack of
data in transactions, as well as the social and environmental impact
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
43.
44. A Brief Note On The Una Basin And Its Social Impacts
The sanitation program in the Una basin and its social impacts
Belém is a major city in Brazil's northern region. Its metropolitan area has over 2,2 million habitants
and it is situated on the estuary of two rivers from the Amazon basin ("Belém", n.d.). Its very humid
climate and plain geography make it prone to urban flooding and several sewerage and drainage
issues in inhabited areas called "baixadas", or lowlands, which have been historically occupied by
poorer families (Pinheiro, Lima, Sá, & Paracampo, 2007).
One of these lowlands, the Una basin, presented particularly severe problems of flooding. In 1999,
about 160,000 families lived in this area which corresponded to 60% of the municipality total area
(Pinheiro et al, 2007).
In order to solve this major community's problem, the State of Pará invested US$ 169 million and
the Inter–American Development Bank invested US$ 143 million, summing up for more than US$
300 million in resources (Diário do Pará, 2015). The Inter–American Development Bank (IDB) is an
international financial institution with headquarters in Washington and is the largest financial
supporter for Latin America and the Caribbean with priority areas in education, water and sanitation,
poverty reduction and climate change ("Inter–American Development Bank", n.d.).
According to Tractebel Engineering (n.d.), one of the engineering firms involved in the sanitation
program, the civil works included the "establishment and improvement of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
45.
46. The World Bank : An Anti Poverty Bank
Introduction
The World Bank, created after World War II by the superpowers, is supposed to be an anti–poverty
bank. The idea behind it was to help people out of poverty, through projects, and give them an
economic opportunity. The projects were mainly concentrated on less developed areas in developing
countries, where the World Bank provides loans for capital programs. The World Bank Group states
their mission as to end extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity. After 71
years today, more than 60% of the African population depend on land for subsistence (FAO, 2015),
the most it has ever been. This puts into question why these world problems not only remain, but
increase. Poverty is persisting around the globe, and African countries are among the lowest ranked
in Gross Domestic Product per capita. Despite the mission of ending poverty, a new report showed
the worldwide destructive legacy of World Bank projects (Prupis, 2015).
Description of the failed Office du Niger Project
Many of the failed International Development Projects in Africa started as good ideas. One such
project is the Office du Niger project. The Office du Niger was started in Mali while France had
colonized West Africa, and it was the dream of a French engineer that the water of the Niger River
could be diverted for irrigation of cotton farms. In general, it was a big loser for many decades
because the cotton and rice that was being cultivated was always at a net loss. Then, in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
47.
48. Emerging Afric A Rhetorical Analysis
Kingsley Moghalu author of Emerging Africa: How the Global Economy's Last Frontier Can
Prosper argues that the African economic can be transformed once there is a paradigm shift. which
includes African countries creating complex products, the development of a stronger intuition, the
use of propaganda and development of central banks. He believes that African countries can gain
wealth and prosperity once these paradigm shifts are applied. He argues that African countries need
to develop complex and distinctive products. Which he believes shouldn't be made by their natural
resources. His argument for this is that all economic policy does this; African countries should not
follow this policy but come up with unfamiliar ideas which would produce complex manufactured
goods. Which are less likely to be found in other countries, but is a necessity that is largely needed
by everyone but is only produced by them. This allows for other countries to become dependent on
them and it brings wealth to the country (Moghalu, 2014, pg., 92). Another argument he makes is
African countries need to create institutions that are rational with guidelines that are foreseeable and
is understood by everyone. He argues that weak institutions lead to government corruptions and a
line of patronage. This makes it difficult for innovative ideas to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He reasons that even though it may seem as negative due to it being misused, he claims there are
still some positive to it when it is being used for a worthy cause. He states that propaganda is
important because it can make African countries look great, which is important for the economic
development. He states that leaders can use propaganda in a positive way by creating advertisement
that targets foreign audience. However, when using it, it must be reasonable, and beneficial to the
country. This is very effective, for this is how the countries can get foreign countries to invest in
them (pg.,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
49.
50. Toms Shoes Case Statement
Toms Shoes, the company known for doling out a pair of shoes for each pair it offers, has sold a
50pc stake to private value firm Bain Capital. Toms was situated up by ambitious person Blake
Mycoskie in 2006 after an outing to Argentina, where he volunteered at a shoe drive. The company's
direct considering purchase one–give–one took off after it was championed by A–list celebrities.
The company, situated in Los Angeles, has since given away more than 25 million pairs of shoes to
youngsters and has dispatched an eyewear division, with returns going towards restoring seeing
250,000 individuals. Superb global news coverage obliges investment. An early pioneer in the
booming revenue driven ethical design commercial center, Toms had assessed ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The individuals from Grameen Bank are urged to plant trees, develop kitchen enclosures and
assemble houses and clean restrooms, which are planned to address environmental concerns. The
Grameen Bank has deliberately focused on women understanding that their support in social
development is essential for financial development in light of the fact that women assume essential
part in giving health, training and sustenance. The Bank's social development programs additionally
incorporate exhaustive preparing program in maternal health, nourishment and youngster
consideration (Rahman & Qiang, 2011). The social development programs likewise supplies tree
seedlings and seeds for kitchen plants with a specific end goal to enhance both living conditions and
the environment. Grameen Bank has been set up to sort out the provincial poor through a credit
program with the goal that they can produce profitable independent work for themselves in exercises
of their decision. Grameen Bank considers poverty not as the making of poor rather that of the
framework which is comprised of the ideas, theoretical systems, approaches and foundations. On the
off chance that we can change the framework, there would be no poverty. Grameen Bank thinks
poor as proficient and venturesome as any other individual on the planet (Barua,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
51.
52. Relationships Between Organizations and Innovations Essay
(a) What is the relationship between organizations and innovation?
The research is aimed at defining the relationship between the two concepts that is innovation and
organization, the concept innovation can be acquired and exploit by many organizations to achieve
superior value. Mobbs C (2010), outline different definition constituting to innovation, one of the
definition as stated by UK department of trade and industry (2004) defines innovation as "successful
exploitation of new ideas", Michael Porter (1990) further defines innovation as "A nation
competitive advantage" therefore innovation can be broadly defined and observed as a vital
approach to achieve organizational goal and competitiveness.(Oxford dictionary;2005:1030) defines
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Love, H & Roper, S; 2009) state that open innovation between external entities and internal
employees of the organization will increase mobility of skilled workers. Munier, F(2006) conceptual
frame work as stated by Levinthal (1993) describe exploitation of external knowledge as being a
crucial approach towards innovation, the article further emphases innovation as stated by (Gibbons
et al., 1994) that for an innovation to be established it require a multi interaction with public
institution such as universities and other research centre .
Based on the articles and journals discussed above, complimentary relationship between
organization and innovation was able to be identified. Innovation cannot happen in a vacuum,
therefore an organization need to exploit new ideas in order for innovation to happen. The key
drivers of innovation are people in an organization, who would then transform these ideas into
something useful.
(b) What are for you and your firm/company the two most important lessons learnt from the
organization and innovation course?
Studies were conduct by various articles and journals to exploit the meaning of innovation and
organization to a larger scale. However the content of the course outlined the two crucial concepts,
that is Product and Process innovation, lesson learnt from this two concept could be of a great value
adding to Eskom as a whole. If an individual job profile is aimed at providing advice to Eskom
vendors/supplier related quality
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
53.
54. Economic Networking—Exploring Alternatives for Promoting...
Economic Networking–Exploring Alternatives for Promoting Sustainable Development in Africa
INTRODUCTION
The history of European aid intervention in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states has
traditionally acted to reinforce the hierarchical distinction between the "developed" and the
"developing" world. The series of Lome Conventions which granted preferential trade agreements
between these groups of countries have proved ineffective in encouraging economic sustainability in
the ACP states, and although the ACP includes most of the Least Developed Countries (LLDCs) in
the world, the agreements have been criticized as being unfair in the global context. Under pressure
to negotiate a new ACP–EU agreement that would be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The end of World War II, the formation of the United Nations and increased sense of nationalism
worldwide prompted the end of colonialism. During the surge of independence movements in the
late 1950s and early 1960s, Kwame Nkrumah led 32 African nations to form the Organization of
African Unity in May 1963 ("Creation of the OAU). The OAU aimed to promote unity on the
continent in order to support the political and economic autonomy of the newly independent African
countries and ensure that Africa had a strong voice in the global arena.
Around the same period, the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the ACP
introduced channels for international collaboration (See Figure 1). The first official move by the
EEC to develop a consistent strategy for allocating aid to ex–colonies was enacted in the Yaonde
Convention of 1963, which targeted African countries. The first Lome Convention of 1975
addressed the larger group of ACP states (See Figure 2). Although the notion of economic
reparations was offered as partial motive for negotiating these agreements with the newly
independent states, one of the main incentives for European countries was the establishment of a
consistent source of raw materials and a stable market for the export of mining machinery and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
55.
56. The Pros And Cons Of Corruption In The World Bank
The bank has been criticized for giving loans to countries with corrupted government (Behar, 2012).
Corruption is a major problem in developing countries. Millions of loans in financial assistance
would be rendered ineffective if such countries were run by corrupted governance. Many World
Bank's projects have failed due to the corrupted government in these developing nations (Behar,
2012).
In response, the World Bank Institution was set up in 2000 to fight against corruption by increasing
the transparency of governments. By using the Capacity Development Results Framework (CDRF),
the bank is able to design, implement, monitor, and evaluate development programs (Otoo,
Agapitova and Behrens, 2009). Kim Jing Yong, incumbent president of the World Bank, commented
on the success of the program: "When corruption threatened to derail a critical power project for
southern African countries, the World Bank intervened, preventing more than $6 million dollars
from being misused. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US alone holds 20% of votes, whereas 47 sub–Saharan African countries altogether only hold
7% of votes (Bretton Woods Project, 2005). This disparity results in decisions which benefit wealthy
countries at the expense of the poor. One such decision includes "structural adjustment programs"
(SAPs) attached to loans. SAPs require debtors to welcome foreign investment and privatize
national companies, inviting competition to the debtors' domestic firms (Shah, 2013). Over time,
demand and labour from these poor nations shift to the wealthier corporations, subsequently relying
on them for economic growth, while wealthier corporations enjoy growing profits from these poorer
nations. In response, World Bank ambiguously replied that they provide advice based on the needs
and circumstances of each country (World Bank,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
57.
58. Chad Cameroon Petroleum Development And Pipeline Project
Project: Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project Background:
Chad is a Central African country surrounded by Libya in the north, Sudan in the east and Cameroon
in the south. The country is landlocked with very little natural resources. Chad is listed as one of the
worlds poorest countries according to United Nations Human Development Index ranking 7th with
80% of its population living below poverty level. The official language is French and most of the
population of Chad rely on farming and livestock for survival. Cameroon is a West African Country
sounded by Chad in the North, Nigeria in the west, Central African Republic in the East and Gabon,
Republic of Congo and Equatorial Guinea in the South. The country is bilingual (French and
English official languages).The country has about 200 ethnic groups and dialects. The country aims
at becoming an emerging economy by 2035.A third of the population are living below the poverty
line. Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project is located in the Southwestern
region of Chad and one of Africa`s largest public and private development projects. It engaged 300
oil wells with project cost of $3.7 billion. Oil extracted is transported by 640 underground pipelines
via neighboring Cameroon to offshore loading facilities at Kribi Cameroon. This project started in
the year 2000 with oil to flow in the year 2004.This project was owned by Exxon/Mobil 40%,
Petronas Malaysia 35% and Chevron 25%.81% of the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
59.
60. The International Monetary Fund ( Imf )
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) The IMF was set up during the Second World
War in the year 1944. It started operation in 1947 and it has been working with the UNO since. Its
headquarters is in Washington D.C in America. IMF provides short term loans to countries having
problems of balance of payments. It also provides technical advice to its members and ensures free
flow of trade by removing all trade restrictions. It establishes and maintains stable exchange rate
between member countries. Each member of the IMF Funds and could only withdraws 25% of its
contribution. However, the IMF has special Drawing Rights for member countries since 1970 and
subsequently some members have even draw more then what they have contributed. Nigeria is a
member of the IMF many African countries such as Sierra Leon, Ghana and Nigeria have met some
of the conditionality including cutting down of government subsidies particularly on education,
health and petroleum. The conditionality impose on borrowing nations by the IMF usually bring
unfold hardships such as unemployment, low standard of living and depressed economy etc. Nigeria
is currently experiencing all these problems. The International Banka Reconstruction and
development (IBRD), IBRD was established in 1944 with it's headquarters in Washington D.C.
U.S.A IBRD aim of reconstructing the economy of member nations ,assisting the development of
countries by giving them long term loan and providing technical assistance to member
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
61.
62. Brazil Essay
After the slavery abolition in 1888 and throughout the 20th century, Africa figured relatively low in
Brazil's foreign policy agenda, which have mostly focused in the relations with the global powers
such as the United States and European countries. This configuration started to change significantly
in the early 2000s, when the improved macroeconomic situation of Brazil coincided with Africa's
economic revival. The turning point was, with no doubt, under former President Lula's mandate
(2003–2010).
Revoking historical ties and cultural similarities, Lula's discourse was frequently based in frames
such as: "paying back the solidarity debt with the African continent, due to centuries of slavery
relied on the sweat and blood of millions of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Source: Cabral & Shankland (2013: 9).
According to a recent joint World Bank and IPEA document, the historical and cultural ties between
Brazil and the African continent differentiate the country from the other members of the BRICs
(Brazil, Russia, India and China). The economic success of Brazil, its activities in the international
arena and its successful national social policies would be "lessons" for African countries (IPEA &
World Bank, 2011).
Additionally to historical and cultural ties, other affinities in agro–ecology and epidemiology (and,
in some cases, language) are often evoked as an advantage of the Brazilian knowledge transfer to
Africa, while the horizontal character of the partnership is presented as an alternative to the vertical
North–South interaction (Patriota & Pierri, 2013).
SECTION C: Brazil's investment and financing in Africa: interests
Trade and investments
In the relations between Brazil and Africa, it is not only in development cooperation that a
significant increase started to be seen in the last decade. Making a comparison, at the beginning of
Lula's mandate in 2003, trade between the country and the continent was $5 billion, while by 2009 it
had surpassed $29 billion (LAHT, 2010). Although still accounting for a relatively small share in
Brazilian
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
63.
64. lending institutions
Lending Institutions, Health Care, and Human Capital
Strayer University
SOC 300 – Soc. Of Developing Countries
Dr. Paula Moore
December 9, 2013
In today's society a lot of developing countries rely on assistance from the international lending
institutions to help with funding. Africa receives about 22 percent of assistance from the World
Bank. The World Bank is the main source of lending to this underdeveloped country. By Africa
having to largely depend on the World Bank and the IMF this has caused a hindering on their
economic development. When the African government borrows from these institutions then the
country is forced into abiding by very strict conditions, which usually benefit ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, a healthier population means more people are able to stand together to demand better
treatment by the government. The reason the people are able to do this is because, life expectancy of
the infants has gone up, then these infants are able to become educated and then they are able to
become trained to get work. With more educated and well trained adults comes the urge to fight for
your rights. "Rapid population growth rates also have ramifications for political and social conflicts
among different ethnic, religious, linguistic and social groups."(OAU & ECA, 2006) The
government is not really do all that could be done in this country to help improve the health care
system. This country is given money by several other countries to help improve their healthcare
system. But as of today this country still has a great deal of work to do, before their health care
system is even able to deal with current illnesses that their people face. When the government in
Africa can take on the responsibility of doing right by aid money given for health care reform, the
less they will have to deal with donor governments coming in and tell them how to use the money to
reform their health care system. "There are numerous actors trying to improve health care in Africa.
They include host governments, bilateral donors, international organizations, NGOs and private
foundations. There is always room for improvement in the coordination of health
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
65.
66. Disadvantages Of Development
Development is a broad concept that includes social, economic, political and human aspects. Human
development consists of the foundation on which the first three aspects .According to Burkey (1993:
38), economic and political development should be translated into social development. As
development is a broad concept, it has been extensively explored with a view to realize that
economic growth and social development. However, the emphasis moved from industrial and
economic development as the factors that determine societal transformations. Economic growth may
bring material gain to the people, but development is about enrichment of the lives of the people in
the society Edwards (1993:80) this means that development is much more important to a country
than economic growth only because when people are not empowered and developed it takes us back
to the theory of development which explains that empowerment and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the policies have been criticized in terms of their effectiveness in meeting the narrow
objectives set by the IMF. Under half those accepting IMF loans achieve their balance of payments
and inflation objectives, and only one–fifth achieve their growth targets, Hodd (1987:336) This
assessment of the financial institutions shows that they do assist in Africa with their balance of
payments at that time but in the long run it causes debts for the African states as they will have to
pay the loan bank with interest. When the loan is paid with interest, it draws back the states and this
means that they will be focusing on paying the IMF loan instead of developing their countries and
the problem is that the payment period for this loan is very short which puts pressure for the states to
pay back the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
67.
68. Imf : Imf And World Bank
IMF OR WORLD BANK. THE PROJECT
One of the World Bank or the IMF project that was developed is "Rebuilding Infrastructure." It was
set in motion to aid the rebuilding of Infrastructures in countries that were ravaged by, during and
after World War II. The project (Rebuilding Infrastructure, under the supervision of IMF and World
bank), was originally intended for, and as a principal supervisor on agendas such as poverty
reduction, quality education, provision and availability of pure and clean water for all, steady
development of employment and job availability, mechanisms to stabilize value of currency,
exchange rates and facilitation of currency exchange, dispute resolution systems, Offering loans to
aid economies in crises etc.
NEGATIVE OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT
Much plans never came to reality because of the critics and pressure coming in, which in response,
IFM and Word Bank started offering loans based on strict conditions. critics did not only considered
some of the initial plans of the IFM and World Bank as rather too partial and in favour to those that
are largely in control of the system and owned it but argument still lingers that it could and has
eventually lead to privatizations, trade liberalization, and high interest rates in so many countries
today.
In many African countries today, the IFM and Word Bank project has lead to dumping of cheap and
substandard products in the market. Such items as clothes, shoes, creams are just amongst many
others that flood
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
69.
70. Ralph Mark Gilbert Social Liberties Historical Center...
The Ralph Mark Gilbert Social liberties Historical center is named out of appreciation for the late
Dr. Ralph Mark Gilbert, the father of Savannah's cutting edge Social equality Development and
pioneer of the National Relationship for the Headway of Minorities Individuals (NAACP). Dr.
Gilbert served as minister of notable First African Baptist Church on Franklin Square in Savannah
for a long time. In 1942, he rearranged the Savannah Branch NAACP, served as president for a long
time and assembled its first state gathering. Under his gallant authority, more than forty NAACP
branches were composed in Georgia by 1950. Gilbert came to Savannah as minister of the
memorable First African Baptist Church on Franklin Square, which was built up amid the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three stories highlight noteworthy photographic and intuitive shows, including a NAACP
hierarchical display and Through different sorts of showcases, the historical center narratives the
social equality battle of Georgia's most seasoned African American group. a fiber–optic guide of
eighty–seven critical social liberties locales and occasions. A bronze bust of Gilbert highlights the
displays on the historical center's first floor, which likewise includes a diversion of the Azalea Room
of Toll's Retail chain, where blacks could purchase attire yet couldn't eat in the eatery. The
mezzanine houses a theater, which is a copy of an African American church asylum, where Law and
different pioneers ponder Savannah's social equality battle. A visual montage of West Expansive
Road's kin and its trade gives guests a look at its history. The second floor highlights address
lobbies, classrooms, and a PC room. It likewise has a video/perusing room and an African American
book accumulation for
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
71.
72. Non Reciprocal Trade Arrangement Is Africa Growth And...
The first RTA I chose to discuss is a Non–Reciprocal Trade Arrangement called Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA). USTR.gov states, "In 2013, U.S. goods imports from sub–Saharan
African under AGOA and the related GSP program totaled $26.8 billion, more than three times the
amount in 2001, the first full–year of AGOA trade." There are challenges for this agreement as the
site later states, "Exports of U.S. poultry have been effectively excluded from the South African
market for 15 years due to a range of trade barriers and other measures." This agreement has
potential to assist the African economy in numerous ways as the exports can create large revenue for
Africa and can also provide employment opportunities. The difficulty lies with changing trade
barriers that could begin to cause more products and materials to have higher taxes associated.
The second RTA I chose is called Free Trade Area Agreement (FTAA). As export.gov states, "The
FTA includes a non–binding statement of intent to eliminate barriers to trade in services such as
tourism, communications, banking, insurance, management consulting, accounting, law, computer
services, and advertising." The benefits are mutual and the United States has made tremendous
profit on exports. The site later states, "U.S. exports to Israel grew from $2.5 billion in 1985 to $11.3
billion in 2010." This agreement can become challenging as the economy can shift and with the
presidential election threatening to put more taxes on
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
73.
74. Economic Policies: What is the Fiscal Policy? Essay
Introduction
Economic policies are aimed at finding satisfactory solutions to various problems that emerge from
time to time in any economic system. In most instances, the so called problems present themselves
in the form of inflation, unsatisfactory or poor economic growth and unemployment. It is not always
simple and straight forward to solve such dilemmas, especially because their impact, implications
and importance changes from time to time. (Roux, 2008).
Making use of the monetary policy and the fiscal policy, the South African government has made
efforts to address growth and poverty in the country. The National Development Plan (NDP) and the
National Growth Plan (NGP) are two strategies that have been designed by the government ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cost, efficiency and capacity of the national logistics system was also identified as an area of
concern. From a market perspective barriers to entry and limits to competition were pin pointed.
The fiscal policy component used in hopes of promoting growth was government expenditure. The
Bulk of the funds made available would go to the building of provincial and local roads, housing,
schools, business centres and sport centres. Government centres in the form of police stations and
courts were part of the plans. In order to curb unemployment, education and skills development
were at the fore. There was a shortage of skilled labourers in the market. The areas where education
for these skills would be funded were engineering, scientists, managers, artisans and IT technicians.
(Roux, 2008)
What is the monetary policy?
The monetary policy is a strategy that the South African Reserve Bank uses to control the demand
for money as well as the supply of money in order to achieve certain goals. The interest is one tool
used to control the borrowing and lending of money. Therefore the main elements of the monetary
policy are the interest rate, the actual supply of money through the banks and credit extensions to
those borrowing money. "Before the monetary policy changes in South Africa are considered, all the
role players will be consulted through the Monetary Policy Forum (MPF) (Janse van Rensburg,
McConnell, & Brue, 2011).
The South African
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
