Homozygous Alleles

Homozygous Alleles
Problem To analyze the gene frequencies and see how natural selection, in addition to the cold
winter, impact this statistic as each generation passes.
Background
In England, a population of bunnies thrives with dominant and recessive traits. Some of these
bunnies possess a recessive allele that makes them have no fur. This is dangerous because England
has very cold winters which would cause the hairless bunnies to die by freezing to death.
Nevertheless, those who have heterozygous alleles or homozygous dominant alleles have a greater
possibility of survival. Breeders of bunnie have long been familiar with this variety of genetic traits
that affect their survivability in the wild, as well as in breeding populations.The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there were a little amount of f alleles left behind.
The number of alleles for the dominant characteristic remains constant throughout the ten
generations while the the alleles for the recessive characteristic decreases after almost each
generation.
Emigration and immigration can affect the gene frequency of F and f in this population of rabbits by
which immigration can introduce new traits to the environment which may be better than the F allele
causing the species to evolve once again. The researcher would stimulate this effect by either taking
a trait from one the the emigrated bunnies and adding it into the situation or trying the keep the
bunnies from emigrating.
The results of this simulation are a demonstration of natural selection since the data showed that as
each generation passed, hairless bunnies which have have the recessive allele trait started to become
extinct. This proves that the environment easily triggered natural selection into making sure the
bunnies have fur in order to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Drosophila Melanogaster : A Model Organism Within Genetics...
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fruit fly, used as a model organism in genetics research. We
used this species to test the pattern of inheritance of two traits; eye color and wing type. With
Mendelian Genetics, we assume genes are not linked. Thus, our hypothesis is that the genes are not
linked. We ran two crosses, one with a wild type female and mutant male, and one with a mutant
female and wild type male. We then proceeded to look at the two generations following this original
cross; the F1 generation, or children of original cross, and the F2 generation, created when the flies
from F1 were crossed again (essentially breeding the children amongst each other), using wild type
females with wild type males, and wild type females and mutant males. Looking at our results in a
chi square test, we find that we reject the assumption that the genes are not linked for cross 1, and
accept that they are not linked for cross 2. However, we know that the trait for eye color is X–
linked, and the trait for wing type is autosomal, so they cannot be linked. Thus, something must
have gone wrong in our lab procedure.
Discovering Patterns of Inheritance: Drosophila melanogaster
Mendel shaped the way we currently define genetics and patterns of inheritance, with his study of
pea plants and how traits were passed among them. Defining dominant traits, as the parental trait
that was expressed, and recessive traits as the nondominant traits. This was furthered proved with
Punnett squares,

Sex And Phenotype Of The Mutant Fly
Name: Samantha Pipher Section: 03
1. Describe the sex and phenotype of the mutant fly. Describe the phenotype as it compares to the
wild type.
You can obtain this information by clicking on the fly and looking at the Properties window.
The sex of the grounded mutant fly is female and the phenotype as compared to the wildtype is
wingless, but otherwise normal for other traits besides wings. This would be directly compared to
the normal (winged) wildtype phenotype that is represented by an added (+).
2. You want to determine the genotype of grounded. You are unsure whether the mutant allele
confers a phenotype that is dominant or recessive to wild type. You are also not sure if grounded is
true–breeding or not. To determine its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Now you have determined some facts about the grounded allele and the trait that it causes. Given
what you know, do you expect the mutant F1 flies to be homozygous or heterozygous for the allele
that causes the grounded trait? According to your reasoning, if you mated two mutant F1 flies, what
percentage of flies would you expect to be wild type versus mutant in the F2 progeny? Draw a
Punnett square of this cross to justify your answer.
It would be expected that the mutant F1 flies would be heterozygous for the allele responsible for
the grounded trait. If two F1 flies were mated, the percentage of flies that would be expected to be
wildtype in the F2 generation would be 25% mutants given that the mutant allele (ap) is predicted to
be recessive and, leaving 75% to be wildtype (ap+).
An expected F2 cross would be as follows: (The expected ratio would be 3:1 in this case – wildtype
: mutant).
ap+ ap ap+ ap+ ap+ ap ap+ ap ap+ ap ap ap
6. Now mate a mutant F1 female fly with a mutant F1 male fly. Out of the 50 F2 progeny, what
percentage of flies are wild type and what percentage are mutant
You can collect individual flies that you have generated (for use in future experiments) by dragging
them

Variation Of Alleles
Genetic variation of alleles is evident through physical attributes of humans and can be attributed to
the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Gregor Mendel experimented with plant breeding in
order to determine that the inheritance of different traits is dependent upon the differences in alleles,
or genes. Two loci that can measure the genetic variation in human populations are the LCT locus
and the TAS2R38 locus (Leicht & McAllister, 2017). The LCT locus is located on chromosome 2,
and encodes for the enzyme lactase that breaks down lactose into its monomers to aid digestion of
dairy in the small intestine (Leicht & McAllister, 2017). The two potential alleles that LCT has are C
and T, which can form three potential genotypes in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We were then using the Hardy–Weinberg Principle to calculate the observed and expected values of
genotype frequencies within the class and compare the results using the Chi–Square goodness of fit
test (Leicht & McAllister, 2017). Demonstrated by the Hardy–Weinberg Principle, that without any
evolutionary forces, the allele and genotype frequencies of sexual populations will remain constant
between generations (Sadava, 2011). The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium is met be a population under
five specific conditions: no genetic mutation, random mating between individuals (no sexual
selection), infinite population size (no genetic drift, or any chance of variation with allele
frequencies), no gene flow (migration of new individuals into or out of the population), and no
natural selection (all genotypes contain the same relative fitness for survival and reproduction). If
any of these conditions are not met, the population is not in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium and
evolution is occurring. The expected frequencies within a population are determined by two
equations: p + q = 1 for allele frequencies, and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 for genotype frequencies (Sadava,
2011). After using the Hardy–Weinberg Principle, we used the Chi–Square goodness of fit test to
compare the expected and observed frequencies of the LCT and TAS2R38 loci, we

Blood Type Lab Report
Introduction: Multiple alleles are traits that have more than two alleles for the gene. Human blood
type is an example of multiple alleles. There are three possible alleles. A and B are codominant and
O is recessive. There are four main blood types made up of these alleles. These are type A blood,
type B blood, type AB blood, and type O blood. Type A's possible genotypes are AA or AO. Type
B's possible genotypes are BB or BO. Type AB's only possible genotype is AB. Type O's only
possible genotype is oo. The goal of this investigation was to figure out which offsprings are Mr.
Johnson's and which ones are Mr. Wilson's. The guiding question of this investigation was "Are all
of Mr. Johnson's children his biological offspring?" Through the information given about human
blood types ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Johnson's. Methods: Before the investigation began, the group first put on gloves for safety
purposes. To start the experiment the group decided to first test the know blood types. The blood
types were type A, B, AB, and O. The known blood types served as the controls for the experiment.
To test these blood types the group first got out a blood–typing slide. Next, the group put 2 drops of
type A blood into both wells on the slide. Antiserum A was added to one well and antiserum B was
added to the other well. These steps were repeated for each blood type. The group knew that if the
well containing antiserum A (well A) did have clumps and the well containing antiserum B (well B)
did not have clumps the blood type was A. If well A had no clumps and well B did have clumps then
the blood type was B. If both wells had no clumps the blood type was O. If both wells did have
clumps the blood type was AB. The group used the information about clumping to examine the
known substances in order to have a better understanding of what each well for each blood type

Genetics Exam 2
BioSc 321 General Genetics Exam 2 Name __________________________________
Multiple Choice. (1 point each)
_____During anaphase of the mitosis ___.
A. DNA recombines
B. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
C. The nuclear membrane disappears
D. RNA replicates
E. DNA content essentially doubles
_____During prophase of mitosis ___.
A. DNA recombines
B. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles
C. The nuclear membrane disappears
D. RNA replicates
E. DNA content essentially doubles
_____An autosome is ___.
A. a non–sex determining chromosome
B. an alternate form of a gene
C. another term for epistasis
D. present only in males and is responsible for sex determination
E. found in mitochondria but not in nuclei
_____What ratios ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are associated with the nucleosome.
C. H1, H2, H3 and H4 form the nucleosome core.
D. They are found in the nucleus.
E. H1 functions as a monomer.
_____ Which of the following is not true about chromosome structure?

A. A telomere is always on the end of a eukaryotic chromosome.
B. A centromere is always in the middle of a eukaryotic chromosome
C. A chromatid is a chromosome that has been replicated but has not yet separated from its sister
chromatid.
D. The kinetichore is the site of attachment of the centromere to the nuclear spindle apparatus.
E. Heterochromatin are primarily associated with the centromere and telomere regions.
_____ Mating type refers to
A. the number of sex–chromosomes in a eucharyotic cell.
B. a system in which haploid fungal cells only fuse with fungal cells with a different complement of
alleles.
C. the gametes of a plant which undergoes alternation of generation.
D. the gametophytes of a flowering plant.
E. the sporophytes of a flowering plant.
_____ Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not mitosis?
A. Cell division
B. Separation of homologous centromeres to opposite poles
C. Chromatic formation.
D. Chromosome condensation (shortening)
E. Pairing of homologs.
_____ In swine, when a pure–breeding red is crossed with a pure–breeding white the F1 are all red.
However, the F2 shows 9 red, 1 white and 6 of a new color, sandy. The Sandy phenotype is most
likely determined by
A. complementary alleles of two

Essay On Gene Environment Interaction
Gene–environment interaction
Several recent studies have explored the interplay between different genetic and environmental risk
factors associated with ADHD. One of the main motivators for these investigations is that, in twin
studies, gene markers have only been implicated in a small fraction of heritability. Therefore, there
has been a need to identify the environmental conditions that favor the highest genetic impact, along
with the genotypic profiles that make the environmental experiences more influential. Several
psychosocial factors, including low income, family conflict and adversity, are thought to show some
level of genetic interaction when it comes to contributing to ADHD symptoms, primarily with the
DAT1 and 5–HTT genotypes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This highly emphasize the presence of the gene–environment interaction where the DRD4 7R allele
seems to make the children more susceptible to the low levels of sensitivity reflected by their
mothers.
The DRD4 gene has been implicated in different other gene–environment interaction studies. For
example, DiLalla and colleagues (2015) demonstrated that children with the 7R long allele showed
different externalizing behaviors depending on the amount of victimization they received in school.
They presented with high ADHD–like symptoms when receiving a significant amount of verbal
victimization, a behavioral outcome that did not seem to be significant when they were not subject
to any victimization (Brestand, 2016). Further experiments exploring this interaction found that
DRD4 7R children with a high attachment to their parent appeared to be more generous when
assessing their donation behavior, compared to the kids without the allele who were less generous in
their donations (Bakermans–Kranenburg et al., 2011). This serves as another example of how
influential the interaction between the genotype and the environmental experience could be in
predicting not only psychopathologies but general child behavior.
Another study exploring the genetic and environmental effects on behavior considered

Blood Testing Of Mr. Johnsons
A married couple of 8 years, the Johnsons, have three children. The thing is, even though the
Johnsons are married, Mrs. Johnson has been having an affair with a certain Mr. Wilson for the
entirety of the marriage, which leads us to this question; are Mr. Johnson's children actually his, or
are they related to Mr. Wilson? A simple blood test can figure this out for us. By using samples of
everyone's blood, it can be determined if the children are not related to Mr. Johnson by seeing if
their blood types match. The test involves gathering blood samples of both Mr. Wilson and Mr.
Johnson, along with the children and Mrs. Johnson. Antigens in blood can be detected by Anti–
serums and if picked up, can tell different blood types apart. For example, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We claimed that Mr. Johnson could possibly be related to one of his children, and this could be
shown in a Punnett square with his blood type as one allele and Mrs. Johnson's as the other. Same
for Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Wilson. The father of child #1 cannot be determined because with either
father the child could have type O blood. Child #2 can in no way be related to Mr. Johnson, because
it has either type BB or BO blood, and Mr. Johnson has no B alleles in his blood type. Child #3
could possibly be related to Mr. Johnson because they have the same blood type possibilities, AA or
AO. Therefore, our claim of Mr. Johnson possibly being related to at least one child is true, and our
essential question, (Are Mr. Johnson's children his biological offspring?) has been sufficiently

Factors That Caused Allele Frequencies
The overall goal of the experiment was to determine what caused allele frequencies to change in D.
melanogaster over the course of several generations. Was it a result of a biological factor such as
genetic drift or natural selection or did the changes result because of chance? To answer this
question we must compare the data to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis was there is not a
difference in the data that would be expected to happen by chance. Therefore, there are no forces
causing changes in allele frequencies. For the small population, we fail to reject the null hypothesis
and cannot support a significant difference between the allele frequencies. With the null hypothesis
being rejected, there is speculation that the changes were caused by chance or a variety of different
biological terms. As a result, a variety of different hypothesis could be formulated. Was the
population size to small so natural selection or genetic drift did not have a chance to work because
the genetic variation was limited? Did the genetic variation result completely out of chance,
resulting in not having a correlation at all to genetic drift or natural selection? This allows scientists
to form new experiments that could lead to a better understanding of the small population. An
example would be to continue this similar experiment but to increase the size of the small
population from a total of 8 flies to a total of 60 flies. This would allow the population to actually
show if genetic

The Wizarding Gene
The wizarding gene is not passed down in blood like how it is explained in the books. It is a gene,
copied in families that carry the recessive code. A gene is informally defined as a unit of heredity
that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristics of the offspring
(CITE). An Allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are
found at the same place on a chromosome. To be a wizard, a person must be born Homozygous
Recessive, meaning their DNA must have two copies of the same gne, but not a dominant alelle. If
the gene for magic was an "M", their code would appear as mm. A real–life example of this would
be eye color. A blue–eyed person is homozygous recessive, and if they were to inherit one dominant,
brown ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because one can be a wizard with only one gene expression, the trait could be sex–linked, passed
down through the X and Y chromosomes that determine our gender. In modern science, it wasa
determined that sex lined genes passed through the X chromosome were not recessive nor dominant;
just sex linked. (Dobyns 11). Because there were previous studies on sex linked traits, like how two
parents with color blindnesss (recessive) have a daughter or son, they could also inherit color
blindess (CITE). Because of new studies showing that the x linked traits to not follow the same rules
as normal inheritance, the original theory presented in this paper holds true. The number of female
and male wizards is proportional, but if the trait was sex linked, then every family with any
wizarding genes would have all boys born become wizards, while only females who were born to
two wizard parents could have magic. Because this is not true in the book, as seen with the number
of half blood and muggle born female witches, readers can know that the trait is not sex

Genetic Engineering Is Responsible And Manipulating The...
A couple, a man and a woman, sit in front of a screen. The woman said, "Let's choose brown hair
and grey eyes for him." "Oh! He needs to be tall and smart," replied the man. What the couple is
doing is designing their future baby. It might sound crazy to be able to engineer one's children
genetically, but technological advancements in the medical and scientific fields have allowed this as
a possible option for potential parents. Genetic engineering is controlling and manipulating the
genes of an organism. Genetic engineering is usually used to improve the organism's functions;
these organisms are known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering is
commonly used for the food industry. One benefit that results from genetically modified foods is the
lowered prices for the products. However, there can be hazardous side effects such as the creation of
new toxins (Goldbas, 2014, p. 22). Likewise, mutations in the DNA can occur from genetically
engineering a baby. In spite of the threatening effects to the baby's health from genetic engineer, I
believe giving people to the option to design their "perfect" babies allows for the genetic tree of
infertile parents to continue; however, I believe the range of genes that future parents can select for
their fetus has to be restricted to the genes the parents already carried in their DNA. Before the
concept of designing one's "perfect" baby can be grasp, one must understand the events in science
building up to the

Gregor Mendelian Theory Of Genetics
Genetic traits which are derived from the rules of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel are
referred to as Mendelian. After a series of experiments in his garden with pea plants he came to
discover the basic principles of heredity which have now formed the foundation to genetics; he
noted certain traits appeared within offspring in predictable patterns. These principles include the
law of segregation which states offspring receives an allele coding for the same trait from both
parents and the law of Independent assortment, declaring alleles passed on from parents are
independent thus the inheritance of one gene does not influence the inheritance of another gene.
(Genetics–generation, 2017). So if an allele coding for blue eyes is inherited this does not influence
the probability of receiving an allele coding for blonde hair.
Mendel crossbred pea plants over many generations differing in single traits such as height and from
his observations was able to conclude that traits expressed in offspring depend on the type of allele
an individual receives from each parent because although 2alleles are inherited, only one is
expressed. His law of dominance proposes traits are either dominant or recessive; dominant traits
requiring one copy of the gene whereas recessive must have 2 copies of the allele present in–order
for the recessive trait to be expressed.
He explained the disappearance of one of two the traits present in the chromosome by supposing one
of the traits to be

Alleles: A Case Study
To begin, each participant selected two alleles randomly out of 5 bins. The purpose of the alleles
selected was to represent a set of maternal and fraternal alleles found in a black–footed ferret. The
allelic frequencies were taken of the entire group. The groups total allele frequency was made to
represent the wild population of black–footed ferrets. Each participant was then given a test tube
containing a clear solution, which represented "ferret fluid". Most of the test tubes contained HCl,
while 4 contained NaOH and were considered "contaminated". To mimic breeding, participants
mingled around the lab until they were told to stop. At this point, the participants closest to one
another exchanged one pipet volume of solution into each other's test tubes. This act of transferring
solution from one test tube to another was repeated another 4 times. After the 5th transfer cycle, a
drop of phenol red was added to the test tubes of all participants. If the test tube turned a hue of red,
the participant was considered dead, and their alleles were left behind. If the test tube turned a hue
of yellow, the participant had survived. The alleles of the survivors were recorded. In total, 12
participants were considered "survivors" and the population of 12 represented the "founding ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A set of rules and guidelines were followed on how breeding would precede. Pairs in one block
could not mate with another, and within a block the alleles were systematically divided and breed to
assure inbreeding wouldnt occur. Each allele was assigned the side of a coin. Each generation
followed the same guidelines and produced a total of 12 offspring's (6 male and 6 female). Breeding
was mimicked over the course of 8 generations. After the 8th generation of offspring had been
produced, the allelic frequencies were recorded in the table

Examples Of Gregor Mendel Theory Of Genetics
I. Introduction In this lab we considered Gregor Mendel theory of genetics. Mendel was a botanist
and statistician. Mendel worked with garden peas to figure out their genetic pattern. The peas were
also true–breed.1 The three principles that Mendel had for inheritance pattern are the principle of
segregation, principle of dominance, and principle of independent assortment.2 The first principle of
segregation means that the individual gets part of the trait from each parent that makes their traits.2
The second principle of dominance is that a trait may be present during the first generation, but
doesn't not mean it could be present in future generations and that the dominant allele is showed.
The third principle of independent assortment is that it depends on the different units that are passed
on that can decide your traits based on other traits that are given.2 This now goes into showing that
variation of a gene is called an allele. This is now shown in a phenotype and genotype. A phenotype
is showing he physical trait that we can see. A genotype is the showing of the genetic form that
made that trait.3 Another term we used in this lab was homozygous which means you have two of
the same alleles. The next term that was used is heterozygous which means that two different alleles
were used. The term that was important that we used was a Punnett square. A Punnett square is way
to be able to calculate the different potential outcomes of the genotypes graphically.3

Pathophysiology Of Alleles
For starters, DNA is considered the messiah of genetic information leading most aspects of
inheritance and phenotypes. For example, DNA is made up of chromosomes which contain specific
genes on a specific location known as a locus (Biology 224). Since half of the chromosomes are
inherited from each parent, the results are having half of one's genes from mom and the other from
dad. This genetic information is encoded within DNA which leads into the study of alleles. Alleles
are alternative forms of genes, containing an alternative DNA sequence or genotype that will
ultimately code for various phenotypes. For example, there could be an allele for brown hair or an
allele for blonde hair, but the alleles are still coding for hair color just different colors. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This specific genotype will in turn code for specific traits or characteristics expressed known as the
phenotype. On this note, there are different types of genotypes; for instance, there are homozygous
and heterozygous alleles that can be present in a genotype. Being heterozygous means that there are
two different alleles. In contrast, a homozygous genotype involves two of the same alleles. Together,
alleles can be either dominant or recessive, or they can also be heterozygous and homozygous. A
dominant allele is usually the gene expressed in the phenotype while the recessive allele is
expressed when the genotype is homozygous (Biology

PS2 Semi Finished Essay
Bios 101, Problem Set 2
These questions are due at the beginning of discussion. The due date is indicated on the syllabus.
Please type or print neatly on separate sheets of paper. It is imperative that no portion of your
answers be copied directly from another student or from an online source.
1. A man with normal vision marries a woman with normal vision. Their first child, a boy, is color–
blind.
i) (one point) Diagram the cross above.
colorblindness: (XxXx= females; XxY=males)
mom:X dad: Y
Xx
XxX
XxY
Since its sex–linked, then you know the father has normal vision, then he has a dominant allele on
his X chromosome. Since the color blind child in question is a son, then he inherited a Y from the
father. So, the colorblindness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type of allelic interactions are these? How many loci are involved? Are there multiple
possibilities? Diagram a cross consistent with the data.
ii) List and discuss several traits, in domestic plants of your choosing, that have a similar genetic
basis.
3. A line of Drosophila melanogaster with ebony body and sepia eyes (line A) is crossed to a line
with tan body and red eyes (line B). The F1 are all tan–bodied, red–eyed.
i) (one point) What proportion of gametes produced by the F1 have the dominant allele for both
loci? What proportion of the gametes produced by line B have the d ominant allele for both loci?
Next, imagine that An F1 female is crossed to a male from line A.
If 1000 offspring were scored for both characters, what number of offspring would be expected to

have each of the four phenotypes (assuming no linkage)? List them below.
Now imagine that the following data were actually collected from the cross above:
Body Eyes
Tan normal 271
Tan sepia 229
Ebony normal 220
Ebony sepia 280
ii) (one point) Are the loci linked? If so, how many map units are they apart ? Do a χ2 test and show
your work below. Diagram this cross.
4. (two points) Go online, and look up two hereditary illnesses that are caused by having two copies
of an autosomal recessive allele.

Genetics: Exploring Genes And Inheritance
Exploring Genes and Inheritance
Introduction:
Every human in the world is born with a unique set of DNA molecules, that carries genetic
information and controls many characteristics of the body. All of the genetics inherited come from a
childs' biological parents. There are two different types of genes, one is dominant and one is
recessive. The dominate gene determines the organisms appearance and the recessive gene has no
obvious effect on an organisms appearance. The phenotype is affected by the inherited genes and the
outside environment. Genotypes are only affected by the inherited genes from the biological parents.
Genes are found in the nucleus of every living cell in the body. When genes are passed on from
generation to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first one being "alternative versions of a gene account for variation in inherited characters."
This has to do with DNA and the variation of the gene can affect the function of the protein. Since
the F2 plants are heterozygous, there are two DNA sequences possible, one allowing the tall gene to
be dominate and one sequence not allowing it. The second concept is "for each character, each
organism inherits two copies of a gene, from each parent." The two chromosomes could be
homozygous like the true–bred parent plants, or they could be heterozygous, like the F1 and F2
offspring. The third concept, "if the two alleles at the locus differ, then one, the dominate allele,
determines the organisms appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable affect on the
organism appearance." Referring back to the F1 plants, they were all tall because the tall gene was
dominate over the short gene. The forth concept explaining the law of segregation is "the two alleles
for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes."
Meaning that an organism can only get one of the two alleles present when the gamete is being
made. A random combination with the gametes produced a 3:1 tall to short ratio in the F2 plants.
Since the tall gene was dominate over the short gene in the F1 offspring, it wasn't a surprise that
there were more tall plants found in the F2

hardy
Population Genetics / Hardy–Weinberg Problems
Directions: Work out the following problems on a separate piece of paper. Show ALL work and
circle your answers.
1) If the frequency of a recessive allele is 30% in a population of 100 people, how many would you
predict would be carriers of this allele, but would not express the recessive phenotype? q= 0.30 p=
0.70
Carriers = 2pq = 2(.3)(.7) = .42
#= (.42)(100) = 42 individuals
2) From a sample of 278 American Indians, the following MN blood types were obtained: MM = 78,
MN = 139, NN = 61. Calculate the allele frequency of M and N.
M= 0.53
N= 0.47
MM = 78/278 = 0.281 = p2 p = 0.530 = 53%
MN = 139/278 = 0.50 = 2pq q = 0.468 = 46.8%
NN = 61/139 = 0.219 = q2
3) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complete the following chart based on this information.
The frequency of the (H) allele =
0.7
The total number of homozygous nonallergic Pago Fuagens =
2450
(5000 x 0.49)
The frequency of the (h) allele =
0.3
The total number of Pago Fuagans that are carriers of the (g) allele and phenotypically normal =
2100
(5000 x 0.42)
The total number of (h) alleles on Pago Fuago =
3000

(10,000 x 0.3)
The total number of Pago Fuagens that suffer from this

The Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Genes by Gregor...
Introduction: Genetics is the study of how genes and heredity combine to create traits in living
organisms. Gregor Mendel disproved the theory that heredity comes only from parents. He
discovered that there were dominant and recessive genes and his "Law of Dominance" has been
used to selectively breed plants and animals for particular attributes. It has also been successfully
adopted to identify the risk of passing down genetic diseases. Francis Galton took Mendel's
discoveries further by studying multifactoral inheritance and discovering 'blending traits', also
known as continuous variation. With these traits, involvement of a wide range of genetic and
environmental factors results in the creation of wide–ranging genotypes.
Inheritance: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent, for example,
blue eyes. A holder of one dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will have the dominant
phenotype. They are generally considered "carriers" of the recessive allele: the recessive allele is
there, but the recessive phenotype is not.
Genetic crosses: Genetic crosses show how characteristics are inherited through the generations. In a
monohybrid cross each parent contributes two alleles, producing four possible combinations for the
one trait. A dihybrid cross involves two alleles per trait for two traits, for a total of four alleles. Each
allele of a particular trait has an equal chance of being in a gamete with each of the alleles of the
other trait.
Gene Mutations: A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
Mutations can vary in size from a single DNA building block (Fig 2) to a large section of a
chromosome. Gene mutations occur in two ways, either they can be inherited from a parent or
attained during a person's lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called
hereditary mutations. This type of mutation is present throughout a person's life in practically every
cell in the body. Mutations that take place only in an egg can cause genetic disorders when a family
has no history of the ailment. Environmental factors such as radiation (Fig 8) can cause acquired
mutations in the DNA

Chapter 10 Study Guide Answers
Name: ______________________________________________________ Period:_____ Chapter
Review: 10 Mendel & Meiosis College Biology 1. An organism that is true breeding for a trait is
said to be (a) homozygous (b) heterozygous (c) a monohybrid (d) a dihybrid 2. At the end of
meiosis, how many haploid cells have been formed from the original cell? (a) one (b) two (c) three
(d) four 3. When Mendel transferred pollen from one pea plant to another, he was ___ the plants. (a)
self pollinating (b) cross pollinating (c) self fertilizing (d) cross fertilizing 4. A short pea plant is (a)
homozygous recessive (b) homozygous dominant (c) heterozygous (d) a dihybrid 5. Which
describes a dominant trait in garden peas? (a) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The likelihood of close relatives sharing the same recessive alleles is greater than in the general
population, raising the risks that a child would be homozygous recessive for a trait. 21. Assume that
a couple has four children who are all boys. What are the chances their next child will also be a boy?
Explain your answer. 50% because previous births do not affect any children that will follow. 22.
How does separation of

Allele and Dd
Name: Date: 03.05.13
Student Exploration: Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy–Weinberg equation, Hardy–Weinberg principle, heterozygous,
homozygous, Punnett square
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Suppose the feather color of a bird is controlled by two alleles, D and d. The D allele results in dark
feathers, while the d allele results in lighter feathers.
1. Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict?
Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer.
DD ___25___ Dd _____50___ dd _____25_____
2. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? For Dd genotypes, it's
was the lowest but then it started going up. All of those results, Dd genotype have the highest
average.
(Activity A continued on next page)
Activity A (continued from previous page)
6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill
in the initial values in the table below, and then run the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele
and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below.
| |Initial values |Generation |
| | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|% D alleles |74.0 |73.6 |74.3 |73.9 |75.5 |75.3 |
|% d alleles |26.0 |26.4 |25.7 |26.1 |24.5 |24.7 |
|% of DD genotype |68.0 |52.4 |55.6 |53.0 |58.0 |57.6 |

|% of Dd genotype |12.0 |42.4 |37.4 |41.8 |35.0 |35.4 |
|% of dd genotype |20.0 |5.2 |70. |5.2

Gene And Drive Systems
Without any single powerful sickness control system, much investment has been controlled at the
utilization of gene drive components to spread against pathogen qualities through mosquito
populaces. Here, they break down the likelihood that transgenic DNA comprising of a hostile to
pathogen gene and drive system is lost from a mosquito populace taking after an unplanned
discharge. Any transgenic mosquito undertaking is required to include a few phases of testing–first
in the research facility, then in indoor confines, and after that in outside cages presented to the
surrounding environment in a locale where transgenic mosquitoes may in the long run be
discharged. A few gene drive systems exist in nature, and it is trusted that recalcitrant genes will be
connected with these frameworks and crashed into mosquito populaces inside a time span
satisfactory to general wellbeing objectives. Probably the most guaranteeing gene drive systems
right now being explored incorporate homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), transposable elements
(TEs), Medea elements, the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia, designed underdominance genes, and
meiotic drive. The Core Working Group on Guidance for Contained Field Trials has distinguished a
few potential unfavorable impacts of transgenic mosquitoes that must be evaluated before a release.
A few gene drive systems are right now being considered to spread hostile to pathogen qualities into
mosquito populations, each one having its own one of a kind

Allele Variation Of The Gene
Many researchers have studied the short allele variation of the gene. Though most of have different
views of how the serotonin transporter gene is related to emotions, most agree that the gene has
some factor in emotion regulation. Some focus on the gene being a factor in the amount of
depression, anxiety, and stress. (insert citation) Others explore the gene determining the amount of
satisfaction within a person's life. (insert citation) Some also explore the possible solutions or affects
that could change the negative impact the short allele gene has on the way we think. (insert citation)
The results of these experiments play a role in the discovery and evidence of the gene having a link
to our emotions. In one of the academic peer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scale measures the fear and avoidance in social and performance situations. They then gathered
DNA from the volunteers from leukocytes. The results from these methods of research showed that
lower expressing serotonin polymorphism genotypes were associated with decreased reappraisal and
increase social anxiety. But, not only did they state this information, they gave a possible solution
for increasing or bettering reappraisal. Through cognitive–behavioral psychotherapy low–expressing
genotypes can improve. Since serotonin plays a big role in how we process and regulate emotions
the researchers (insert citation) wanted to see how the fear–stimuli affects the serotonin
polymorphism region. The main thing they were focusing on was selective attention differences
based on the different variation of the serotonin transporter gene. In their experiment the tested fifty
healthy female students of European descent. They were genotyped by polymerase reaction and gel
electrophoresis before the procedure of the experiment was done. The procedure was done by a dot
probe task. Twenty pictures of spiders and 40 pictures of chairs were displayed in pairs, side by side
on a computer screen. The participants were required to differentiate the target by pressing the
button corresponding it. The picture pairs were shown at different speeds, which included 500 ms,
1,250 ms, and 2000 ms. Conditions of

Explaining The Mendelian Theory On Genetics
This lab report serves the purpose of explaining the Mendelian theory on genetics. An experiment
done on the common fruit fly shows how the dominant and recessive traits appear in the generation
tested. The data collected and found by using a chi–square and Punnett square that allowed a
hypothesis to be made and the decision to be accepted or rejected. Drosophila Melanogaster, the
common fruit fly is an essential organism to use for genetic research because of its simple living
requirements and choice of diet. The fly can also be easily sedated and obtains many hereditary
features that can be seen with the naked eye. The fly has a few chromosomes. Another plus in using
the Drosophila is its short life cycle. The average life cycle is about 12 days. The eggs are small and
after a day are hatched into the larva. While the Drosophila is in the larval stage, it is constantly
eating. As it grows, the larva will shed its skin. Then in the last few stages, the chromosomes will be
visible. While in the pupal stage, the larva will crawl to the side of the container to begin forming
the pupal case, which is darker and harder. After a few weeks, the adult fly crawls out of the casing
and begins mating to restart the cycle (Vijayalakshmi 5). During this fly lab, the investigation was
based on genetics and gave ratios when the crosses were performed. The first objective was to find
the dominant allele. The dominant allele is the more powerful gene in the crossing. There is also a

Genetic Predictions in the Fruit Fly
Kayla Berezne
Mrs. Cohen
Honors Biology
24 March 2013
Genetic Predictions in the Fruit Fly The Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly with a very short life
cycle. They can be winged or wingless, and have red eyes or white eyes. The different options are
called alleles. Alleles are the variants of a specific gene, and one is received from each parent on
each chromosome. ("What Are Dominant and Recessive?"). It was chosen to use winged females
and wingless males to predict the offspring in this experiment. The winged allele is dominant,
meaning it only needs one allele to physically appear. The wingless allele is recessive, which gets
covered up by the dominant allele ("Fruit Fly Genetics"). Each trait has two alleles in the flies' ...
15) Bring the flies to the morgue (the bowl of isopropyl alcohol) to kill them.
16) After another week (day 14) the F₁ generation flies will hatch from their larva. Anesthetize them
by repeating steps 10–14.
17) Observing the flies under a microscope, record the genders of the flies and the phenotypes that
was chosen to study (the notecards and paintbrush may be helpful to do this).
18) Create a new vial with food by repeating steps 3–5.
19) Collect 5 males and 5 females of the F₁ generation and place them in the vial to become parents
of the F₂ and seal it with another plug.
20) Dispose of the rest of the flies in the morgue.
21) In the next few days, continue to anesthetize and count the F₁ generation flies in the original
vial.
22) After the flies have been counted, discard them in the morgue so they are not counted the next
day.
23) On day 21 (three weeks from the start date) finish counting the F₁ flies.
24) Also, anesthetize and remove the adults in the second vial so they do not mate with their
children.
25) On day 28, anesthetize, count, and record the phenotypes of the F₂

Patterns Of Dominance Essay
BIO181– Hybrid W6 – Genetics Name: Meghan Woodford
*** In all cases, answer thoroughly, and support with clear examples. (allot 5+ hrs)
1. Explain
Patterns of Dominance: Dominance isn't black and white, or rather, recessive and dominant. In the
real world, it's a bit more complicated than that. There are a few different types of dominance. For
starters, there's incomplete dominance. Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is totally
dominant, resulting in a mixture of the two alleles. (An allele is different alterations of the same
gene.) And example of this would be flowers. Say you have a red rose and a white rose, the
offspring of that rose can be more than just red or white, they can be a mixture of the two colors ...
This means that there is no set pattern if one set of traits is assorted. It has no influence over another
set of traits. This gives all traits an opportunity to occur.
2. How might a test cross be utilized when working with crops or farm animals?
A test cross is used to check an unknown genotype with a known homozygous recessive genotype.
This check allows us to determine the genotype of the unknown genotype. For example, if you take
two plants. A tall plant with a genotype of either Tt or TT and a short plant with a known genotype
of tt and cross them you can figure out what kind of genotype the tall plant has. Test crosses can tell
you the likely hood of a certain type of gene showing. This can be used for predicting and
manipulating better crop yield or animal products.
3. How do cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia exhibit pleiotropy?
Pleiotropic genes are a term derived from Greek words meaning many affecting. This term describes
a gene that affects multiple phenotypes that may seem unrelated to each other. Cystic fibrosis is a
mutation where multiple body systems are affected by a single gene type. It's an inherited disorder
that can be life threatening. It causes mucus, sweat and digestive juices to clog up internal
passageways with thick sticky

A Study Of Heredity, What Our Parents And Ancestors Pass...
The study of heredity, what our parents and ancestors pass on, to make us a one of a kind human
being. The science and statistics behind becoming a person is truly fascinating. However even
starting all the way back to conception, we begin to become unique. The most common comparison
to similarities is more than likely seeing similarities between a child and the two parents. Whether
someone has the same eyes as their mother, or the work ethic of their father, children share most
qualities with their parents. However, the process of how your body chooses qualities from each
parent is actually quite simple, but how the parents got their qualities to give to their offspring is a
large pedigree. To start from the root of genetics, what is the definition? The definition of genetics
on Dictionary.com is; "Biology. the science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences
of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment."
(Dictionary.com) Genetics is a branch of Biology, so to understand how genetics makes us who we
are, we must have an understanding of what makes genetics work. Genes, the prefix of genetics, are
what makes our physical and mental character. Belk & Borden state in Biology, Science for Life
with Physiology, "A life cycle is the process of the growth and reproduction of an individual." (Belk,
Borden, 134). To start from the beginning, conception. Each normal sperm and egg cell (gametes)
carries "directions" on how to

biol 1209 writing assignment 1 Essay
BIOL 1209
Writing Assignment 1
Cover Sheet
I certify that the writing in this assignment is my individual work and is my sole intellectual
property. It does not contain the ideas, or writing of other individuals/authors.
Author ___________________________ Date ___________________
Lab Instructor ____________________ Lab Section # ____________
The Change in Allele Frequency of the Male Cichlid Fish Population
General Research Question:
Lake Malawi's cichlid male population of fish are tested on their ability to build bowers to attract the
female population. Altering this extended phenotype, or ability to build bowers resulted in no
change of mating, but males that built successful bowers showed to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Over five trials the average allele frequency with this change in the migration rate is 0.366.
Figure 3. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when the change of
fitness in the homozygous dominant (AA) and the homozygous recessive (aa) are decreased to 0.5
and 0.6 based on their ability to find food sources after the hurricane hit. The average value over
five trials is shown to be 0.496.
Figure 4. This graph depicts the average allele frequency of male cichlid fish when a mutation that
goes from recessive to dominant arises within the population at a rate of 0.001. The average value
over five trials is shown to be 0.318.
Discussion:
From the data we can conclude that different traits or parameters can effect a population in many
different ways. It can decrease or increase a population depending on the trait. After a hurricane hits
Lake Malawi the cichlid fish male population must adapt to the new factors that have been put upon

them. Mutation within the population supports the fact that it can cause dominant and recessive
allele frequency to decrease. Migration causes the allele frequency to lower as well due to
movement of the population after the hurricane. The cichlid male fish with a higher fitness are more
suitable for their environment, but when their fitness is lowered, their allele frequency decreases.
This

Essay on Introduction to Drosophila Genetics
INTRODUCTION TO DROSOPHILA GENETICS
DROSOPHILA CULTURE We will study basic principles of Mendelian inheritance with the use of
the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster [the name means "black–bodied fruit–lover"]. Drosophila was
one of the first organisms to be studied genetically: its small size, short life cycle (10 ~14 days at
25oC), high reproductive rate (an adult female can lay 400–500 eggs in 10 days), and ease of culture
and genetic manipulation have made it perhaps the best understood animal genetic system. Many
different species, and a large number and wide variety of naturally–occurring and artificially–
induced genetic variants are available. The partial genetic map in Appendix B describes the location
of all the mutations used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the genotype of a wild–type homozygote would be designated e +e + (or ++), a mutant
homozygote ee, and a heterozygote e +e or e+ [Use of the term "wild–type" derives from an early
assumption that most flies are homozygous for a 'standard', usually dominant, allele. As we will see,
this is not the case, but the terminology is still used]. It is important to remember that not all mutants
are recessive. A mutation that is dominant to the wild–type is symbolized by a capital letter. For
example, the typical eye shape is round. One mutant produces a narrow "bar eye": the allele is
dominant, symbolized by a capital letter B, and the wild–type (round) eye is B+.
2
GENETIC CROSSES An "X" is used to indicate that two individuals have been mated together.
The parents are designated as P (for parental) and the offspring as F (for filial). When several
generations are involved, subscripts are added to designate the generations. P1 give rise to F1 (first
filial) progeny. If the F1 are crossed together they become P2 and their progeny F2. A cross between
members of the F1 and members of the P1 is a backcross. A cross between members of the F1 and
the true breeding recessive P1 is a test cross. MONOHYBRID CROSS The simplest form of a cross
is a monohybrid cross, which analyses a single trait and its associated variations. The diagram below
shows the

Drosophila Melanogaster Case Study
A new mutation in pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster has been observed called chocolatebar
(chbr). This mutation primarily affected the scutum and scutellum of Drosophila melanogaster,
causing striations throughout the scutum leading to solid dark pigmentation on the scutellum. The
darker pigmentation was primarily focused on the mesothoracic region of the mutated flies, but the
wings, head, and abdomen appeared to be darker than the wild–type, (Figure 1) which is responsible
for the identification of this mutation as chocolatebar. This mutation affected both male and females,
but the expressivity of the phenotype varied slightly between the sexes, as females had more
prominent black features, especially on the scutellum, than the males ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most likely candidate gene for this mutation is ebony, localized to recombination map location
3–70.1, because the pigmentation in both pupae and the adult stage resemble the chbr mutation– the
pupae are lighter than wild–type, yet the adults have dark pigmentation on the thorax (Brehme
1941). Also consistent with the phenotypes of the culture with the chbr mutation, the black gene,
localized to recombination map location 2–48.5, as there are alleles that describe similar
pigmentation on the body and along the wing veins, which when mutated, could result in the chbr
phenotype (Wittkopp et al. 2003). The majority of the body is affected by this darker pigmentation
in the chbr mutants, but using the dusky gene could result in darker wings, which is a portion of the
mutation phenotype observed (Waddington 1940). The mutation of this gene, localized to
recombination map location 1–36.2, could possibly result in a phenotype similar to chbr, but is
unlikely to affect the mesothoracic portion to the extent portrayed in the chbr mutant culture. Using
the cramped gene could result in a mutation similar to chbr because alleles of this gene have
presented with slightly darker body color, though other morphological mutations are also observed
(Shannon et al. 1972). This gene is also localized to the X chromosome at recombination map
location 1–1.48. The yellow gene, although generally responsible for loss of pigment, when
mutated, could give rise to the chbr mutation, localized to 1–0.0. There are some alleles of the
yellow gene responsible for darker pigmentation of various parts of Drosophila (Nash 1976). A cross
between wild–type and chbr flies could narrow the gene

Recessive Allele Lab Report
There are many genes within the human body, such as the dominant, recessive, and codominant
genes. But, how is a gene classed as a recessive, dominant or codominant you may wonder. Well,
the recessive allele only shows if an individual has two copies of the recessive allele. For example,
the allele for having blue eyes is recessive as two copies of the allele are needed for a human to have
blue eyes. A dominant allele always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of the dominant
allele. For example, the allele for having brown eyes is dominant as only one copy of the allele is
needed to have brown eyes and if you have two copies of the dominant allele you will still be given
brown eyes.
Similarly, the Punnett square is another prediction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once this is done, the trait should be assigned a letter to represent it. Let's say you want to determine
the possible outcomes for a child's eye colour. For this Punnett square, we are going to use the
capital letter "B" to represent brown, as more people have brown eyes than blue eyes, the lowercase
"b" will represent blue. B is brown and b is blue. The next step is to draw a square since you are
only investigating one trait and each trait has two genes, once you have drawn the square divide the
square into four small boxes. Once this is complete, place each of the parent's genes on the outside
of each square. For example, start with a cross between two parents who are both homozygous
dominant. Then, just like you would in maths, cross–multiply. You do this by placing the first letter
of the vertical parents in the first box, then you add to that the first letter of the second parents. Then
you fill in the next box with the first letter of the vertical parents with the second letter of the
horizontal parents. Then you do the same method with the second letter of the vertical parent. When
you are finished, there should be two letters in each box. Once you have completed all the boxes, it's
time to look at what the possible outcomes

Gregor Mendel's Laws Of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Gregor Mendel, also know as the Father of genetics, was a
monk who studied pea plants and discovered the laws of heredity. Heredity is the passing of traits
from one generation to another. There are three laws and they are known as; the law of dominance,
law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.
The law of dominance states that the dominant alleles always show and the recessive alleles can be
hidden because of that. For example, if brown eyes are dominant in a family, their genotype would
be AA or Aa. In a heterozygous pair, like Aa, the dominant allele would appear in the phenotype
because dominant will always show even though there a

What Is Mendel's Ability To Cross-Pollinate Purebred Peas?
Gregor Mendel was a European monk, born in the year 1822. Though his work was little known in
his century, they are now the widely known base principles of genetics. Mendel studied genetics
with plants, but his principles are the same for people and animals. Heredity works the same for
almost all complex life.
Good ol' Gregor studied heredity and hybridization with a group of pea plants. This is because peas
are easy to grow in large numbers and have both male and female reproductive organs. That makes
it possible for the plants to cross–pollinate or self–pollinate. In his experiments, Mendel selectively
cross–pollinated purebred peas with certain characteristics and note the outcome of each generation
of plants.
Mendel discovered that if he bred one plant that had only yellow seeds, with another that only had
green seeds, the first generation of offspring always has yellow seeds. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The result is that new combinations of genes present in neither parent are possible. For example, a
pea plant's inheritance of the ability to produce purple flowers instead of white ones does not make
it more likely that it will also inherit the ability to produce yellow pea seeds in contrast to green
ones. Likewise, the principle of independent assortment explains why the human inheritance of a
particular eye color does not increase or decrease the likelihood of having 6 fingers on each hand.
Today, we know this is due to the fact that the genes for independently assorted traits are located on
different chromosomes."
In the end, Mendel's discoveries changed how we thought about inheritance of traits. Those
discoveries formed today's basic principles of genetics and heredity. Mendel's principles are pretty
important as without them, no one would know why we had different colored eyes or hair. They had
a big impact on the scientific

The Cell Cycle, Genetic Variation, Mendelian Genetics, And...
Introduction: This essay will explore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic
variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in
further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects.
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent
cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three
phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its
functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few
hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht,
2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis
occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents
of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as
Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does
in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way.
Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells.
However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).
The Abnormal Cell

Earlobe Allele Frequency Lab Report
Earlobe Allele Frequency in General and Asian Populations
Laura Kathryn Browne
Georgia Perimeter College Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to observe the frequency
of attached versus detached earlobes to better understand the presentation of traits in humans in
general and in certain populations to determine if individuals of particular ethnicity are more likely
to present with one phenotype of the other. It is understood that attached earlobes are the dominant
phenotype and detached earlobes are the recessive phenotype, however there is some controversy
regarding this distinction, as suggested by McDonald (2011), who points out that "Carrière and
Hilden were among the first to study the genetics of earlobes, and they reached opposite
conclusions". The purpose is this experiment is to revisit this topic and determine whether there is a
moderately clear dominant and recessive genotype in human earlobes.
Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this experiment is that attached earlobes are more common in
individuals of Asian descent than in the general population.
Methods:
The demonstration was conducted at a busy 24–hour Starbucks in downtown Ann Arbor, Michigan
in the evening from 7pm to 10pm. The number of individuals in each group, Detached vs. Attached,
was tallied in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the individuals in these random samples were young college students, but trials should be
repeated in locations with different demographics. There is some margin for error when determining
if an individual belongs to the Attached or Detached phenotype; sometimes, an individual seems to
have unclearly attached or detached earlobes. It should also be considered that elderly people are
more likely to appear to have detached earlobes, even if they do not have a dominant allele. There is
a potential for gravity to pull an attached earlobe down over time due to gravity, thus skewing

Alleles Lab Report
The results show that under selection factors and environmental differences natural selection
determines which allele should become more common. In the control simulation the frequency of
white alleles to brown alleles, once this mutation was added, was about the same amount. It was
almost half white and half brown. In simulation two the environment was an equatorial climate such
as a forest and wolves were used as the predatory influence. Once the predatory factor was
introduced it can be seen that the alleles of white fur decreased and at the end of the simulation the
allele was almost lost. Thus, brown fur alleles were naturally selected in the equatorial environment.
The fur color blends in with the environment helping them become harder to find by predators.
Whereas, for the white bunnies their phenotype stood out in an equatorial environment causing them
to be caught easily. Hence, it can be said that the brown fur alleles had a higher fitness which is why
their occurrence was greater and that the white allele was less fit leading to less offspring being
produced. Consequently, this supports my hypothesis that the brown fur allele would have a higher
frequency in the equatorial environment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wolves were once again the predatory factor. When the wolves were introduced, the white alleles
occurred more frequently. Essentially, they composed a vast majority of the overall bunny
population. The brown fur alleles were lost overtime. In this simulation, white fur alleles produced a
greater fitness than the brown fur alleles. Wolves would be able to see brown bunnies more than
white bunnies in the snowy climate. Therefore, in this environment nature, naturally selects for the
white fur allele to occur at higher rates and become more common. This proves my hypothesis
correct that white fur bunnies would be favored in the

Alleles Lab Report
The Effect of Regularity of Environmental Disasters on Allele Frequencies in a Moth Population
The purpose of this experiment was to determine how changing environmental factors would affect
the allele frequencies in a population of white, brown, and black moths. More specifically, the aim
was to see if final allele frequencies would coincide with the Hardy–Weinberg theory of evolution,
or if genetic drift, amplified by environmental disasters, would play a significant role in the outcome
of the experiment.
The results of the experiment were analyzed using a Chi–squared test. Expected results were
calculated for a hypothetical situation where the population of moths corresponded with the Hardy–
Weinberg theory, and these expected results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(4) When a population changes (either increases or decreases) for seemingly no reason, genetic drift
is most often to blame. (1) Frequencies of alleles available in the gene pool for that population are
subject to change when evolution takes place, and one or more alleles can sometimes vanish.
Populations with fewer organisms often experience more substantial genetic drift, due to the fact
that if there is less of an allele in a gene pool during a generation, there is a higher risk that a large
amount of that allele will be removed just due to random chance – genetic drift. (4) It is important to
note that the final population during the "frequent disasters" trial became 243 from an original 4000
when one of the alleles ("a") was lost. This is considered a "population bottleneck" (4) where the
population decreased by a significant amount. In a situation like this, there are fewer alleles
available in the gene pool of that population for that generation, so there is a bigger chance that
genetic drift will accidently cause the loss of a substantial portion of one of the alleles, driving it to
discontinuation.

Homozygous Alleles

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Homozygous Alleles

Similar to Homozygous Alleles (18)

More from Patricia Johnson

More from Patricia Johnson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Homozygous Alleles