Phonetics

1. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
PPT FOR PHONETICS AND SPOKEN
ENGLISH(AENEA41)
BY S.VIJAYAPRIYA
CLASS-II BA ENGLISH SEMESTER-IV

2. II BA ENGLISH
III SEMESTER
 SYLLABUS
 UNIT I
 THE ORGANS OF SPEECH
 THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
 UNIT II
 THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH: VOWELS
 THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH: CONSONANTS
 UNIT III
 STRESS, ACCENT, RHYTHM, ASSIMILATION AND INTONATION
 UNIT IV
 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION: CONVERSATION PASSAGES FOR
PRACTICE
 UNIT V
 SPOKEN ENGLISH IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS IN WHICH DIALOGUES
TAKE PLACE.

3. UNIT I
Phonetics, phonology, phoneme
 Phonetics: Deals with the production,
transmission and reception of speech
sounds.
 Phonology: Deals with the way in which the
speech sounds of a language function.
 Phoneme: Deals with phonological segment
that can be phonetically predicted by a
rule

4. Organs of speech

5. THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH
SOUNDS (Voicing)

6. Voicing

7. Place of articulation

8. Major lower articulators

9. UNIT II
THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH :
VOWELS
 Vowels
 Monophthongs
 Diphthongs
 12 monophthongs: 7 short: ɪ, e, æ, ʌ , ɒ, ʊ, ә
and 5 long: i: , ɑ: , ɔ: , з: , u:
 7 diphthongs: 5 closing: eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, әʊ
 and 2 (3) centring: eә, ɪә, (ʊә)

10. Diagram of Cardinal Vowels

11. /e/ and /æ /

12. /ʌ / and /ɑ: /
CLOSE
MID-OPEN
OPEN

13. THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH:
CONSONANTS

14. Features of Consonants
 Voicing (state of the glottis)
 Place of articulation
 Manner of articulation

15. Consonants vs. Vowels
 consonantal sounds: obstruction of airflow in
vocal tract
 vowel sounds: little to no obstruction of airflow

16. Phonetic features of
consonants
 To describe phonetic features of consonants,
list (a) voicing (b) place of articulation and (c)
manner of articulation for consonants (3
features)
e.g. [p] = Voiceless bilabial stop
[z] = Voiced alveolar fricative

17. UNIT III
STRESS, ACCENT, RHYTHM,
ASSIMILATION AND INTONATION
STRESS and ACCENT:
 When a word has more than one syllable, one of them is spoken with more
force than the rest , this force is called stress.
 While accent is a prominence given to a word or syllable by means of stress
and intonation
 In a polysyllabic word, one of the syllables is pronounced with greater
prominence than other syllables.
 The syllable that is pronounced with greater prominence in the same word is
said to be “accented” or “stressed”.
 Accent is easily detected in speech but in writing accent is marked by placing a
small vertical bar in front of the syllable which is stressed.

18. RHYTHM
 English is a stress-timed language, unlike
French and Tamil which are syllable-timed
languages.
 TWO TYPES OF RHYTHM:
1)SYLLABLE-TIMED RHYTHM
2)STRESS-TIMED RHYTHM

19. ASSIMILATION
 It is a general term in phonetics for the process
by which one phoneme or speech-sound is
replaced by another under the influence of the
neighbouring sound.

20. TYPES OF ASSIMILATION
 HISTORICAL
 CONTEXTUAL
 ANTICIPATORY
 COALESCENT
 NEGLIGENT
 PROGRESSIVE

21. INTONATION
 Stress
 Rise
 Fall
 Rise-fall
 Fall-rise

22. MEANING OF INTONATION
 Intonation is the music of a language.
 It is the name given to a sentence stress.
 Every language has melody in it.
 pitch behaves like a wave and it rises and falls
 This modulation of voice or speech – sounds
is called intonation.

23. UNIT IV
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription means rewriting a passage using
IPA symbols. It is rendering the speech sounds
using the symbols.
We use 44 symbols (20 vowels and 24
consonants) to rewrite a passage/word.

24. SYSTEMS OF
TRANSCRIPTION
 PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION
Substitution of the 44 symbols for writing a
passage.
 PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
It shows allophonic variations also.
Marking all the variations in pronunciation.

25. IPA symbols for Transcription
[k]= car
[g]=guard
[f]= foot
[v]= van
[p]= pat
[b]= bat
[t]= tap
[d]=dam
[h]= hat
[m]=mull
[n]= null
[ŋ]= ring

26. IPA symbols for transcription
[s] = sap
[z] = zip
[θ] = think
[ð] = this
[s] = sap
[z] = zip
[θ] = think
[ð] = this
[s] = sap
[z] = zip
[θ] = think
[ð] = this

27. IPA symbols for transcription
[i]=sheep
[ɪ]=ship
[ɛ]= end
[u]= boot
[ʊ]=put
[ɔ]= open
[æ]=ash
[ɑ]= father
[ə]=about
[ʌ]= but

28. IPA symbols for transcription
PRACTICE
next [nɛkst] chin [ʧɪn] lamb [læm]
kite [kɑɪt] cat [kæt] meet [mit]

29. UNIT V
SPOKEN ENGLISH IN VARIOUS
SITUATIONS IN WHICH
DIALOGUES TAKE PLACE

30. Ramu and Balu in college on the
re-opening day
Ramu: Good morning, Balu.
Balu: Good morning.
Ramu: What course have you joined?
Balu: I have joined B.Sc.Chemistry. What about you?
Ramu: I have joined B.A.Economics.
Balu: That is a very interesting subject.
Ramu: Where did you spend your summer vacation?
Balu: I spent a few weeks at Ooty.
Ramu: You must tell me about Ooty.
Balu: Of course, I shall. But not now. There is no time now. The bell
has gone. Let us go to our class-rooms

31. DIALOGUE WRITING
 “Dialogue”, in real life, is natural and
spontaneous.
 The dialogue that we write also should be
easy and natural.
 The style that a person adopts should reflect
his character.

32. METHODS OF DIALOGUE
WRITING
 QUESTION-ANSWER
 REQUEST-ACCEPTANCE
 COMMAND-COMPLIANCE
 COMPLAINT-APOLOGY
 OFFER-ACCEPTANCE
 IF CLAUSE
 SHORT ANSWERS WITHOUT
 ACTIVE VOICE-PASSIVE VOICE
 WAY OF EXPRESSION