Intelligent Agents: Agents & environment, nature of environment, structure of agents, goal based agents, utility based agents, learning agents

1. PANKAJ DEBBARMA
Deptt. of CSE, TIT, Narsingarh

2. rational agents
• For each possible percept sequence, a rational
agent should select an action that is expected
to maximize its performance measure, given
the evidence provided by the percept sequence
and whatever built-in knowledge the agent
has.

3. nature of environment

4. nature of environment
• Fully observable vs. partially observable: If an
agent’s sensors give it access to the complete
state of the environment at each point in time,
then we say that the task environment is fully
observable. A task environment is effectively fully
observable if the sensors detect all aspects that
are relevant to the choice of action; relevance, in
turn, depends on the performance measure.
E.g. a vacuum agent with only a local dirt sensor
cannot tell whether there is dirt in other squares,
and an automated taxi cannot see what other
drivers are thinking.

5. nature of environment
• Single agent vs. multiagent
• Competitive vs. cooperative
• Deterministic vs. stochastic: If the next state of
the environment is completely deter mined by
the current state and the action executed by the
agent, then we say the environment is
deterministic; otherwise, it is stochastic.
The vacuum world as we described it is
deterministic.
Taxi driving is clearly stochastic

6. nature of environment
• Episodic vs. sequential: In an episodic task
environment, the agent’s experience is divided
into atomic episodes. In each episode the
agent receives a percept and then performs a
single action. Crucially, the next episode does
not depend on the actions taken in previous
episodes.
Many classification tasks are episodic.
Chess and taxi driving are sequential

7. nature of environment
• Static vs. dynamic: If the environment can change
while an agent is deliberating, then we say the
environment is dynamic for that agent; otherwise, it is
static.
Taxi driving is clearly dynamic.
Crossword puzzles are static.
• Discrete vs. continuous: The discrete/continuous
distinction applies to the state of the environment, to
the way time is handled, and to the percepts and
actions of the agent.
Chess also has a discrete set of percepts and actions.
Taxi driving is a continuous-state and continuous-time
problem.

8. nature of environment
• Known vs. unknown: In a known environment,
the outcomes (or outcome probabilities if the
environment is stochastic) for all actions are
given.
It is quite possible for a known environment to be
partially observable—for example, in solitaire
card games, I know the rules but am still unable
to see the cards that have not yet been turned
over. Conversely, an unknown environment can
be fully observable—in a new video game, the
screen may show the entire game state but I still
don’t know what the buttons do until I try them.

9. nature of environment

10. structure of agents
• behavior — the action that is performed after
any given sequence of percepts.
• The job of AI is to design an agent program
that implements the agent function — the
mapping from percepts to actions.
agent = architecture + program
• agent program takes the current percept as
input
• agent function takes the entire percept
history

11. simple reflex agents
• These agents select actions on the basis of the
current percept, ignoring the rest of the
percept history.
• For example, the vacuum agent whose agent
function is tabulated in Figure 2.3 is a simple
reflex agent, because its decision is based only
on the current location and on whether that
location contains dirt.

12. simple reflex agents
• An agent program for the vacuum agent is
shown in Figure 2.8.
• condition–action rule / if–then rule
if car-in-front-is-braking then initiate-braking

13. simple reflex agents

14. simple reflex agents
• The agent in Figure 2.10 will work only if the
correct decision can be made on the basis of only
the current percept—that is, only if the
environment is fully observable. Even a little bit of
unobservability can cause serious trouble.

15. model-based agents

16. goal-based agents

17. utility-based agents

18. learning agents

19. learning agents
• A learning agent can be divided into four
conceptual components, as shown in Figure 2.15.
• The most important distinction is between the
learning element, which is responsible for
making improvements, and the performance
element, which is responsible for selecting
external actions.
• The performance element is what we have
previously considered to be the entire agent: it
takes in percepts and decides on actions.

20. learning agents
• The learning element uses feedback from the
critic on how the agent is doing and
determines how the performance element
should be modified to do better in the future.
• The problem generator is responsible for
suggesting actions that will lead to new and
informative experiences.
• The problem generator’s job is to suggest
exploratory actions.