3. Definition :
Natural resources are things that are found
in nature that are useful to people
4. Natural resources are classified
into two types.
1.Renewable resources
2.Non-renewable resources
5. 1.Renewable resources –which can be regenerated
within a span of a time
Ex: soil,water,air, wildlife, natural vegetation
The renewable resources are further sub classified
into two types:
a)Continuous resources:
Ex: solar energy, wind, tidal energy
b)Extrinsic resources:
Ex: human skills, institutions, management abilities.
7. FOREST RESOURCES
Forest are one of the most important renewable
natural resources on this earth.
Types of forests:
1. Evergreen forests
2. Deciduous forests.
3. Coniferous forests.
8. 1. Evergreen forests
ex: the silent valley in Kerala
Important trees- Teal, rosewood.
2. Deciduous forests
a) Tropical deciduous forests – teak, sandalwood.
b) Temperature deciduous forests
3. Coniferous forests
Ex: pine tree, spruce tree.
9. Functions of forests
1.Forests perform very important functions both to
humans and to nature.
2.habitats- plants, animals, and wildlife.
3. Recycle – rainwater and remove pollutants from
air.
4. Control water quality and quantity.
5.Moderate temperature and weather and maintain
humidity.
10. Uses (or) Benefits of forests
Fuel
Raw materials as pulp, paper, board, timber
etc.,
Gums, resins, dyes ,etc.,
Medicines and drugs.
Honey, ivory.
Mining, grazing, dams
11. Ecological uses
Production of oxygen
Reducing global warming
Soil conservation
Regulation of hydrological cycle
Pollution moderators
Wildlife habitat
12. Aesthetic value
Bamboo – mats, baskets, cots, etc.,
Plants – fruits, leaves, seeds, roots are used as
food.
Medicines , alcoholic drinks.
Aromatic oils and other oils used for lighting and
cooking.
13. Touristic value
Ecotourism provides a growing income for
those who have facilitated it. Several countries
are now attracting the tourists.
OVER EXPLOITATION OF FOREST
Reason for over exploitation in India
Causes for over exploitation
a) increasing agricultural production
b) increasing industrial activities
c) increasing demand of wood resources.
14. DEFORESTATION
Definition: Deforestation is the process of removal
of (or) elimination of forest resources due to many
natural or man-made activities. In general
deforestation means destruction of forests.
Causes of Deforestation
Developmental projects.
i) Through submergence of forest area
underwater
ii) Destruction of forest area
Examples: big-dams, hydroelectric projects, road
construction etc.
16. Effects of deforestation on the
environment
Global warming
Loss of genetic diversity
Soil erosion
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of food grains
Unemployment problems
Flood and landslides
17. Conservation of forests
New plants of more or replace the existing trees.
Wood –use fuel ,should be discouraged
Spraying pesticides
Forest fire must be controlled by modern
techniques
Over grazing by cattle must be controlled
Education and awareness programmes must be
conducted
Strict implementation of law
18. CASE STUDIES
Timber Extraction
Mining
Dams and Their effects on forests and tribal
people
19. Uses of timber
Timber – raw materials, pulp, paper, furniture, etc
Timber –developmental activities, railways, boats,
road construction.
Effects of timber extraction
Deforestation
Soil erosion, loss of fertility, landslides, and loss of
biodiversity
Tribal culture
Reduces thickness of forest
20. Mining
Types of mining
Surface mining-shallow deposits
Underground mining-
Steps involved in mining
Exploration
Development
Exploitation
Ore processing
Extraction and purification of minerals
21. Effects of mining
Mining activity- destroy trees, pollutes soil,
water, air.
Destruction of natural habitat at the mine
and disposal sites.
Noise pollution is the another major
problem from mining operations.
Mining reduces the shape and size of the
forest areas.
22. Dams and their effects on forest
and tribal people
Dams are the massive artificial structures
built across the river to create a reservoir in-
order to store water for many beneficial
purpose.
Effects of dam on forest
Thousands of hectares
Residential accommodation
23. WATER RESOURCES
Water is an important component of all the
living beings.
Nearly 80% of earth surface is covered with
water
All organisms are made up of mostly by
water
Example: Tree, Animals
25. Distribution of water resources
Found 97.4% water in oceans and is too salty and
cannot be used for drinking, irrigation, industrial
purposes.
Remaining 2.6% of fresh water , most of which is
licked up in ice or in deep ground water.
Thus only about 0.014% of the earth’s total
volume of water is easily available to us as usable
ground water
26. Types of fresh water resources
Fresh water resources may be classified into
two types.
1.surface water
a) standing water bodies: Lakes, reservoirs,
estuaries.
b) flowing water bodies: Streams, rivers.
2.under ground water.
27. Surface water
The water , which is coming out directly
through precipitation and does not percolate
down into the ground or does not return to
the atmosphere by evaporation is known as
surface water.
Or
The water stored on the surface of earth is
called surface water.
28. Uses of water-different types
Consumptive use- here water is completely
utilized and it is not reused
Example : industry and irrigation
Non –consumptive use – water is not
completely utilized and it is used.
Example: hydropower plant.
29. Other important uses of water
Drinking, cooking, bathing, and washing, etc.,
Hotels, theatres, educational institutions,
offices,etc.,
Irrigation,aggriculture
Industrial operations
All the living organisms
30. Over –utilization of water
(surface and ground water
The rapid increase in population and industrial
growth have increased the demand for water
resources
Effects on over utilization of water
Decrease of ground water
Ground subsidence
Lowering of water table
Intrusion of salt water
Earthquake and landslides
Drying up of wells
Pollution of water
31. floods
A flood is an overflow of water , whenever
the magnitude of flow of water exceeds the
carrying capacity of the channel within its
banks.
Causes of floods
Heavy rainfall, melting of snow, sudden
release of water from dams.
Over flowing of lakes and rivers
32. Effect of floods
Due to flood, water spreads in the surrounding
areas and submerges them
Due to floods the plain surface have become
eroded and silted with mud and sand, thus the
cultivable land areas gets affected.
Flood management
Controlled by dams or reservoirs
Channel management and embankments also control the
floods.
Flood hazard may also be reduced by forecasting or flood
warning.
33. drought
Drought is nothing but scarcity of water,
which occurs due to inadequate, late arrival
of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground
water.
35. Causes of drought
When annual rainfall is below normal and
less than evaporation, drought is created.
High population is also another cause for
drought
Deforestation leads to desertification and
drought too. when the trees are cut, the soil
is subject to erosion by heavy rains, winds
and sun.
36. Effects of drought
Drought causes hunger, malnutrition and scarcity
of drinking water and also changes the quality of
water.
The drought indicates the worst situation and
initiation of desertification.
Drought also accelerates degradation of natural
resources.
Drought leads to large migration of people and
urbanization.
37. Conflicts over water
Water is so essential for our existence and is
fast becoming a scarce resource.
Freshwater is considered to be the most
environmental issue of this century.
Nearly 1.2 billion people do not have access
to safe drinking water
38. Causes of water conflicts
Conflict through use
a) international conflicts
India-pakistan->Indus
Mexico- USA->Colorado river
Iran – iraq -> Shatt-al- Arab water.
India- Bangladesh-> Bhramaputra river.
39. b) National conflicts
Sharing of Cauvery water- Karnataka&
Tamil nadu.
Sharing of Krishna water- Karnataka &
Andhra Predesh.
Sharing of Siruveni water – Tamil nadu&
Kerala.
40. Construction of dams or power station
Hydroelectric power generation
Dams are built across the rivers
Conflict through pollution
Production of electricity and shipping
Rivers and lakes are also used for industrial
purpose.
Disposing of waste water and industrial
rubbish
41. MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are naturally occurring substances
having definite chemical composition and
physical properties
42. Formation of mineral deposits
Various biological processes
Mineral deposits are found due to the biological
decomposition of dead animals and organic
matters.
Minerals deposits are also formed due to the
concentration of minerals during cooling of molten
rock.
Mineral deposits are also formed due to
evaporation of sea water.
44. Uses and exploitation of
minerals
Minerals are used in a large number of ways in
everyday in domestic, agricultural, industrial
and commercial sectors.
Uses:
1.development of industrial plants and
machinery – iron,aluminium, copper.
2.construction, housing, settlements.- Iron,
aluminium, nickel
46. Classification of minerals
Minerals are classified into two ways based on
their composition and usage.
I) Based on Composition
Metallic minerals- iron, aluminium, copper,
zinc.
Non-metallic minerals- Quartz, feldspar,
dolomite, calcite
47. II).Based on Usage
Critical minerals- iron, aluminium, copper
and gold.
Strategic minerals- manganese, cobalt,
platinum and chromium
48. Mineral wealth of india
Iron
Coal
Manganese
Copper
Gold
Aluminium
Tin
Chromium
Limestone
Mica
Monazite
Petroleum
Lead and zinc
Precious stones
Magnesite
gypsum
49. Environmental effects
Most important environmental concern
arises from the extraction and processing of
the minerals during mining , melting,
roasting, etc.
Mining
Mining is the process of extraction of
metals from a mineral deposit.
50. Types of mining
a) Surface mining
b)Underground mining
– i)Open-pit mining
– ii)Dredging
– iii)Strip mining
51. Environmental damage
Devegetation and defacing of landscape
Groundwater contamination
Surface water pollution
Air pollution
Subsidence of land
52. Effects of over exploitation of
mineral resources
Rapid depletion of mineral deposits
Over exploitation of mineral resources leads to
wastage and dissemination of mineral deposits.
Over exploitation of mineral resources causes
environmental pollution.
Over exploitation needs heavy energy requirements.
53. Management of mineral resources
The efficient use and protection of mineral
resources
Modernization of the mining industries
Search for new deposit.
Re-use and Re-cycling of the metals.
54. Case studies
Mining and quarrying in Udaipur
About 200 open cast mining and quarrying
centers are found available in Udaipur, of
which 100 mining and quarrying centers are
illegal and involved in stone
mining(soapstone, building stone, rock
phosphate and dolomite.)
55. Mining in sariska tiger reserve
in aravalli range
North-west India covering-Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi.
The hill region is very rich in biodiversity
as well as mineral resources.
The sariska tiger reserve, in Aravalli series,
is very rich in wildlife and has enormous
mineral reserves like quartzite, marble and
granite.
56. Quarrying thorium and uranium in kanyakumari district
Indian Rare Earths Corporation is quarrying sands, which
is enriched with Uranium and Thorium, near the sea shore
in Manali, Kanyakumari District, It leads to the loss of
many coconut plantation and sea shore beauty.
Extraction of Aluminium
5.5 Tonnes of Bauxite
1.3 Tonnes of Coal
0.6 Ton of anode carbon
0.25 Ton of fuel oil
0.2 Ton of NaOH oil
57. Food Resources
Food is an essential requirement for the human
survival Each person has minimum food
requirement. The main components of food are
carbohydrates, fast, proteins, minerals, and
vitamins.
Types of food supply
Croplands – Rice, wheat, maize, barley , sugarcane,
potato.
Rangelands- Meat, milk, fruits,
Oceans- Fish, prawn, crab.
58. WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS:
Problems mainly under nutrition and malnutrition
Natural calamities:-famine, drought, earthquake, flood, gale, storm
Disease and medical facilities
Pest damage:-insects, bacteria, viruses, parasites consume 60% of world's food
production
Hunger
Population explosion in rural areas
Environmental pollution
Lack of water for irrigation
Less rainfall due to deforestation
Livestock overgrazing
Overfishing
59. Under nutrition and malnutrition
Nutritious
Under nutrition
Malnutrition
60. CHANGES CAUSED BY OVERGRAZING AND
AGRICULTURE:
Overgrazing:
Land degradation-leads to organically poor, dry, compacted soil
cannot be used for further cultivation
Soil erosion-cover of vegetation gets removed from soil
Loss of useful species-good quality grasses and herbs with high
nutritive value, when grazed lose even the root stocks which carry the
reserve food for regeneration get destroyed which gives raise to
secondary species like parthenium, Lantane, Xanthium etc
To prevent –match the forage supplement to the herd‟s
requirement.eg.Switch grass
61. Modern agriculture:
Damage to soil
Water contamination
Water scarcity
Global climate change
Water logging-results when soil is over irrigated
Soil salinity-increase plant productivity, interferes with water uptake by plants
Fossil fuels and pesticides produce air pollution
Impacts related to high yielding varieties:
Monoculture ie the same genotype is grown over vast areas. Disease spread
easily
Micronutrient imbalance e.g Zinc deficiency-affect soil productivity
62. ENERGY RESOURCES
Growing energy needs: Population explosion,
Luxurious life, Industries, Agriculture, mining,
transportation, lighting, cooling, heating, building
all need energy. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural
gas produce 95% of energy
63. Sources of energy
Primary
Renewable energy-resources which can be
enerated continuously in nature and are in
exhaustible and can be used again endlessly.
Wood, Tidal, Solar, wind, hydropower, biomass,
biofuel, geothermal, hydrogen
Non – renewable energy- Resources which have
accumulated in nature over a long span of time and
cannot be quickly replenished when exhausted.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas
65. Energy renewable
Advantages
1. Wide availability
2. Low cost
3. Decentralized power production
4. Low pollution
5. Available for the future
66. Disadvantage
1. Unreliable supply
2. Produced in small quantity
3. Difficult to store
4. Cost more
67. Energy non renewable
Advantage
1. Available in high concentrated form
2. Easy to store
3. Reliable supply
4. Lower cost
Disadvantage
1.highly pollution Available only in few places
High running cost Limited supply and will one day
get exhausted
68. Solar energy:
Total energy from sun per year-35,000 times the
energy used by man
Used to run car, power plants and spaceships
Energy harvesting devises:
Solar heat collectors
Solar cells „
Solar cooker
Solar water heater
Solar furnace
Solar power plants
71. LAND RESOURCE
Land is the most important and valuable
resources for mankind as it provides food, fibre,
wood, medicine and other biological materials
needed for food. Soil is the mixture of
inorganic materials(rocks and minerals) and
organic materials(dead animals and plants)
72. Uses of land resources
Land provide ,food, wood, minerals, etc for us
Land nurtures the plants and animals that provides
our food and shelter
Land is used as watershed or reservoir
Land act as a dust bin for most of the wastes,
created by modern society.
Land is useful for construction of buildings,
industries.
73. Land Degradation:
Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or
loss of fertility of the soil.
Harmful effects of land degradation
The soil texture and soil structure are deteriorated
Loss of soil fertility, due to loss of invaluable nutrients
Increase in water logging, salinity, alkalinity and acidity
problems.
Loss of economic social and biodiversity
74. Causes of land degradation
Population
Urbanization
Fertilizers and pesticides
Damage of top soil
75. Soil erosion:
Soil erosion is the process of removal of
superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another. Soil erosion also removes the soil
components and surface liter.
Types of soil erosion
i) Normal erosion
ii) Accelerated erosion
76. Harmful effects of soil erosion
Soil fertility is lost because of loss of top soil layer.
Loss of its ability to hold water and sediment.
Sediment runoff can pollute water and kill aquatic life.
Causes of soil erosion
i) water
ii) wind
iii) Biotic agents
iv) landslides
v) Construction
77. Control of soil erosion
Conservational till farming
Contour farming
Terracing
Alley cropping
Wind breaks or shelter belts
78. desertification
Desertification is a progressive destruction or
degradation of arid or semiarid lands to desert.
Causes of desertification
Deforestation
Over grazing
Water management
Mining and quarrying
Climate change
Pollution
79. landslides
Landslides are the downward and outward
movement of a slope composed of earth materials
such as rock, soil, artificial fills.
Harmful effects of landslides
Land slides increases the turbidity of nearby
streams, thereby reducing their productivity.
Destruction of communication links
Loss of habitat and biodiversity
Loss of infrastructure and economic loss.
80. Causes of landslides
Removal of vegetation
Underground mining
Transport
Addition of weight
Ground water level
81. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES:
Natural resources-
forest,water,soil,food,mineral and energy
Overuse of these resources cause problems
82. Conserve water:
Don‟t keep water taps running
Install water saving toilets
Check forwater leaks
Reuse soapy water
Use drip and sprinkling irrigation
Conserveenergy
Turn off lights,fan when not in use
Use solarcooker for cooking
Try riding bicycle
83. Protect soil:
Don‟t uproot plants
Grow grass which binds soil andprevent erosion
Make compost
Use green manure
Don‟t over irrigate
Use mixed cropping