class presentation

1. Fundamentals of Plasmonics,
Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides
and Metamaterials
Besarta Hoxha
İnci Umakoğlu Dolu
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2. Outline
Introduction
A Brief History of Plasmonics
Scientific Background of Plasmonics
Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
Localized Surface Plasmon
Excitation Methods of SPP
Plasmonic Materials
Metamaterials
Plasmonic Waveguides
Applications
Research trends of recent years
Economical Impact
2/49

3. Definitions
3
Subwavelength electromagnetics is a discipline that deals with light-matter interaction at
subwavelength scale and innovative technologies that controls electromagnetic wave with
subwavelength structures [1].
[1] X. Luo, ‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016.

4. ◎Plasma:The free electrons of a metal are treated as an electron liquid of high density of about
10^ 23 cm - 3, (ignoring the lattice).
◎ Plasma oscillations(longitudinal density fluctuations), will propagate through the volume of
the metal.
◎The quanta of these "volume plasmons" are produced by electrons which are shot into the
metal and have an energy hωp, where (n is the electron density, of the order of 10 eV).
[2]H.Reather ;Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings
(Springer Tracts in Modern Physics)(1988) 4/49

5. ◎Surface plasmon polaritons are electromagnetic excitations
propagating at the interface between a dielectric and a conductor,
evanescently confined in
the perpendicular direction.
-These electromagnetic surface waves arise via
the coupling of the electromagnetic fields to oscillations of the
conductor’s electron plasma.
[6]Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy
Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014) 5
◎The field of plasmonics can, in general, be divided into
two parts: one that deals with propagating plasmonic modes,
and one that deals with localized plasmonic modes

6. Introduction
6/49
Operating speeds and critical dimensions
of various technologies [1].
 In the past, devices were slow and bulky.
 Semiconductor industry managed to scaling electronic
devices to nanoscale dimensions [2].
 Time delay issue (operating above ~10 GHz)
 Photonic devices has high data carrying capacity.
 Limited by the laws of diffraction
 (λ/2, wavelength of light ~micron).
 Plasmonics, a new technology promises to bring the
revolution by putting together the best of electronics
and photonics.
 The size of electronics
 The speed of photonics
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’,
Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.

7. A Brief History of Plasmonics
7/49
LYCURGUS CUP
• Before scientists set out to study the optical properties of metal
nanostructures, they were employed by artists to generate vibrant
colors in the staining of church windows [3].
• One of the most famous example is the Lycurgus cup dating
back to the Byzantine Empire (4th century AD). Appears green
in reflection and appears red in transmission [3].
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.

8. Academically Interest on Plasmonics
8/49
The rapid growth of the field of plasmonics [4].
image: [4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015.

9. Scientific Background (Cont.)
9/49
The Drude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas
molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3,6]:
This means the electric field just penetrate into the material, but does not form an oscillating
wave. If the material is thick enough, all the incoming wave will be reflected. This is the
reason why metal surface looks colorless and shiny [10].
2
[6]0
0 0 2
( ) (1 ) losses neglected
(1 )
pw
w
jw jw w
s
e e e
t
= + » -
+
2
[10]
2
1
/
pw
n
w jw t
= -
-
:electron relaxation timet
[14]
,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and refraction index becomes purely imaginary<
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.

10. Scientific Background (Cont.)
10/49
The Drude model of free electron states that the electrons in metals behave like classical gas
molecules [10] . By using the Drude model the dielectric constant of metals can be found [3]:
:electron relaxation timet
[14]
,pIf w w the permittivity is negative and
that is an essential property of any plasmonic material
<
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
Surface plasmons exist for metals like Au, Ag, Al and Cu up to optical and near UV frequencies,
depending on the dielectric function of both the metal and the neighboring dielectric [3].
2
[6]0
0 0 2
( ) (1 ) losses neglected
(1 )
pw
w
jw jw w
s
e e e
t
= + » -
+
2
[10]
2
1
/
pw
n
w jw t
= -
-
[14] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.

11. Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
◎The oscillation of the free electrons (plasma electrons) of the metal are coupled to the
electromagnetic fields [8].
11/49image.: [2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
Electromagnetic
mode
Electron
oscillation
Coupled
State
[8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2017.
[6]
0
, .
/m d m d
w
propagation cons
c
b
e e e e
=
+

12. Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP)
◎From an engineering standpoint, an SPP can be viewed as a special type of light wave [2].
◎SPPs are special solutions of Maxwell’s equations that require positive and negative
permittivity interfaces [9].
◎This requirement can be satisfied by dielectrics and metals in optical and infrared
frequencies[8].
12/49
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’, Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
[9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015.
image: wikipedia
[6]
/ 1sp p dw w w
surface plasmon frequency
e< = +
Most important condition
for SP to exist
Visual animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ8enHiq0H4

13. Localized Surface Plasmon
Unlike the propagating surface plasmon polaritons, localized surface plasmons are bounded to
a nanometer sized metal particle.
Localized surface plasmon can be excited in almost any illumination condition with a matching
resonance frequency.
Localized SP are solved by Mie in 1908 for spherical particles [11].
13/49[11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc. Thesis, 2013.

14. Plasmonic Materials
Plasmonic materials are metals or metal-like materials that exhibit negative real permittivity [14].
Because metals have large plasma frequencies and high conductivity, they have been the materials
of choice for plasmonics [14].
14/49
i P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
Silver: minimum damping rate
 Pros: Best choice at optical frequencies
 Cros: Oxidation and cost
Gold:
 Choise at lower NIR frequencies
 Chemically stable
 High interband losses in the visible
spectrum
1/ tG=
gold silverG > G
inte
Copper:
 Large interband losses at visible spectrum
 Conductivity is good, but oxidizes easily.
Result: Gold and silver are dominant materials
for plasmonic applications at optical f [14].
Plasmonic applications demand lower losses
materials [14].

15. Plasmonic Materials
15/49
[4] P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, ‘Searching for better plasmonic materials’, Laser Photonics Rev., vol. 4, 2010.
Aluminum:
Pros: Extremely high plasma frequency
Cons: Oxidizes easily, fabrication issue
Sodium and Potassium:
Even if losses is low oxidizes easily,
Not practical fabrication standpoint.

16. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton
16/49[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.

17. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
1) PrismCoupling (KretchmannConfiguration)
Enhanceswavevector of theincidentbeambyhighrefractiveindex of theprism[12].
If (𝜃𝑖>𝜃𝑐, TIR) , thematchingcondition can be achieved. Alsosuitablefor IMI, MIM systems[5].
Pros: veryhighcouplingefficiencybetweenphotonsand SPP [13].
17/49images: [12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
0 sininc sp p pk k k n q= =
Min reflectivity
observed once SP is
excited.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
Electron density
[13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’, Nanophotonics, vol. 3, 2014.

18. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
2) Grating Coupling
Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes
[5].
The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident
light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12].
18/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
Coupling to SPP is achieved when
sin 2 /sp inck k vq p= + L
Lattice
constant
(1, 2, 3...)

19. Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton (Cont.)
2) Grating Coupling (Cont.)
Overcome mismatch by patterning the metal surface with a shallow grating of grooves or holes [5].
The incident beam diffracts into several modes, which can enhance the wavevector of the incident
light and couple to the SP at the interface between the gratings and dielectric medium [12].
19/49images:[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
:
ˆ ˆ( i ) ( i )
G 2 / , G 2 / ,
, : , , :
sp x x y y
x x y y
x y
Matching condition
k k G x k G y
a a lattice vectors
a a grating periods i j integers
p p
= + × + + ×
= =

20. SPR BIOSENSING
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Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM-VI3alvAI

21. Metamaterials
◎Origins
◎Lorentz and Drude Models
◎Extraordinary properties
◎Applications
21/49

22. Papers that brought meta materials to light
◎Viktor Veselago (1968)What happens in a material when both the electric permittivity and
the magnetic permeability are negative?
- claimed that radiation emerging from a point source on one side of a negative index
slab could be brought to a focus on the other side.
◎Smith(2000)-Artificial materials with both negative permittivity and permeability in the
same frequency.
◎Pendrys perfect lense(2000)
◎ Shelby(2001)Refraction in a negative index prism for 10.5 GHz
[26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in metamaterials Oxford University
Press(2009)
22/49

23. ◎Metamaterials are artificial periodic structures with lattice constants that are much smaller than the wavelength
of the incident radiation. Therefore providing negative refractive index characteristics[15*]
23/49
Connection between macroscopic fields and charge density
Frequency dependent dielectric constant
Dielectric constant –index of refraction relationship
n(ω)- dispersion in the medium,
κ(ω) (extinction coefficient)-determines the absorption.
[26]L Solymar, E Shamonina Waves in
metamaterials Oxford University Press(2009)

24. 24/49
Plasma frequency
Negative below the plasma
frequency and positive above the plasma frequency
Deriving the formula for plasma frequency
[26]Waves in metamaterials L Solymar, E
Shamonina Oxford University Press(2009)

25. The left hand rule
[19]Engheta, N., and Richard W. Ziolkowski. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering
Explorations. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience, 2006. 25/49
[17*]

26. Creating units with neagtive permeability
[17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti, M.
Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons
26/49
-Plasma frequency depends critically on the density and mass of the collective
electronic motion.
-Geometric manipulations allow us to have a negative permeability in the
microwave regime.
Limitations/Motivation: Typical values for ωp are in the ultraviolet regime,
while for γ
a typical value (e.g., for copper) is 4 x 1013 rad/s.
Unfortunately, for all frequencies ω<ωp for which ε < 0, it is also ω ≪ γ
(dominant term becomes the imaginary part of the plasma electric permittivity-
associated with losses (light absorption).
Solution: Decrease ωp by increasing meff and deacreasing Neff
If E = E0 e-i(ωt-kz) z applied,electrons in the rod move to z direction.
meff =0.5x μ0Ne2r²ln(a/r)

27. Creating negative permeability
[17] R.Marque´S.Marti, M. Sorolla Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design,
and MicrowaveApplications2008 by John Wiley & Sons 27/49
ω0=1/√LC -> the resonant frequency of elements
-This ‘split ring resonator’(SRR) is equivalent to a simple RLC circuit, R being the
resistance of the metallic ring, L its inductance and C (primarily) the capacitance between its
unconnected ends.
H = H0 e-i(ωt-kr) x applied magnetic field Induced electromotive source
l distance btw SRR
Mutual inductance between two SRRs : (F being the fractional volume within a unit
cell occupied by an SRR.)
Ohms sec.law: accros a SSr loop:
Resistance of each ring:

28. 28/49
Magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
Range for which μ <0
ωm0=1/√LC - >>Resonance frequency
ωmp=1/√LC(1-F)->>Corresponding plasma frequency
[17]Metamaterials with Negative Parameters Theory, Design, and MicrowaveApplications; R.Marque´S.Marti,
M. Sorolla 2008 by John Wiley & Sons

29. World’s first double negative metamaterial
[18]M. B. Ross, Chad A. Mirkin, and George C. Schatz; Optical Properties of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Arrays of Plasmonic
Nanostructures J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016,
29/49
NOTE :Re(ε eff) ∼ 0 the wavelength of light in a material is effectively
infinite and light can “tunnel” across a boundary of arbitrary
size or shape[18*]

30. ◎Metamaterial steps up the radiated power. The
newest Metamaterial antenna radiate 95% of input radio
signal at 350 MHz Experimental metamaterial antenna are as
small as one fifth of a wavelength. Patch antenna with
metamaterial cover have increased directivity.[15*]
[35] Mohit Anand Applications of metamaterial in antenna engineering;
Int.Jr.of Technical Reasearch and Applications(2014) 30/49
ANTENNA SUBSTRATE
Metamaterial substrates can be designed to act as a very high dielectric
constant substrate at given frequency and hence can be used to miniaturize
the antenna size.
Nowdays hotreserch topics regarding AS are Co-ordinate transformation
devices, invisibility cloaks, Luneburg lenses.
PHASED ARRAYANTENNA
In recent years metamaterial phase shifters are adopted to fine tune the
phase difference between adjacent elements. These metamaterial phase
shifters can be easily integrated onto the CPW feeding line.
ANTENNA SUPERSTRATE
Tellecomunication satelites are in hight demand for
multiple beam antennas with smaller no. of reflector antennas for less mass
and size.
MM are proved to increase both the impedance and directivity bandwidth
of the proximity coupled microstrip patch antenna and can also be used to
change the polarization state of the antenna.
Metamaterials in antenas

31. Superlenses
[20] Xiang Zhang and Zhaowei Liu Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit, Nature
Materials 7, 435–441 (2008)
31/49
-A niM flat lens brings all the diverging rays from an object into a
focused image, the niM can also enhance the evanescent waves across
the lens, so the amplitude of the evanescent waves are identical at the
object and the image plane.[20*]
- Experimental verification
of the evanescent wave enhancement through a silver superlens. T p is
the enhancement factor.[21*]
-Near-field evanescent waves
can be strongly enhanced across the lens [22*]
-Associated with substantial energy dissipation or loss (that is,
the imaginary part of ε and μ) [20*]
The presence of the superlens improved the resolution to 89 nm
from an average linewidth of 321 ± 10 nm without the superlens.

32. Plasmonic Waveguides
◎A usual dielectric waveguide
cannot restrict the spatial localization
of optical energy beyond the
limit, where 0 is the free space photon
wavelength and n is the refractive
index of the waveguide.
◎The diffraction limit of dielectric
plasmo-nanoptical elements may be
pushed down to a scale of a few tens
of nanometers and may be even
further if dielectrics with gains are
used[23*]
[23]Igor I. Smolyaninov, Yu-Ju Hung, and Christopher C. Davis Surface
plasmon dielectric waveguides Applied Physics Letters 87, 241106 (2005) 32/49

33. TYPES
*Several types of plasmonic waveguide platform differing in terms of the topology,
material composition, and propagation mechanisms have been developed [24*].
*Any plasmonic guide exhibits a tradeoff between propagation loss and mode
confinement — the smaller the mode size, the higher the propagation loss.
[24]Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides:
towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits Light:
Science & Applications (2015)
33/49
TYPES
Metal nanoparticle chains
Metal films
Metal/insulator/metal (MIM) slabs
Chains of nanoparticles
Metal grooves
Metal strips
Metal wedges
MIM gaps
Hybrid Bragg waveguide
Wire/spacer/film MIM structures

34. IM
-Relative good balance exists between propagation length and confinement.
-Material used in fabrication allows feasibility of integrated plasmonic circuitry.
MIM
-Few micron propagation,good mode confinement
-Used for arched structures(good for spliters).
-Low losses:field skin depth increases exponentially
with wavelength in the insulator but is almost constant (~25nm) in the
metal
-Both plasmonic and conventional waveguiding modes can be accessed
IMI
- if the symmetry condition is strictly met, a
TM mode very similar to a dielectric mode
can be supported.
- IMI’s propagation loss is considerably
smaller than MIM, it is frequently used for
transmitting NIR optical power in longer
distance above 10 um’s mark.
-Lack of mode confinement.[27*]
[27]Ruoxi Yang and Zhaolin Lu Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides and Plasmonic Materials(2012)
Images: Trapping light in plasmonic waveguides Junghyun Park, Kyoung-Youm Kim Optics Express Vol. 18, Issue 2,
New technique lights up the creation of holograms Satoshi Kawata,General Physics (2012)
34/49
IMI
MIM
IM

35. Dielectric Loaded SPP waveguide
-Charactarized by a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) ridge
-Very good confinement
-Due to physical dimensions we have a mode size increase and hence
longer propagation distances going from 5μm to 25μm
Long-Range Dielectric-Loaded SPP waveguide
-Low index substrate for mode confinement
-Changing ridge and metal strip parameters decreases loses
Ensuring longer propagation distances up to L = 3100μm
Hybrid SPP waveguide
-high index region (silicon) disjointed from a silver surface
by a low index layer (SiO 2).
- improved compromise between loss and confinement
compared to purely plasmonic waveguides
[40]Hassan Kaatuzian and Ahmad Naseri Taheri Applications of Nano-Scale Plasmonic Structures in Design of Stub Filters — A Step
Towards Realization of Plasmonic Switches ,Photonic Crystals InTech(2015)
35/49

36. -Beamspliters
-Interferometers
-Bragg gratings
36/49
TUNABILITY OF PLASMONIC STRUCTURES

37. Applications of surface plasmons
◎Surface enhanced Raman scattering
◎Fluorescence enhancement
◎Surface plasmon sensors in biology and medicine
37

38. Surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)
-(A)red-shifted signal ws , due toinelastic scattering.
-(B)2 lazer beams hit the sample. When the frequency
matches Omega scattering occurs.
-(C) four-beam mixing process probing at the anti-
Stokes frequency (w as ).
[28]W. J. Tipping,M. Lee,A. Serrels,V. G. Brunton and A. N.
Hulme* Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: an emerging
tool for drug discovery Chem Soc Rev.2016
38
Electromagnetic radiation interacting with a
vibrating molecule.
When incident radiation (w0 ) interacts with a
chemical species, it can be elastically scattered
(Rayleigh scattering) or in elastically scattered
(Raman scattering) by an amount, wm which
corresponds to the energy of a molecular transition in
the molecule. [28*]
-Ag and Au have LSPRs that cover most
of the visible and near infrared
wavelength range, where most Raman
measurements occur

39. Fluorescence enhancement
◎Fluorescence results from excitation of the emitter by the incident field, which can show
significant enhancement due to plasmon resonances in the metal particle.
◎Utilization of metal nanostructures as nano-antennas
[29]Schietinger et al., Nano Lett. 9, 1694 (2009)
39
Black-diamond only
Blue –A config.
Orange-Parallel excitation[29*]

40. Surface plasmon sensors in biology and medicine
◎ Light incident on the nanoparticles induces the conduction electrons in them to oscillate
collectively with a resonant frequency that depends on the nanoparticles’ size, shape and
composition. As a result of these LSPR modes, the nanoparticles absorb and scatter light so
intensely that single nanoparticles are easily observed by eye using dark-field (optical scattering)
microscopy[30*]
◎The LSPR can be tuned during fabrication by controlling these parameters with a variety of
chemical syntheses and lithographic techniques.
◎Most organic molecules have a higher refractive index than buffer solution; thus, when they
bind to nanoparticles, the local refractive index increases, causing the extinction and scattering
spectrum to redshift.
[38]Homola J (2006) Surface plasmon resonance based sensors. Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg_New-York).
40/49

41. [31]R. K. Gupta Sensing Through Surface Plasmon Resonance
Technique,Reviews in Plasmonics 2016 41/49
SPR sernsor

42. Most well known usages
[33]Alexandre G. Brolo Plasmonics for future Biosensors Nature Photonics 6, 709–713 (2012)
[32]Mark I Stalckman Nanoplasmonics,the physics behind the applications. Physics Today 64, 2, 39 (2011) 42/49
Diagnosing diabetes
Pregnancy tests
Nanospheres have a high polarizability which
enables them to screen each others plasmonic
Charges which reduces the restoring force and the
Frequency of SP,redshifting their emission froma
Vaguely green color evident in the initial gold
Sphere suspension.Consequently the test strip
acquires a red color-confirming pregancy.[32*][33*]

43. Economical Prespective
[25]GVR(Grand View Reasearch) Metamaterial Market Analysis, By Product (Electromagnetic, Terahertz, Photonic, Tunable, Frequency Selective Surface, Non-linear), By
Application, End-use, And Segment Forecasts, 2014 – 2025
43/49
-The global metamaterials market size was estimated at USD
316.0 million in 2016.
-Mainly used in antenas and radars.[25*]

44. -Global surface plasmon resonance devices market is estimated to account for US$ 1,110.4 Mn by the end of 2025,
owing to increasing application in drug discovery segment for drug-cell interaction analysis.
-On the basis of application, surface plasmon resonance market is segmented into drug discovery, material science
and biosensors.
-Key market players covered in this report are GE Healthcare, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Biosensing Instruments,
Horiba Ltd. and Reichert Technologies (acquired by Ametek, Inc.)
[37]FMI(Future market insights) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Market - Increasing Awareness on Label-Free Detection to Fuel Market
Growth: Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015 – 2025
44/49

45. The future
◎Basic components (NW-based laser, BUS router, switch, adder, NAND gate) are already
available, the future of nanophotonics is bright. [26*]
[26]Najmeh Nozhat , Hamid Alikomak, Maryam Khodadadi All-optical XOR and NAND logic gates based on plasmonic nanoparticles
Optics Communications 392 (2017)
45/49

46. [24]Yurui Fang & Mengtao Sun Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in
integrated nanophotonic circuits Light: Science & Applications (2015) 46/49
Switch On/Off mode
NOR and NOT gates [26*]

47. References
[1] X. Luo, ‘Subwavelength Electromagnetics’, Optoelectron., vol. 9, no.2, 2016.
[2] R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, and M. L. Brongersma, ‘Plasmonics: the next chip-scale technology’,
Materialstoday, Elsevier, vol.9, no.7-8, 2006.
[3] M. L. Brongersma, P. G. Kik, Surface Plasmon Nanophotonics, Springer, 2007.
[4] M. L. Brongersma, ‘Introductory lecture: nanoplasmonics’, Faraday Discussions, vol. 178, pp. 9-36, 2015.
[5] S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, 2007.
[6] Modern plasmonics / edited by Alexei A. Maradudin, J. Roy Sambles, William L. Barnes.(2014)
[7] G. Birant, ‘Surface Coverage Control of Self Organized Plasmonic Nanostructures at Interfaces of Photovoltaics
Related Materials ’, M.Sc. Thesis, METU, 2017.
[8] O. Arısev, ‘Plasmonic Stripe Waveguide Coupler with Integrated Wavelength Division Multiplexer’, M.Sc. Thesis,
2017.
[9] A. Karaşahin, ‘Integrated antennas for efficient and directional coupling to plasmonic waveguides’, M.Sc. Thesis,
2015.
[10] L. Han, Optical Properties of Metals, Advanced Materials - Lab Intermediate Physics, 2010.
[11] K. Gungor, ‘Three dimensional nanoplasmonic surfaces: modeling, fabrication and characterization’, M.Sc.
Thesis, 2013.
47/49

48. References
[12] S. Szunerits, R. Boukherroub, Introduction to Plasmonics: Advances and Applications , Pan Stanford Publishing, 2015.
[13] F. Ye, J. M. Merlo, M. J. Burns, M. J. Naughton, ‘Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes’,
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