- Nabawiya Musa was the first Egyptian woman to go to high school. She later helped other women succeed in education and wrote a book about girls' education. Dr. Farouk El-Baz used remote sensing to find underground water in Egypt's Western Desert and Sinai. Thanks to his work, needed water was discovered. Dr. Zewail received the Nobel Prize for discovering the femtosecond and now helps scientists develop new medicines in California.

1. - 1 -
UNIT 1  Nabawiya Musa : ( early 20th century feminist / educationalist )
--------------------------------------------------------------------  Dr Zahi Hawass : ( archaeologist )
-------------------------------------------------------------------- Thank you Dr Farouk El-Baz
Nabawiya Musa is famous because she was the first Egyptian woman to go to high school. When she became older she helped other women to succeed in education and work. In 1908, she wrote a book about girls’ education. Later she became the headmistress of Al-Mohammadia school for girls’.
Dr Zahi Hawass is one of the most famous archaeologists in the world. He often speaks on radio and television. He sometimes writes in a magazine called “Egypt Today”. He wants to bring ancient things back to Egypt from museums outside Egypt. Egyptian people don't see these things if they are in other countries. Dr Hawass would like the Rosetta Stone to be in Egypt.
It only rains every 20-50 years in the Western Desert. However, two million years ago very heavy rain fell there and a huge quantity of water collected under the desert sand. Today, we need this water and the person we have to thank for finding it is one of Egypt's most famous men, Dr Farouk El-Baz.  Remote sensing
Dr Farouk El-Baz, who is a space scientist and a geologist, is the Director of Remote Sensing at Boston University in the USA. He is the world's greatest expert in remote sensing: the use of satellites to find water under deserts. Underground water was found in the Western Desert and in Sinai thanks to photographs which he took from satellites.  Space projects
From 1967 to 1973, Dr El-Baz, worked on the American Apollo space project, which landed men on the moon. He gave advice on where the astronauts should land, and told them how to collect rocks and soil on the moon. Dr EI-Baz was born in Zagazig in 1938 and was educated at Ain Shams University.

2. - 2 -
 Ramy Ashour wins in Canada
--------------------------------------------------------------  Dr. Ahmed Zewail
--------------------------------------------------------------  Neil Armstrong
--------------------------------------------------------------  Dr Samira Moussa : ( Nuclear Scientist ) :عالمة نووية
 Naguib Mahfouz : (Nobel Laureate / Author) : حاصل على نوبل
In January 2007, Egypt's internationally famous squash player, Ramy Ashour, won an important championship in Canada. But what do we know about this young man?
Ramy was born in Cairo in September, 1987. At the age of 16, he became the youngest player to win the Men's World Junior Squash Championship. In 2006, he won the championship again. In the Hong Kong 2006 Championship, he was second. He lost to another Egyptian player, Amr Shabana. Ramy's older brother, Hisham Ashour, is also an expert squash player.
Ahmed Zewail was born in 1946 in Egypt where he grew up. He went to Alexandria University. He finished his studies in the United States In 1974.After this, Dr Zewail worked at the University of California. In 1976 he became a professor at the California Institute of Technology. In 1997,at the age of 52,DrZewail won the Benjamin Franklin Prize because he discovered the femto second, which is one millionth of one billionth of a second. Many scientists, students and important people came to the ceremony and saw Dr Zewail receive his prize. Two years later, Dr Zewail got the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Dr Zewail now lives in California and has four children. His wife, Dema Zewail, is a doctor. He now helps scientists to make new medicines.
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. In 1969 he landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong went to the moon with Buzz Aldrin. They stayed on the moon for nearly 90 minutes the first day .The next day they collected rocks and soils ,took a lot of photographs and sent back more television pictures to the earth.

3. - 3 -
 Definitions
1- Asttronautt رائد فضاء
- Someone who travels and works in space.( space man)
2-- Geollogiistt :: عالم جيولوجى
- A scientist who studies what the earth is made of, how it was
made and how it has changed over time.
OR someone who studies rocks and their history.
3-- Headmiisttress :: (( ffemalle)) ناظرة
- A teacher who is a woman and the leader of a school.
4-- Headmastter :: ( male) ناظر
- A teacher who is a man and the leader of a school.
5-- Archaeollogiistt :: عالم أثار
- A person who studies buildings and tools from the past.
6-- Jewellllery :: مجوهرات
- Things that people wear round their neck, fingers, etc.
- Things that is made of gold can be very expensive.
7-- Sttattue :: تمثال
- A shape, sometimes a person or animal, made of stone or metal.
8-- Anciientt :: )مرتبط بحضارة قديمة( قديم
- Very old, historical.
9-- Soiill :: التربة الزراعية
- The layer on the earth in which plants grow.
1
10-- Space :: الفضـــاء
- The area outside the earth's atmosphere.
1
111-- Underground ((adjj)) :: تحت الأرض جوفى -
- Under the surface of the earth.
1
12-- The underground ((n)) :: مترو الأنفاق

4. - 4 -
- The metro.
1
13-- Juniior :: مسابقة للشباب
- A kind of competition for young people.
1
14-- Expertt :: خبيـر
- Someone who knows a lot about a subject or is, very good at something.
- A person with special skill or training.
1
15-- Phottography :: التصوير الفوتوغرافى
- Taking pictures with a camera.
1
16-- Proffessiionall :: محترف
- Doing something as a job or for money
1
17-- Majjor :: رئيسى/ أساسى
- Big, very important
1
18-- Quiiz :: مسابقة
- Game where people answer questions.
Vocabulary :
* famous (adj) : مشهور
* fame (n) : شهرة
* century (n) : قرن
* educationalist(n) : تعليمى
* ( educate(v)– d – d ): يعلم
* education (n) : تعليم
* feminist (adj) : نسائى
*(discuss(v)–ed-ed): يناقش
* discussion (n) : مناقشة
*(mention(v)–ed–ed): يذكر
*archaeological(adj): أثرى
* alive : حى ≠ dead :ميت
* (advise (v) – d – d):ينصح
* advice (n) : نصيحة
* succeed (v) : ينجح
* high school: مدرسة ثانوية
* (win (v)–won-won):يفوز
* championship (n): بطولة
* champion (n) : بطل
* project (n) : مشروع
* appearance (n) : مظهر
* ( become – became – become ) : يصبح
* ancient : قديم
≠ modern : حديث
* article (n) : مقال
* museum (n) :متحف
* stone (n) : حجر
* rock (n) : صخرة
* (fell(v)– fall–fallen): يسقط
*huge=immense(adj): ضخم
* desert (n) : صحراء
* (desert(v)–ed –ed ): يرحل
* favourite : مفضل
* favour (n) : معروف
* (collect(v)–ed –ed): يجمع
* remote sensing :
الاستشعار عن بعد
* remote (adj) = far : بعيد
* satellite (n) : قمر صناعى
* sense (n) : حاسة إحساس –
* take a photograph : يلتقط
* expert (adj) : خبير
* experience (n) : خبرة
* experiment (n) :
تجربة عملية
* use (n) : استخدام فائدة –
* underground water :
مياه جوفية
* Western Desert :
الصحراء الغربية
* (need(v)- ed –ed):يحتاج
* needs (n) : إحتياجات
* thanks to : بفضل
* photographs :
صور فوتوغرافية
* photographer : المصور
* space (n) : فراغ
* space ship (n) :
سفينة فضاء
* university : جامعة
* monument (n) :آثار
* prize for : جائزة لــ

5. - 5 -
*(take(v)–took–taken):
يأخذ
*space scientist: عالم فضاء
* space invasion:
غزو الفضاء
*(land(v) – ed – ed ): يهبط
*(bear(v)–bore-born): تلد
* beautiful : جميل
* brave : شجاع
≠ coward :جبان
* calm (adj) : هادئ
* ceremony : إحتفال
* cheerful (adj) : مبتهج
≠ sad : حزين
* chemistry (n) : كيمياء
* chess (n) : شطرنج
* first aid : الاسعافات الأولية
* thanks to : بفضل
* Rosetta Stone :
حجر رشيد
*The pharaohs(n): الفراعنة
* fit (adj) : ملائم مناسب –
* magazine (n) : مجلة
* important (adj) : هام
* (include(v)–d– d): يتضمن
* influence (n) : تأثير
* institute (n) : معهد
* interesting (adj) : شيق
* internationally famous:
مشهور عالميا
*make medicine:يصنع دواء
* polite (adj) : مؤدب
*popular(adj): شعبى محبوب -
≠ unpopular : غير محبوب
* points (n) : نقاط
* professional : محترف
≠ amateur : هاوى
* receive (v) : يتسلم
* sand (n) : رمال
* (score (v) – d – d ): يحرز
* talent (n) : موهبة
* talented (adj) : موهوب
* The Pan-Arab Games :
دورة الألعاب العربية
* hard working : مجتهد
≠ lazy : كسول
* professor (n) : أستاذ جامعى
* ordinary (adj) : عادى
* project (n) : مشروع
* quality (n) : صفة
* qualities (n) : صفات
* quantity : كمية
* race (n) : سباق
* railway :سكة حديد
* finger (n) : إصبع
* forget (v) : ينسى
≠ remember : يتذكر
* funny (adj) : مضحك
* appearance (n) : مظهر
* goal = aim : هدف
* society = community :
مجتمع
* squash : لعبة الاسكواش
* competition (n) :
مسابقة منافسة –
* technology (n) :تكنولوجيا
* director (n) : مدير )شركة(
* critical : نقدى
*(wear -wore-worn): يرتدى
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is the difference Between ….. ?
* ( Discover (v) – ed – ed ) : يكتشف ) شئ كان موجودا من قبل (
* ( Invent (v) – ed – ed ) :يخترع ) شئ لم يكن موجودا من قبل (
* ( Explore (v) – d – d ) :يستكشف ) شئ عن طريق الشفر والترحال (
Exs:
- Ahmed Zewail discovered the femto second.
- Gerham Bell invented the telephone.
- Columbus explored America.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* ( Win (v) – won – won ) : يفوز يكسب ) مباراة إنتخابات ( – –
* ( Beat (v) – beaten – beaten ) : يهزم يتغلب على ) شخص فريق ( – –
* ( Gain (v) – ed – ed ) : يكتسب شئ معنوى مفيد ) مثل خبرة معرفة معلومات شهرة ( – – –
* ( Gain (v) – ed – ed ) : يكتسب ) زيادة فى الوزن السرعة ( –
* ( Earn (v) – ed – ed ) : يكسب مال مقابل عمل
Exs:
- El Ahly will win the African Cup. - Menna gained a lot of information
- America could beat Iraq. from the conference.
- Ali gained three kilos in weight. - Menna earned 1000 L.E.

6. - 6 -
* Job :وظيفة ) اسم يعد (
يأتى قبلها ( a ) وتجمع Jobs
* Work : عمل ) اسم لا يعد (
لا يأتى قبلها ( a ) و لا تجمع
* Career : الحياة المهنية
* Profession : مهنة تحتاج لمؤهلات
* Occupation :
مهنة ) فى الأوراق الرسمية (
Exs:
- My father has got a job as a doctor.
- I have a lot of work to do.
- When does she leave work?
* award :جائزة
* reward :مكافئة
* present :هدية
* a ward : ) جناح / عنبر ( فى مستشفى
Exs:
- Dr Zewail won this award 3 weeks ago.
- The teacher gave Menna this pen as a reward.
- My uncle gave me a present on my birthday party.
- Take this patient to a ward No. Four.
* ( grow (v) – grew – grown ) :ينمو
* ( grow up (v) – grew up – grown up ) :ينضج ) يتحول من طفل إلى شخص عاقل (
Exs:
- Plants rarely grow in the desert.
- When he grew up, he got a good job.
* Biography : قصة حياة شخص يكتبها له شخص أخر
* Autobiography : قصة حياة شخص يكتبها بنفسه
Exs:
- Anwar El Sadat wrote his autobiography.
- The journalist wrote the biography of this famous woman.
* Hear :يسمع شئ بدون قصد
* Listen to : ينصت إلى ) يسمع بقصد (
Exs:
- While I was walking in the street, I heard someone crying.
- I always listen to the Holy Quran in the morning.
* من الممكن أن تأتى كلمة
( work )
بمعنى
Plant ) OR( factory
أى مصنع .
* من الممكن أن تأتى
كلمة ( work )
بمعنى
مكان العمل

7. - 7 -
* other + ) اسم جمع (
* another + ) اسم مفرد ( أو ) رقم (
Exs:
- I will buy other countries.
- I will read another story.
- I will buy another two books.
* ( bear (v) – bore – born ) : يلد
* ( bear (v) – bore – borne ) : يتحمل
Exs:
- Menna was born in 2007.
- Your insults can’t be borne.
* ( 's ) : لإضافة الملكية للمفرد
* ( s' ) : لإضافة الملكية للجمع
Exs:
- Girl’s school : مدرسة البنت
- Girls’ school : مدرسة البنات
* later : فيما بعد
* latter : الآخر
Exs:
- I’ll discuss the matter with you later.
- The latter choice is better.
* made of : مصنوع من ) المادة الخام لم تتغير (
* made from : مصنوع من ) المادة الخام تغيرت (
Exs:
- The bag is made of leather.
- Electricity is made from water.
* show + ) شخص ( + how to + ) المصدر ( : يبين لشخص كيف .....
Ex:
- I showed Ali how to repair his car.
* the first + …. + to + ) المصدر (
Ex:
- Ali is the first to answer the question.
* astronaut : رائد فضاء
* astronomer : عالم فلك

8. - 8 -
Note The Following
----------------------------------------------------------------------
* famous for : مشهور بــ
* TV programme :
برنامج تليفزيونى
* give back : يرد ) شئ (
* write in magazine :
يكتب فى مجلة
* do a quiz about :
يجرى مسابقة معلومات عن
* at the age of : فى سن
* speak for : يتحدث نيابة عن
* expert ( in / on ) : خبير فى
* kind of / sort of :نوع من
* people’s lives : حياة الناس
* succeed in : ينجح فى
* success (n) : نجاح
* successful (adj) : ناجح
* successfully (adv) : بنجاح
* hear about : يسمع عن
* on TV : فى التليفزيون
* on the radio : فى الراديو
* bring back : يعيد ) شئ (
* (be) interested in :
مهتم بــ شغوف بـــ -
* thank …. for :
يشكر شخص على
* sports stars : نجوم الرياضة
* useful for : مفيد لـــ
* walk on the moon :
يمشى على القمر
* land on the moon :
يهبط على القمر
* ask about : يسأل عن
* tools : عدد يدوية
* good for : جيد لــ مفيد لــ -
* girls’ education = education for girls :
تعليم الإناث
* speak on TV :
يتحدث فى التليفزيون
* (be) called : يسمى يدعى –
* work on :
يعمل فى ) مشروع مثلا(
* know about : يعرف عن
* speak about : يتحدث عن
* write for :
يكتب لجريدة أو مجلة
* manage to : يتمكن من
* live in : يعيش فى ) مكان (
* give up : يتوقف عن
* good at : جيد فى
* (float (v)– ed – ed):يطفو
Language Functions
* Write a paragraph of seven sentences about :
“ A person you like who is famous or who you know well ”
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. - 9 -
Verbs & Nouns * ( play / ed / ed ) : يلعب
* play a trick on : يحتال على
* play a game : يلعب لعبة رياضية
* play a role : يلعب دورا
* play chess : يلعب شطرنج
* play music : يعزف الموسيقى
* play a part : يلعب دورا
* play with fire : يلعب بالنار
* play the piano : يعزف البيانو
* play football : يلعب كرة القدم
------------------------------------------------------------- * ( give / gave / given ) : يعطى
* give advice on :
يعطى نصيحة بشأن
* give a lecture : يلقى محاضرة
* give a call : يتصل تليفونيا
* give a warning :
يعطى تحذيرا
* give a party : يقيم حفلة
* give a speech : يلقى خطبة
* give a ring : يتصل تليفونيا
* give an example :
يعطى مثالا
* give help : يساعد
* give information:
يعطى معلومات
* give points : يعطى نقاط
* give a prize : يعطى جائزة
* give a talk :يتحدث
* give medicine :يعطى دواء
------------------------------------------------------------- * ( make / made / made ) : يصنع
* make a discovery : يكتشف
* make a trouble :
يسبب متاعب
* make a choice : يختار
* make a question : يسأل
* make a decision : يقرر
* make the beds:يرتب السراير
* make a trip : يقوم برحلة
* make a plan :يخطط
* make a journey : يقوم برحلة
* make a mistake : يخطئ
* make friends : يعمل صداقات
* make a suggestion : يقترح
* make a promise : يوعد
* make a phone call : مكالمة
------------------------------------------------------------- * ( do / did / done ) : يفعل
* do research : يقوم ببحث علمى
* do homework : يعمل الواجب
* do PhD : يعمل دكتوراة
* do work : يقوم بعمل
* do a hobby : يقوم بهواية
* do damage : يدمر
* do a favour : يصنع معروفا
* do shopping : يتسوق
* do better : يتحسن
* do a report on : يعد تقرير عن
* do exercise : يقوم بتدريب
* do the housework :
يقوم بالأعمال المنزلية
* do repairs : يقوم باصلاحات
* do business :
يقوم بعمل تجارى
* do his best :
يبذل قصارى جهده
* do a quiz : يقوم بعمل مسابقة
------------------------------------------------------------- * ( score / scored / scored )
* score a goal : يحرز هدفا
* score a point : يسجل نقطة
------------------------------------------------------------- * ( take / took / taken )
* take responsibility :
يتولى مسئولية
* take a test : يمتحن
* take drugs :
يتناول عقاقير أو مخدرات
* take photos : يلتقط صورا
* take a risk : يخاطر
* take care : يعتنى
* take a rest : يستريح
* take an exam : يمتحن
* take pills : يتناول حبوبا
* take medicine : يتناول دواء
* take advice : يأخذ نصيحة
* take money : يأخذ مالا
* take exercise : يتدرب

10. - 10 -
Questions & Answers
1- Why is Nabawiya Musa famous ?
----» Because was the first Egyptian woman to go to high school.
2- What did Nabawiya Musa do when she became older ?
----» She helped other women to succeed in education and work.
3- What did Nabawiya Musa do in 1908 ?
----» She wrote a book about girls’ education.
4- What did Nabawiya Musa work after writing a book ?
----» She became the headmistress of Al-Mohammadia school for girls’.
-------------------------------------------------------------
1- What is the job of Dr Zahi Hawass ?
----» He is one of the most famous archaeologists in the world.
2- Where does he speak and write ?
----» He often speaks on radio and TV. He sometimes writes in a magazine called
“ Egypt Today”.
3- What does he want? Why?
----» He wants to bring ancient things back to Egypt from museums outside Egypt.
Because Egyptian people don’t see these things if they are in other countries.
4- What would Dr Hawass like to be in Egypt?
----» The Rosetta Stone.
-------------------------------------------------------------
1- What is the difference between the rain now and two million years ago ?
----» Now it only rains every 20 – 50 years in the Western Desert. Two million years
ago very heavy rain fell and a huge quantity of water collected under the desert
sand.
2- Why should we thank Dr Farouk El-Baz ?
----» Because he found the underground water.
3- What does Dr El-Baz do ?
----» He is a space scientist and a geologist.
4- Where and when was Dr El-Baz born and educated ?
----» He was born in Zagazig, in Egypt in 1938. He was educated at Ain Shams
University.
5- What is the job of Dr El-Baz ?
----» He is the director of Remote Sensing at Boston University in the USA.
6- What is he expert in ?
----» He is the world’s greatest expert in remote sensing. * ( win / won / won )
* win a cup : يفوز بالكأس
* win a game : يفوز بالمباراة
* win a prize : يكسب جائزة
* win a medal : يفوز بميدالية
* win a championship : يفوز ببطولة
-------------------------------------------------------------

11. - 11 -
7- What is remote sensing ?
----» It is the use of Satellites find water under the desert.
8- How was the underground water found in Sinai ?
----» By photographs which Dr El-Baz took from satellites.
9- How long did Dr El-Baz work on the American Apollo Space Project ?
----» From 1967 to 1973.
10- How did Dr El-Baz advise astronauts who landed on the moon ?
----» He gave them advice on where to land and how to collect rocks and soil on the
moon.
11- What do you think of Dr El-Baz ?
----» He is loyal to his homeland, Egypt. Although he works in America, he never
forgets Egypt.
12- How did Dr El-Baz help Egypt ?
----» His photographs which he tool from satellites helped us to find a huge quantity of underground in the Western Desert.
-------------------------------------------------------------
1- Where and when was Ramy Ashour ?
----» In Cairo, in September 1987.
2- What did Ramy win at the age of sixteen?
----» He became the youngest player to win the Men’s World Junior Squash
Championship.
3- How many times did he win the Men’s World Junior Squash Championship?
----» Two times. The first one was in 2003 and 2006.
-------------------------------------------------------------
1- When and Where was Ahmed Zewail born ?
----» In 1946, in Egypt.
2- Where did he study ? Where did he finish his studies ?
----» He studied in Alexandria University. He finished his studies in the United States.
3- When and where did he became a professor ?
----» In 1976 at the California Institute of Technology.
4- When and why did he win the Benjamin Franklin Prize ?
----» In 1997, at the age of 52. Because he discovered the femto second.
5- What is the femto second ?
----» It is one millionth of one billionth of a second.
6- What did Dr Zewail get the Nobel Prize for ?
----» He got the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
7- Where does Dr Zewail live now ?
----» He now lives in California.
8- How many children does he have ?
----» He has four children.
9- What is the job of his wife ?
----» His wife Dema Zewail is a doctor.

12. - 12 -
10- What does he do now ?
----» He now helps scientists to make new medicines.
-------------------------------------------------------------
1- What was Neil Armstrong famous for ?
----» He was the first man to walk on the moon.
2- When did Neil Armstrong land on the moon ?
----» In 1969.
3- With whom did Neil Armstrong go to the moon ?
----» With Buzz Aldrin.
4- How long did they stay on the moon ?
----» For nearly 90 minutes in the first day. In the next day, they collected rocks and
soils, took a lot of photographs and sent back more TV pictures to the earth.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Creative Questions
1- How can scientists like Dr El-Baz change lives of people ?
----» They can help people to find water, oil and metals under deserts. Water will
change the deserts into green land. Oil and metals are important for industry.
2- What qualities can make such great scientists like Dr El-Baz ?
----» A successful scientist must be hard-working, intelligent, clever, careful and knowledgeable.
3- Can these qualities make sports stars like Ramy Ashour, as well ?
----» Yes. A sports star must be hard working, clever, intelligent, patient, careful and
train hard everyday.
4- What can great scientists and sports stars give back to their countries ?
----» First, their countries are proud of them. They set examples to young people. And
they can help their countries each in his field.
5- Should all successful people give something back to society ?
----» Yes. Because they grow up, educated and became successful with the help of the society.
6- Do you think Ramy felt surprised when he won the Junior Squash
Championship ? Why?
----» Yes, because he didn’t expect so.
7- Why do you think, did Ramy Ashour become such a good squash player ?
----» Because he was born of a sporty family, his elder brother is a squash player, too.
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Unit 1
Grammar
The Present Simple & continuous Tenses
أزمنة المضارع البسيط و المستمر
( 1 ) The Present Simple Tense : زمن المضارع البسيط
 التكوين :
 هو التصريف الأول للفعل .
Exs: - I go to school by car. - He reads a nice story. - It rains very heavy.
 الإستخدام :
 يستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الآتى :
1 حقائق علمية غير قابلة للجدل . -
Exs: - The sun rises in the east. - The Nile runs in Africa.
2 عادة متكررة الحدوث . -
Exs: - He usually watches TV in the evening. - I always go to school on foot.
3 مع الوظائف الدائمة . -
Ex: - He works as a teacher.
 الكلمات الدالة على زمن المضارع البسيط :
 تنقسم الكلمات الدالة على الزمن إلى قسمين :
1 ( ظروف التكرار . (
( always : دائما & usually : عادة & sometimes : أحيانا & occasionally : من حين لآخر &
often : غالبا & frequently : بشكل متكرر & regularly : بشكل منتظم & ever & never
& How often : كم عدد المرات & rarely : نادرا & scarcely : نادرا & seldom : نادرا )
لاحظ :
* تأتى ظروف التكرار قبل الفعل الأساسى وبعد ( v. to be ) .
Exs: - He usually comes to work late.
- He is always a punctual.
2 ( ظروف زمنية . (
( every : كل & in the morning & in the afternoon & in the evening &
at night & at noon )
لاحظ :
* تأتى الظروف الزمنية إما فى بداية الجملة أو فى نهايتها .
Exs: - I go to school everyday.
- Everyday, I go to school.
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The present Simple Tense in Negative
المضارع البسيط فى النفى
( don’t / doesn’t ) + ) التصريف الأول ( never + ) التصريف الأول (
} بدون إضافات { } بالإضافات إن وجدت {

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Exs:
* Ali plays football well. ( Negative )
 Ali doesn’t play football well.
 Ali never plays football well.
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The Present Simple in Passive
المضارع البسيط فى المبنى للمجهول
) المفعول به ( + ( am / is / are ) + ( p.p. ) + ……. + ( by + الفاعل )
Exs:
* Somebody washes the car everyday. ( The car )
 The car is washed everyday.
* Nobody kills the insects. ( The insects )
 The insects are not killed.
Grammar
The Past Simple Tense
زمن الماضى البسيط
 التكوين :
 هو التصريف الثانى للفعل .
Exs: - I went to school by car. - She played football.
 الإستخدام :
 يستخدم زمن الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن الآتى :
-1 يعبر عن أحداث بدأت وانتهت فى الماضى .
Ex: - We visited England in 1990.
2 يعبر عن عادة متكررة فى الماضى . -
Ex: - When I was a boy, I played football everyday.
3 يعبر عن أحداث متتابعة فى قصة . -
Ex: - Ali traveled to Alex. He met his friends on the train. One of his friends fell ill.
They went to hospital. He had an operation.
لاحظ :
* عند استخدام ( used to ) فى الماضى البيسيط للتعبير عن عادة فى الماضى ... تدخل ( used to ) على
الجملة الثانية التى لا يوجد بها ( when ) ويأتى بعدها ) المصدر ( .
Ex: * When I was in Alex, I went to the library everyday. ( used to )
 When I was in Alex, I used to go to the library everyday.
يأتى بعد الفعل مباشرة
* من الممكن الاستغناء عنها فى الحالات التالية :
 إذا كان فاعل الجملة ضمير .
 إذا كان فاعل الجملة معروف .
* يجب الاستغناء عنها :
 إذا كان فاعل الجملة
( someone & somebody )
* لاحظ :
 إذا كان فاعل الجملة :
( no one & nobody )
لا نستخدم ( by ) وننفى فعل الجملة .
)المفعول به( + (am / is / are) + not + (p.p.)

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 الكلمات الدالة على زمن المضارع البسيط :
yesterday & ago & in the past & in the ancient times & one day & last
& the previous & in + تاريخ & once & once upon a time &
from ( تاريخ ) to ) تاريخ ( & How long ago
لاحظ :
* من الممكن استخدام كلمات مثل : ( always & sometimes & often ) للتعبير عن عادة فى الماضى .
Ex: - I always got up early when I was a student.
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The Past Simple in Passive
الماضى البسيط فى المبنى للمجهول
) المفعول به ( + ( was / were ) + ( p.p. ) + ……. + ( by + الفاعل )
Exs:
* The boy broke the window. ( The window )
 The window was broken by the boy.
* Ahmed Shawky wrote some beautiful poetry. ( Some beautiful poetry )
 Some beautiful poetry was written by Ahmed Shawky.
* Dr Aisha wrote several books about “The Prophet’s Wives”
 Several books were written about “The Prophet’s Wives” by Dr Aisha.
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