3. Plant Primary Compounds
• Energy: Sugars, Cellulose, Hemi-cellulose, Fats
(PUFA’s, Mono, EFA’s, Saturated), Starch, Fructans,
Glucans, etc.
• Protein: 50,000 Different Kinds (22 Amino Acids)
• Minerals: Macro (Ca, Na, Cl, P, K, Mg, S); Micro (B,
Cr, Se, I, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mo, Vn, Si)
• Vitamins: (A, D, E & K), B-Complex and Ascorbate
4. Plant Secondary Metabolites
•Terpenes: (Carotenoids, Essential Oils) 25,000
- Protect Chlorophyll from U.V.
- Pest Resistance
•Phenolics: (e.g. Tannins, Lignin) 8,000
-Builds Organic Matter
-Protection from Environmental Extremes including Flavonoids
•Alkaloids: 8,000
-Pest Resistance
-Germination Rates,
-Drought Tolerance
5. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense
• Grazing Animals (tannins,
essential oils, alkaloids)
• Ultra Violet Radiation
• Bacteria, Fungi, Virus
• Defense Against Competing
Plants (walnuts)
• Vulnerable Fruits & Younger
Tissue are higher in PSM’s
6. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Attractants
Color to Attract
Pollinators
Perfume to Attract
Pollinators
Molecular Signals to
Promote Colonization
by Mycorrhizae and
Rhizobia
10. Maple Leaf
Poplar Leaf
Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced
by Damage: Evidence for Communication
Between Plants
Ian Baldwin; Jack Schultz: Science, July 15, 1983, Vol. 221 pp
277-279
15. Resource Rich Environments
• Organic Matter,
Nutrients, Water,
Sunlight
• Promote Plants with
High Levels of
Primary
Compounds and
Moderate Levels of
Secondary
Compounds
• Positively Influence
the Flavor, Color,
Quality, of Meat &
Milk
16. Resource Poor Environments
(Naturally Occurring)
• Lower Levels
of Primary
Compounds
• High Levels
of Secondary
Compounds
– Deter
Feeding by
Herbivores
17. Resource Poor Environments
(Man-Made)
• Lower Levels of some/all
Primary Compounds
• Low Levels of Secondary
Compounds
• Negative Influence of
Flavor, Color, Quality of
Meat & Milk
18. •Attract Highly Specialized Herbivores
•Herbivores Attract Generalist Predators
• Predators Feed on Pests
•Hedgerows Create More Bio-Mass (a.k.a Dry Matter) For
Every Level of Livestock (microbial to ruminant)
19. British Hedgerows
2,000 years of Biodiversity
• 600 plant species
• 1500 insect species
• 65 bird species
• 20 mammal species
Micro-Climate: Transpiration by Day Dew at night
Position Hedgerows on Higher Ground
-fertility moves down hill
Australian Hedgerows: 50-100 meters wide
25. Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health & Disease
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Volume 7, 2006, 22-31
More than 300 compounds!
Dependent Upon Geography and Time of Year
• Anti-Bacterial
• Anti-Viral
• Anti-Fungal
• Anti-Inflammatory
• Anti-Parasitical
• Anti-Tumor
• Anti-Ulcer
• Liver Protective
• Brain Protective
• Heart Protective
• Immuno-Stimulant
26. Osage Orange
Persimmon Kentucky Coffee Tree
Common Paw Paw
Filbert
36. Environmental Stress Factors
1. Average Minimum Air Temp. (Wind Chill?)
2. Average Maximum Air Temp.
3. Radiant Heat Load (Infra-red?)
4. Hours Above 89°F/29.5°C (Humidity?)
37. Temperature Thresholds
• At 72°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Slowly
• At 80°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Suddenly
Holsteins & Jerseys will seek shade at 84°F/27°C
• Each Hot (>85°F/27°C) and Muggy (humidity>45%)
Day Reduced Summer Long Steer Gains By 1 lb.
(0.45 Kg)
(Southern Plains Exp. Range, Woodward, OK)
38. Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution
“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”
Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards
39. Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution
9-18 Gallons per
tree, per Night
Water Harvested @
6’(+) below & “Banked”
for Following Day
“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”
Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards
62. Mean faecal egg counts (FEC) as eggs/g of faeces for
undrenched lambs on the three forage treatments.
One of three rotations in Browse block
2400 trees/acre
65. Tannins (Phenolics)
• Makes By-Pass Protein
– EAA & BCAA Reproductive Efficiency
– Reduces Rumen Ammonia (less BUN/MUN)
– Enhances Immunity
• Resistance Against Internal Parasites
• Alleviates Bloat (binds to proteins in rumen)
• Reduces Methane Production
• Meat is lighter in color
• Meat is higher in anti-oxidants
• Meat is higher in Omega 3
• Meat is lower in “gamey” flavor
66. Coping with Tannins
• Large increase by Parotid Glands (Salivary) in Monogastrics of
Proline-Rich Proteins (PRP) (Bind Tannins)
– Binds tannins provided there’s enough energy
(carbohydrate) to keep polypeptide chain adhesive to
tannins
– Humans can consume high tannin sorghum and red wine
• Endocrine adaptation occurs in ruminants
– Glycerol released from adipose tissue
67. Biodiverse Feedback Loop Systems
• Tall Fescue: Endophyte
(Alkaloid-Nitrogen Steroid) • Birdsfoot Trefoil: Condensed
Tannins Binds nitrogen in Rumen
Alfalfa: Saponins Binds Steroids in GI Tract
Okunda, T. et. al. “Effects of Interaction of Tannins and Coexisting
Substances; Formation and Solubilization of Precipitates with
Alkaloids.” J. Pharm. Soc. Japan 102:854-858
68. Sheep on Rangeland
• Prefer
Sagebrush in
Morning
• Prefer Mixed
Shrubs and
Crested
Wheatgrass
Mid-Day
• Prefer Salt
Brush in Gade & Provenza “Nutrition of sheep grazing crested
Evening wheatgrass versus wheat grass shrub pastures during
winter.” J. Range Management 39:527-530
69. Alkaloids
(Major Deterrent of Grazing)
Betalain Alkaloids (Red/Purple)
•Pokeberry (Phytolacca)
•Beets
Indole Alkaloids
• Bitter in Taste (The Bitters) •Yohimbe
• Antidote to Excessive Tannin •Cinchona: Quinone
Intake
• Synthesized in Roots
• Common Alkaloids
-Nicotine (Insecticide)
-Caffeine (Slug-o-cide)
-Morphine
-Cocaine
70. Plant Defense & Animal Response
Tropical Pastures
Stylosanthes spp. Legume
– a-pinene and sticky resin
• Cattle tick immobilized by resin, killed by a-pinene
“Insects and Plant Surface” by Sutherst, R.W. and Wilson, L.J. (1986) pp. 185-194
74. Autumn Olive
•17x Lycopene of
Tomatoes
•Nitrogen Fixing
•Leaves are Fodder
•Chelates Lead & Zinc
•Nectar for Pollinators
•Wildlife Food & Habitat
75.
76. Who’s a Native- Who’s a Foreigner???
“It is unlikely that empirical studies, if undertaken, could show that
in randomly selected ecosystems, non-native species, especially
plants, are more important factors in extinction than are native
species and many other contributing causes and conditions.”
Mark Sagoff, PhD Senior Research Scholar
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at the University of Maryland
“The overall pattern almost always is that there’s some net
increase in diversity, that seems to be because these native
communities of species don’t completely fill all the niches. The
exotics can fit in there.”
Dr. James Brown, Ecologist at the University of New Mexico in “Friendly
Invaders”
80. Organic Milk’s Grass Pigments
(Danish Institute of Agricultural Research)
• 50% More Vitamin E
• 75% More Beta Carotene
• 200-300% More Lutein & Zeaxanthine
81.
82. The Benefits of Carotenoids
• Pro-Vitamin A (beta carotene): Animals cannot synthesize Vitamin A
– Normal Development of skin, mucosa
– Vision, Reproduction, resistance to bacterial/fungal disease
• Endocrine Function
– Gonadal Development/Maturation
– Fertilization, Hatching, Growth
• Protein Stability & Enzyme Function
• Cell Membrane Permeability
• Olfactory & Chemoreception
• Oxygen Reservoirs (Oxygenation of Cells)
• Mitochondria: Cross membrane calcium transfer
• Anti-Oxidant: Absorb/reflect U.V. radiation and quench singlet oxygen
• Immune Enhancement
– N.K. Cell activity
– Generate Wound/Healing
– Slow Down Tumor Growth
• Appetite Stimulation
83.
84. “Antibiotic Properties of Essential Oils”
International Journal of Food Microbiology 5 (1987) 165-180
Plant Essential Oils Tested for Antibacterial Properties
Almond (bitter) Caraway Fennel Melissa Rosemary
Almond (sweet) Cardamom Geranium Mint (apple) Sage
Angelica Celery Ginger Nutmeg St Johns Wort
Anise Cinnamon Laurel Orange Sassafras
Basil Citronella Lavender Orange (bitter) Spike
Bay Clove Lemon Parsley Star Anise
Bergamot Coriander Lime Pepper Thuja
Calamus Dill Lovage Peppermint Thyme
Chamomile Estragon Mandarin Pimento Valerian
Cananga Eucalyptus Marjoram Rose Verbena
86. Test Results
• All 50 Plant E.O’s inhibited at least (1)
bacterium
• 41 plant E.O.’s inhibited (5) or more
bacterium
• 33 plant E.O.’s inhibited (10) or more
bacterium
• 10 plant E.O.’s inhibited (20) or more
bacterium
87. Essential Oil Number of genera
Angelica 25
Bay 24
Cinnamon 23
Clove 23
Thyme 23
Almond (bitter) 23
Marjoram 22
Pimento 22
Geranium 21
Lovage 20
88. Effect of Various Essential Oils Isolated from
Douglas Fir Needles upon Sheep & Deer
Rumen Microbial Activity
Applied Microbiology, July 1967, p. 777-784
89. Effect of
A Essential
Oils From
Douglas Fir
Needles
TIME (HOURS)
90. A
Effect of
Essential
Oils From
Douglas Fir
Needles
Time Hours