The document discusses the generalized product rule for determining the number of ways a procedure consisting of sequential tasks can be carried out. It states that if there are n1 ways to complete task 1, n2 ways to complete task 2, and so on up to nm ways to complete the final task, then the total number of ways to complete the entire procedure is the product of n1, n2, ..., nm. It provides the example that in a class of 60 students, there are at least 12 students who will receive the same letter grade of A, B, C, D, or F.

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5. Product rule

9. Generalized product rule:
If we have a procedure consisting of sequential tasks T1, T2, …, Tm that can be done in n1,
n2, …, nm ways, respectively, then there are n1 n2 … nm ways to carry out the procedure.

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20. Example : In our 60-student class, at least 12 students will get
the same letter grade (A, B, C, D, or F).