3. Abnormal respiratory
pattern
Tachypnea … Increase rate of
respiration..
Apnoea …Temporary cessation of
breathing
Dyspnoea…distressed breathing
Periodic breathing…alternate periods
of respiratory activity and apnea e.g.
Cheyne stokes breathing
4. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Is periodic type of breathing in which
alternate periods of respiratory
activity and apnoea occur at regular
intervals
And during the period of respiratory
activity there is waxing and waning of
tidal volume
Duration is of 1 minute
PO2 is lowest and the PCO2 is highest
at the end of apnoea.
5.
6. causes
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES
Voluntry hyperventilation
High altitude
During sleep
PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES
Chronic heart failure
Brain damage
Uraemia
Poisoning by narcotics
7. Sleep Apnea
Apnea is the temporary suspension of
breathing.
Normally, some episodes of apnea occur.
In people with sleep apnea, the episodes
are longer and more frequent.
2 types of sleep apnea are:
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
In patients with sleep apnea, the pharynx is
collapsed while the muscles relax. Some of
the factors that cause this collapse include:
Excess fat deposits in the soft tissues of the
pharynx or fat masses in the neck.
Nasal obstruction
Enlarged tonsils
Very large tongue
Certain shapes of the palate
9. Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep
Apnea
Loud snoring and labored breathing that
often progressively worsens.
Long silent periods (apnea) that cause
increases in PCO2 and decreases in PO2.
This stimulates respiration, which
results in loud snorts and gasps.
This repeats.
10. Central Sleep Apnea
Less common than obstructive sleep apnea.
The CNS signal to the respiratory muscles
stops.
Can be caused by damage to the central
respiratory center or respiratory
neuromuscular junction.
11. Disturbances related to
respiratory gases
Respiratory disturbances are
related to respiratory gases
include
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Asphyxia
Carbon monoxide poisoning
12. Hypoxia
Tissue hypoxia means
that the amount of
oxygen available for
cellular metabolism is
inadequate.
Hypoxia leads to
anaerobic mechanisms
that eventually produces
lactic acid and cause the
blood pH to decrease.
13. CAuses
Decreased oxygen tension of the
arterial blood
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of
lungs
Decreased rate of blood flow to the
tissues
Decreased tissue utilization of oxygen
15. Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia or hypoxemic hypoxia
refers to the condition in which the PO2 is
abnormally low.
This form of hypoxia is better known as
hypoxemia (low oxygen concentration in
the blood).
This form of hypoxia can develop from:
pulmonary shunting - low alveolar PO2
diffusion impairment - V/Q mismatch
15
16. Anemic Hypoxia
Anemic hypoxia is when the oxygen
tension in the arterial blood is normal,
but the oxygen-carrying capacity of the
blood is inadequate.
This form of hypoxia can develop from:
a low amount of Hb in the blood
a deficiency in the ability of Hb to carry O2
Increased cardiac output is the main
compensatory mechanism for anemic
hypoxia.
16
17. Circulatory Hypoxia
In circulatory hypoxia, the arterial blood
that reaches the tissue cells may have a
normal O2 tension and content, but the
amount of blood--and therefore the
amount of O2--is not adequate to meet
tissue needs.
The two main causes of circulating
hypoxia are:
stagnant hypoxia
arterial-venous shunting 17
18. Histotoxic Hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia develops in any
condition that impairs the ability of
tissue cells to utilize oxygen.
May be due to cyanide or sulphide
poisoning
18
19.
20. Characteristic features of
hypoxia
Features Hpoxic
hypoxia
Anemic
hypoxia
Circulatory
hypoxia
Histotoxic
hypoxia
PO2 in arterial
blood
Reduced Normal Normal Normal
O2 carrying
capacity of blood
Normal Reduced Normal Normal
Velocity of blood
flow
Normal Normal Reduced Normal
Utilization of blood
flow
Normal Normal Normal Reduced
Efficiency of O2
therapy
100% 75% >50% Not useful
21. Cyanosis
Cyanosis is the term
used to describe the
blue-gray or purplish
discoloration seen on
the mucous
membranes, fingertips,
and toes whenever the
blood in these areas is
hypoxemic.
When level of deoxy
Hb ≥5g/dl signs of
cyanosis may develop
21
23. Treatment of cyanosis
Warming of the affected areas
Peripheral cyanosis brought about by
exposure to cold or Raynaud’s phenomenon
may be treated symptomatically using
gentle warming of the fingers and toes.
Oxygenation as a treatment for cyanosis
Initial stabilization requires oxygenation.
Sometimes a breathing machine or
ventilator might be required.
24. Surgery as a treatment for
cyanosis
Treatment of central cyanosis due to
congenital heart defects may often
involve surgery.
25. Asphyixa
Refers to the condition in which there
is hypoxia associated with hypercapnia
May be due to
strangulation
drowning
tracheal obstruction due to foreign
body
paralysis of diaphragm
26. treatment
First aid to remove foreign body
Emergency resuscitation
Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR)
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
29. treatment
Most cases of pneumonia can be treated at
home. However babies, children, and people
with severe pneumonia may need to be
admitted to hospital for treatment.
Pneumonia is usually treated with
antibiotics, even if viral pneumonia is
suspected as there may be a degree of
bacterial infection as well. The type of
antibiotic used and the way it is given will
be determined by the severity and cause
of the pneumonia.
30. asthma
Asthma is a
common chronic
inflammatory
disease of the
airways
characterized by
variable and
recurring
symptoms,
reversible airflow
obstruction, and
bronchospasm.
34. tuberculosis
Tuberculosis) is a
common infectious
disease caused by
various strains of
mycobacteria, usually
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis typically
attacks the lungs, but
can also affect other
parts of the body