Human Trafficking Lecture .Issues in Labour Migration

2. I was washing dishes at the river with six other girls. We
tried to run, but they caught us. Three girls resisted. To
punish them, they cut off their ears. They knifed out their
eyes. Then they killed them.”
“I was so afraid, I couldn’t move. They said if we struggled,
they would kill us too. They raped us. They held me down.
It was the first time I had sex.”
It was Late Afternoon

3. What is human trafficking?
• Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of
forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for
the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in
the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or
tissues, including for surrogacy and ova removal.
• Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally.
Human trafficking is a crime against the person because of the
violation of the victim's rights of movement through coercion and
because of their commercial exploitation.
• Human trafficking is the trade in people, especially women and
children, and does not necessarily involve the movement of the
person from one place to another.

4. 4
Trafficking is…
Modern day slavery and human rights
violation stemming from:
• Greed of perpetrator
• Economic hardship
• Destabilizing forces
 Criminal activity
 Government corruption
 Armed conflict
Photo Credit: Dept of Labor

5. Human Trafficking
Human trafficking - third most profitable illicit trade, after that of arms and
drugs
Generates about US$ 217 billion in revenue, annually*, - linked to other
organized crimes - human smuggling, drug trafficking, and money
laundering
ILO ** - there are 2.45 million trafficking victims currently under
exploitative conditions - estimated that another 1.2 million persons are
trafficked annually
See Trafficking in Persons Report, United States Department of State.
** State of the World Population Report, UNFPA,

6. Definition of Human Trafficking

7. Common trafficking types
Sex trafficking
Prostitution
 Street prostitution
 Brothels
 Residential homes
Massage Parlors
Spas
Strip Clubs
Pornography
Sex Tourism

8. Common trafficking types
Labor trafficking
Agricultural Work
Domestic Service
Sweatshops/factories
Hotel housekeeping
Construction
Restaurant Work
Nail Salons
Peddling
Informal labor sectors

9. Smuggling vs Trafficking
•Typically consensual
• Crime against a country
• Movement across an
international border
• Fee for service
• Relationship ends when
smuggling
is completed
•Not consensual
• Crime against a person
• No movement required
• Does not require payment
• Relationship with trafficker/
smuggler is ongoing
Trafficking in persons is the 2nd largest
criminal activity in the world, following illegal
drugs Just in front of illegal arms

10. It’s Worse Than You Realize
Trafficking in persons is the
2nd largest criminal activity
in the world, following
illegal drugs Just in front of
illegal arms

11. 11
Perpetrators
Traffickers entice and control their victims in a
number of ways
• Lying to victims about future employment,
travel, living conditions or treatment
• Promises of valid immigration and travel
documents
• Threat of harm to the victim and the victim’s
family

12. 12
Perpetrators (continued)
• Involving victims in additional criminal activities
• Moving victims around on a circuit of workplaces
or brothels
• Coaching victims on what to say to officials
PhotoCredit:HumanRightsWatch

13. Pimp Control
“You'll start to dress her, think for her, own her. If you and your victim are sexually
active, slow it down. After sex, take her shopping for one item. Hair and/or nails is
fine. She'll develop a feeling of accomplishment. The shopping after a month will
be replaced with cash. The love making turns into raw sex. She'll start to crave the
intimacy and be willing to get back into your good graces. After you have broken
her spirit, she has no sense of self value. Now pimp, put a price tag on the item you
have manufactured.”
The Pimp Game; An Instructional Manual (Royal, 1998)

14. 14
Who is Responsible?
The “bad guys” are not just the people who
operate the trafficking enterprise – they are
also their customers, who could be:
• Contractors
• Government Civilians
• Military Personnel

16. Legal Instruments
United Nations
Convention Against
Transnational
Organized Crime,
2000 – Palermo
Convention
Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially
Women and
Children, 2002
Protocol Against
the Smuggling of
Migrants by
Land, Sea and Air,
2002
Protocol Against the
Illicit Manufacturing
and Trafficking in
Firearms, Their Parts
and Components and
Ammunition, 2002

17. Other International Instruments
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW), 1979
Article 6 –
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to
suppress all forms of traffic in women and of prostitution of women. exploitation

18. Other International Instruments
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990
Article 34 -
… protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse.
… take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to
prevent:
(a) … child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;
(b) … use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;
(c) … use of children in pornographic performances and materials.
Article 35 -
… measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children
for any purpose or in any form.

19. Other International Instruments
The ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No. 182)
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of
Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, 2002

20. Trafficking as a Process
…1. Recruitment Country of Origin
2. Transportation Country of Transit
3. Exploitation Country of Destination

21. The AMP Model

22. Poverty is So Miserable…
“I was desperate. When they offered work, I had no
choice but to accept. Soon after my arrival in Japan, I
realized that I had been sold. My life after that was like
that of an animal.”
“I was sold three more times and forced to have sex
everyday. My owner threatened that wherever I escaped
to, I would be traced and killed and so would my parents
in Thailand.”
Set me free: Women immigrants often forced into prostitution,”
New Internationalist, Siriporn Skrobanek

23. “Push - Pull” Factors
Large supply of potential
victims:
Economic difficulties, lack of
employment opportunities,
poverty, illiteracy, lack of
awareness
Growing demand for women
and children for sex trafficking /
forced/ exploitative labour
Organized criminal networks
exploit supply and demand
situation:
Trafficking in persons is
regarded as a high profit –
low risk crime

24. Traffickers Recruitment Tactics
Promises of…
•A good job
•A better life
•Love
•Marriage
•An opportunity to provide for their family
•Educational opportunities

25. Provisions of Trafficking
Protocol
Article 2 -
Trafficking Protocol offers a
framework for tackling the problem of human
trafficking.
To prevent and combat trafficking in persons,
paying particular attention to women and
children;
To protect and assist victims of such trafficking,
with full respect for their human rights; and
To promote international co-operation to
achieve above objectives.

26. Provisions of Trafficking Protocol
• Criminalization (Art. 5)
• Assistance and Protection of Victims (Art.6)
• Temporary Residence and Repatriation (Art. 7-
8)
• Prevention (Art 9)
• Information exchange and training (Art. 10)
• Border Measures and Documents (Art. 11-13)

27. Memory difficulty
Lying
Depression
Anxiety
Hostility
Suicidal ideation
Affect dysregulation*
Somatization*
Disassociation*
Aggression*
Character pathology*
Characteristics:

28. Observations
• Branding
• Wounds, bruises
• Drug addiction
• Hostility
• Language of “the life”
• Unfamiliarity with surroundings
• Unable to provide name of school
• False or no identification
• Prepaid credit card or cell phone
• Scripted/inconsistent story
• No eye contact

29. Challenges to Rehabilitation
• Reluctance to self-identify
• Loyalty to trafficker/pimp
• Running away/relapse
• Adhering to rules and structure
• Resistance
• Lack of trust
• Sexual confusion
• Glamorizing the exploitation
• Availability of appropriate shelter/services