Jaj Th kilometre Description of the requirement

1. STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and
weapons.
• Iron is the base metal of steel
• Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements,
control theirchemical and physical properties.
• Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that
are corrosion- and oxidation-resistant need typically an additional 11%
chromium.

2. • Properties of Steel
• #1. Tensile Strength
• The tensile strength of a material is defined as
the amount of stress that the element can
undergo before deforming structurally. The
tensile strength of steel is comparatively high,
thus making it highly resistant to fracture or
breakage.

3. • Ductility
• Ductility is the mechanical property, which
describes the ability of an element to change
its shape upon application of force to it
without resulting in fracture. Steel is highly
ductile and is used in producing different
shapes and structures ranging from thin wires
or large automotive parts and panels.

4. • 3. Durability
steel has high hardenability due to the presence of
carbon, it reflects its ability to resist strain. It is
highly resistant to external wear and tear which
makes steel a highly durable material.
• 4. Malleability
• Malleability is the ability of an element to be
compressed into thin sheets and allows the steel
to be deformed under compression. Steel can be
converted into sheets of variable thicknesses,
often created by hammering or rolling.

5. • 5. Conductivity
• Steel is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. As a result, it is
a preferred choice in the household cookware industry along with
the electrical wiring industry.
• Different Types or Classification of Steel
• Various different types of Steel are manufactured with variable
carbon content from 0.2 to 2.1 percent by weight, classification
depending upon the composition and their physical properties.
• Even though the major element in steel is carbon, other alloying
elements i.e. tungsten, chromium, vanadium, and magnesium, and a
small amount of sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, and oxygen are also
present.
• The amount of alloying materials and their form of presence in iron
decides important properties of steel like ductility, hardness, and
tensile strength.
• For example, increasing the amount of carbon makes the steel
hardened and strong, but less ductile.

6. • Stainless steels are further classified as;
• 1. Ferritic Stainless Steels
• 2. Martensitic Stainless Steels
• 3. Austenitic Stainless Steels
• 4. Duplex Stainless Steels
• 5. Precipitation-Hardening (PH) Stainless Steels

7. • Steel Reinforcement
• Steel reinforcement are steel bars that are provided in combination with plain
cement concrete to make it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form steel
reinforced cement concrete structure (R.C.C). Steel reinforcement is commonly
called as ‘rebars’.
• Need for Steel Reinforcement
• Plain concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression. Tensile property for
concrete structures is obtained by incorporating steel reinforcement. The steel
reinforcement is strong in both tension and compression.
• Types of Steel Reinforcement
• The steel reinforcement used in concrete construction is mainly of 4 types. They
are:
• Hot Rolled Deformed Steel Bars
• Cold Worked Steel Bars
• Mild Steel Plain Bars
• Prestressing Steel Bars

8. • Advantages of Steel Reinforcement
• Steel reinforcement is a reinforcing choice compared to other
reinforcing materials due to its unique advantages. They are:
Compatibility with Concrete: The fresh concrete is placed on the
formwork mold already prepared with reinforcement. The steel
reinforcement won’t float in concrete during the concrete placing
procedure. Hence, steel reinforcement does not demand special tying
up with formworks.
• Robustness of Steel Reinforcement: The steel bars are robust in
nature that they have the ability to withstand the rigors, the wear and
tear during the construction activities.
• Bent Property of Steel Reinforcement: The steel bars once
manufactured to standard size, it can be bent to the required
specifications. Hence fabricated steel bars are delivered easily at the
site.
• Recycling Property: The steel reinforced left over after the service life
of a structure is recycled again and used for new construction.
• Easily Available: Every region of a country will have a steel supplier or
manufacturer. Hence steel reinforcement is easily available.

9. • Disadvantages of Steel Reinforcement
• The main disadvantages of steel reinforcement are
mentioned below:Reactive Nature of Steel Reinforcement:
In concrete structures where the cover is small and
subjected to external moisture and salt action, the
reinforcement undergoes reaction and starts to corrode.
These can lessen the strength of concrete and finally to
failure.
• Expensive: The cost of steel reinforcement in high. This will
increase the cost of construction
• Melts at high temperature: At higher temperatures, the
steel reinforcement may melt. This is the reason why the
steel reinforcement are tied up and not welded.