Material teknik document

1. Module 6
Materials and Hardware for Basic Aircraft
Maintenance of Content ;
Module 6.1 Aircraft Materials - Ferrous
Module 6.2 Aircraft Materials – Non Ferrous

2. IDENTITAS MATAKULIAH
1. MATERIAL PESAWAT UDARA 1 [Materials and
Hardware for Basic Aircraft Maintenance 1]
2. KODE MATAKULIAH : 16AER1012 [Code
subyect : 16AER1012
3. SKS : 2
4. WAKTU : 2 JAM /Minggu
5. TINGKAT : I [ C.] / AMTO
6. Dosen Pengampu : Slamet Sutjipto

3. TRAINING OBJECTIVE
The objective of this training are:
1. To provide the aircraft maintenance technician
skill.
2. Improve skill and technique within environment
of work.
3. Be able to perform aircraft maintenance
activities with a specific aircraft and tools.
4. Understands a handle safety and precautions in
area of responsibility.

4. Learning of comes
1. Completion of this chapter, you will have a
basic working knowledge of aircraft
construction, structural stress, characteristics,
properties and identification of common
materials used in aircraft.
2. Recognize and identify the properties of the
various types of metallic and nonmetallic
materials used in aircraft construction

5. Module Description
Objective
1. Characteristics, properties and identification
of common metalics and alloy used in
aircraft;
2. Heat treatment and application of alloy
steels;
3. Testing of ferrous materials for hardness,
tensile strength, fatigue strength and impact
resistance

6. Overview

7. Transportation of Change
• Darat
• Laut
• Udara

8. APA- YANG ANDA PIKIRKAN ?

11. INTRODUCTION
1. One of the requirements of an Aircraft
Maintenance Technicians is to be familiar with the
various terms related to aircraft construction;
2. Aircraft maintenance is the primary responsibility
of the Aircraft Maintenance Technician;
3. Each aircraft is built to meet certain specified
requirements ;
4. The type and class of an aircraft determine how
strong it will be built.

12. INTRODUCTION
• The importance of aircraft hardware is often
over looked because of the small size of most
items;
• The various types of threaded fasteners,
quick-release fasteners, rivets, electrical
hardware, etc

13. Common metallic Materials
• The most common metals in aircraft construction
are aluminum, magnesium, titanium, steel, and
their alloys;
• Aluminum alloy is widely used in modern aircraft
construction. It is vital to the aviation industry
because the alloy has a high strength-to-weight
ratio;
• Aluminum alloys are corrosion-resistant and
comparatively easy to fabricate.
• The outstanding characteristic of aluminum is its
lightweight.

14. Magnesium,
• Magnesium, the world’s lightest structural
metal;
• Magnesium’s low resistance to corrosion has
limited its use in conventional aircraft ;

15. Titanium
• Titanium is a lightweight, strong, corrosion-
resistant metal
• Recent developments make titanium ideal for
applications where aluminum alloys are too
weak and stainless steel is too heavy;
• titanium is unaffected by long exposure to
seawater and marine atmosphere ;

16. Alloy
• An alloy is composed of two or more metals ;
• Alloying elements, in either small or large
amounts, may result in a marked change in
the properties of the base metal;
• For example, pure aluminum is relatively soft
and weak. When small amounts of other
elements such as copper, manganese, and
magnesium are added, aluminum’s strength is
increased many times ;

17. • An increase or a decrease in an alloy’s strength
and hardness may be achieved through heat
treatment of the alloy;
Alloy steels
These steels contain small percentages of carbon,
nickel, chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum
Another type of steel that is used extensively is
stainless steel. This alloy resists corrosion and is
particularly valuable for use in or near salt water

18. Common Non metallic Materials
• In addition to metals, various types of plastic
materials are found in aircraft construction;
• Reinforced plastic is a sandwich-type material;
• High-performance aircraft require an extra high
strength-to-weight ratio material;
• Fabrication of composite materials satisfies the
special requirement.
• This construction method uses several layers of
bonding materials (graphite epoxy or boron
epoxy).

19. Figure Reinforce Plastic

20. Atribut- Material
Pertimbangan
disain

21. Klasifikasi -

23. AIRCRAFT METALLIC MATERIALS –
FERROUS MATERIALS
Identify properties, characteristic and
identification of metallic materials used in
aircraft construction

24. • Each metal has certain properties and characteristics
that make it desirable for a particular application, but it
may have other qualities that are undesirable;
• For example, some metals are hard, others
comparatively soft; some are brittle ; some can be
formed and shaped without fracture; and some are so
heavy that weight alone makes them unsuitable for
aircraft use.
• The metallurgist’s objectives are to improve the
desirable qualities and tone down or eliminate the
undesirable ones.
• This is done by alloying (combining) metals and by
various heat-treating processes.

25. PROPERTIES MATERIALS
• The various properties of materials can be
assessed, by accurate laboratory tests on sample
pieces.
• Of primary concern in aircraft maintenance are
such general properties of metals and their alloys
as hardness, malleability, ductility, elasticity,
toughness, density, brittleness, fusibility,
conductivity contraction and expansion, and so
forth.
• These terms are explained to establish a basis for
further discussion of structural metals,

26. PROPERTIES MATERIALS
Brittleness
• Brittleness is the property of a metal which allows little
bending or deformation without shattering.
• The tendency of the metal to shatter without significant
deformation.
• It will shatter under a sudden, low stress but will resist a
slowly-applied, higher load.
• A brittle metal is apt to break or crack without change of
shape.
• Because structural metals are often subjected to shock
loads, brittleness is not a very desirable property.
• Cast iron, cast aluminum, and very hard steel are examples
of brittle metals.

27. PROPERTIES MATERIALS
Conductivity
• Conductivity is the property which enables a metal to carry heat
or electricity.
• The ability of a metal to conduct heat, (thermal conductivity) and
electricity.
• Silver and copper are excellent thermal and electrical conductors.
• The heat conductivity of a metal is especially important in welding
because it governs the amount of heat that will be required for
proper fusion.
• Conductivity of the metal, to a certain extent, determines the type
of jig to be used to control expansion and contraction.
• In aircraft, electrical con-ductivity must also be considered in
conjunction with bonding, to eliminate radio interference.

28. Ductility
• Ductility is the property of a metal which permits it to be permanently
drawn, bent, or twisted into various shapes without breaking.
• The property of being able to be permanently extended by a tensile force.
It is measured during a tensile, or stretching, test, when the amount of
stretch (elongation), for a given applied load, provides an indication of a
metal's ductility.
• This property is essential for metals used in making wire and tubing.
Ductile metals are greatly preferred for aircraft use because of their ease
of forming and resistance to failure under shock loads.
• For this reason, aluminum alloys are used for cowl rings, fuselage and
wing skin, and formed or extruded parts, such as ribs, spars, and
bulkheads.

29. Continous
• Chrome molybdenum steel is also easily formed into
desired shapes.
• Ductility is similar to malleability. A ductile metal is
one which can be deformed a great deal by tension
before it fractures.
• While all ductile metals are malleable, it does not
mean that malleable metals are ductile.
• Some metals although soft, are also weak in tension
and tear apart while being stretched.
• The ductility of all metals increases as the temperature
rises, because they are weaker at high temperatures.

30. Elasticity
• Elasticity is that property that enables a metal to return to its original size
and shape when the force which causes the change of shape is removed.
• The ability of a metal to return to its original shape and size after the
removal of any distorting force.
• The 'Elastic Limit' is the greatest force that can be applied without
permanent distortion.
• This property is extremely valuable because it would be highly undesirable
to have a part permanently distorted after an applied load was removed.
• Each metal has a point known as the elastic limit, beyond which it cannot
be loaded without causing permanent distortion.
• In aircraft construction, members and parts are so designed that the
maximum loads to which they are subjected will not stress them beyond
their elastic limits.
• This desirable property is present in spring steel.

31. Hardness
• Hardness refers to the ability of a material to resist abrasion,
penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion.
• Hardness may be increased by cold working the metal and, in the
case of steel and certain aluminum alloys, by heat treatment.
• The ability of a metal to resist wear and penetration. It is measured
by pressing a hardened steel ball or diamond point into the metal's
surface.
• The diameter or depth of the resulting indentation provides an
indication of the metal's hardness.
• Structural parts are often formed from metals in their soft state and
are then heat treated to harden them so that the fnished shape will
be retained.
• Hardness and strength are closely associated properties of metals.

32. Malleability
• A metal which can be hammered, rolled, or pressed into
various shapes without cracking, breaking, or leaving some
other detrimental effect, is said to be malleable.
• This property is necessary in sheet metal that is worked
into curved shapes, such as cowlings, fairings, or wingtips.
• Copper is an example of a malleable metal.
• Malleable metals can be rolled, forged or extruded, since
these are all processes where the metal is shaped under
pressure.
• Malleability usually increase with temperature, so
processes involving pressure are usually hot working
processes i.e. they are carried out on heated pieces of
metal.

33. Plasticity
• The ability to retain a deformation after the
load producing it has been removed. Plasticity
is, in fact, the opposite of elasticity

34. Strength
• One of the most important properties of a
material is strength.
• Strength is the ability of a material to resist
deformation.
• Strength is also the ability of a material to
resist stress without breaking.
• The type of load or stress on the material
affects the strength it exhibits

35. • Tensile Strength The ability to resist tension forces
applied to the metal;
• Yield Strength The ability to resist deformation,
after the metal yields, it is said to have passed its
yield point;
• Shear Strength ,The ability to resist side-cutting
loads - such as those, imposed on the shank of a
rivet, when the materials it is joining attempt to
move apart in a direction normal to the
longitudinal axis of the rivet ;

36. • Bearing Strength The ability of a metal to withstand a crushing force.
• Toughness The ability of a metal to resist suddenly applied loads. A
metal's toughness is tested by impact with a swinging pendulum of known
mass. A material which possesses toughness will withstand tearing or
shearing and may be stretched or otherwise deformed without breaking.
Toughness is a desirable property in aircraft metals.
• Density is the weight of a unit volume of a material. In aircraft work, the
specifiedweight of a material per cubic inch is preferred since this
figurecan be used in determining the weight of a part before actual
manufacture.
• Density is an important consideration when choosing a material to be
used in the design of a part in order to maintain the proper weight and
balance of the aircraft.
• Fusibility is the ability of a metal to become liquid by the application of
heat. Metals are fused in welding. Steels fuse around 2,600 °F and
aluminum alloys at approximately 1,100 °F. Thermal Expansion
• Thermal expansion refers to contraction and expansion that are reactions
produced in metals as the result of heating or cooling. Heat applied to a
metal will cause it to expand or become larger. Cooling and heating affect
the design of welding jigs, castings, and tolerances

37. Bearing Strength

38. QUALITIES OF METALS
• The selection of proper materials is a primary
consideration in the development of an
airframe and in the proper maintenance and
repair of aircraft.
• Keeping in mind the general properties of
metals, it is now possible to consider the
specific requirements that metals must meet
to be suitable for aircraft purposes.

39. QUALITIES OF METALS
• Strength, weight, and reliability determine the
requirements to be met by any material used
in airframe construction and repair;
• Airframes must be strong and as light in
weight as possible.
• All metals, in addition to having a good
strength/weight ratio, must be thoroughly
reliable, thus minimizing the possibility of
dangerous and unexpected failures;

40. Strength
• The material must possess the strength
required by the demands of “dimensions,
weight, and use”
• Basic stresses that metals may be required :
tension, compression, shear, bending, and
torsion.

41. Weight
• The relationship between the strength of a
material and its weight per cubic inch,
expressed as a ratio, is known as the
strength/weight ratio.
• This ratio forms the “basis of comparing the
desirability of various materials for use in
airframe construction and repair” .

42. Corrosive Properties
• Corrosion is the eating away or pitting of the surface or
the internal structure of metals. Because of the thin
sections and the safety factors used in aircraft design
and construction, it would be dangerous to select a
material subject to severe corrosion if it were not
possible to reduce or eliminate the hazard.
• Corrosion can be reduced or prevented by using better
grades of base metals by coating the surfaces with a
thin coating of paint, tin, chromium, or cadmium or by
an electrochemical process called “anodizing.”

43. Working Properties
• Another significant factor to consider in the selection of metals for
aircraft maintenance and repair is the ability of material to be
formed, bent, or machined to required shapes.
• The hardening of metals by cold-working or forming is called work
hardening. If a piece of metal is formed (shaped or bent) while
cold, it is said to be cold-worked.
• Practically all the work you do on metal is cold-work. While this is
convenient, it causes the metal to become harder and more
brittle.
• If the metal is cold-worked too much (that is, if it is bent back and
forth or hammered at the same place too often), it will crack or
break.
• Usually, the more malleable and ductile a metal is, the more cold-
working it can withstand.

44. • Practically all the work you do on metal is cold-
work. While this is convenient, it causes the
metal to become harder and more brittle.
• If the metal is cold-worked too much (that is, if
it is bent back and forth or hammered at the
same place too often), it will crack or break.
• Usually, the more malleable and ductile a metal
is, the more cold-working it can withstand.

46. Thank