A History Of Architecture Settings And Rituals

A History Of Architecture Settings And Rituals
Wonders of the Parthenon
Evan Heaslip
MPC 103
Iain Cameron
October 20, 2014
Spiro Kostof, A History of Architecture Settings and Rituals (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 154
–157
Philip Wilkinson, Great Buildings The Worlds Architectural Masterpieces Explored and Explained (New York: DK Publishing, 2012), 21
–23
Fred S. Kleiner, Art Through the Ages a Western Perspective (United States of America: Wadsworth publishing company, 2014), 105
James A. Evans, Arts and Humanities Through the Eras (Michigan: Gale Publishing, 2004)
Gisela Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks (Manhattan: YaleUniversity Press, 1929)
"The Dimensions of the Parthenon," Livio C. Stecchini, Accessed October 16, 2014,http://www.metrum.org/key/athens/dimensions.htm
"The Parthenon," Kevin Heng Ser Guan, Accessed October 20, 2014,http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/perspective/parthenon.htm http:/
/www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/perspective/hatched.htmvv
At the height of the Athenian Empire, 5th century BCE, one of the greatest temples of all time was erected, the Parthenon a temple dedicated to the
cities patron goddess Athena Parthenos. Built on the hills of The Acropolis between 447–432 BC, The Parthenon was made to an all–encompassing
formula creating perfect proportions and dimensions. This perfect temple celebrates the magnificent power of Athenians years earlier that had
successfully defeated the Persians during the
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How Did The Statue Of The Lighthouse Of Alexandria
The Lighthouse of Alexandria was completed 280 BC. It stood 440 feet high and cold be seen form 35 miles out to sea. In 956 AD the lighthouse
was damaged in an earthquake, and by 1480 AD it had been abandoned. The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue built on the Greek island of Rhodes
between 292 and 280 BC. The statue was of the Greek Titan Helios and built to celebrate the victory over the ruder of Cyprus in 305 BC. The
colossus stood for 56 years until it was destroyed by an earthquake. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was built in 351 BC as a tomb for the Persian
Satrap Mauslos. The tomb was destroyed by a series of earthquakes and was completely dismantled by the Knights of St. John of Malta in 1494 AD.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, if

The Great Pyramid : The Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World
Did you know that there are seven wonders of Ancient Egypt? The seven wonders include, The great pyramid at Giza in Egypt, The hanging Gardens
of Babylon, The statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece, The temple of Artemis at Ephesus, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, The colossus of Rhodes,
And The lighthouse at Alexandria in Egypt.
The great pyramid of Giza, The great pyramid of Giza is also known as the pyramid of Khufu or the pyramid of Cheops. It is the oldest and largest of
the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and
the only one to remain largely intact. There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon
which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so–called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The
main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near
the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small
mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles. The hanging gardens of Babylon, the most popular theory is that the hanging gardens was built by
the king Nebuchadnezzar to make his wife happy. She was home sick for the plants and gardens of her home land. King

Parthenon Research Paper
The Parthenon
The Parthenon or its full name which is the Periclean Parthenon of Athens is a classical Greek structure ordered by the Athenian General at that time,
General Pericles, who was responsible for the construction of many important temples. The Parthenon was considered the best temple built by Pericles.
It was built as a replacement for a damaged Athenian temple, which was destroyed by the Persian Empire in 480 BCE. The construction of the
Parthenon was in the hands of two architects Iktinos and Kallikrates. The cost of the constructions was 469 silver talents. Soon in the middle of the 5th
century BCE the construction of the Parthenon had begun. It had costed 469 silver talents for the construction of the Athenian temple. In 432 BCE, the
construction of the Athenian temple finished with the same designs like many other Greek temples. The majority of many Greek temples had the
same structural design, with lots of supporting columns to hold up the triangular roof. Inside is an interior room where a statue for all who come to
worship is located. The interior room was too small to fit all the worshippers inside, so the worshipper had to stay outside to pray, unless they wanted
to bring offerings to Athena. Inside the interior room of the Parthenon was a statue of the Greek Goddess of wisdom, Athena. This is because they
believed that Athena had helped the Athenians fight against the Persian Empire. They also... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Acropolis was built on a foundation of rock, giving it the high ground. Located inside the Parthenon was some sculpture, which were made to
replicate, historical Greek moments that the Parthenon. On the Parthenon had the moment when Athena was born and when Athena and Poseidon
fought. The sculptures also painted in a vast array of bright colours for it to stand out. The columns were also a Doric style, meaning that it was less
intricate then the historically later

Athens Acropolis Research Paper
Acropolis comes from the Greek 'Akro' and 'Polis.' Akro is translated as high or extreme and polis means city, so acropolis can be translated as
"High City" and is sometimes referred to as "City in the Air" or "City on Edge." Acropolis is used to describe any complex built on a tall hill. The
Mayan Civilization as well as the Edinburgh in Scotland are both acropolis'. In particular, the Athens Acropolis is a magnificent citadel. The
construction began in 447 BCE. The construction was overseen by the general Pericles of Athens. The planning alone was an immense procedure.
"Hundreds of artisans, metal workers, craftspeople, painters, woodcarvers, and literally thousands of unskilled laborers worked on the Acropolis." The
end goal was to produce a lasting monument in order to honor the goddess Athena and to declare how glorious the city was. It was especially important
to them because they had just won the war against Persia.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon is known as the Temple of Athena Parthenos.Phidias and his team (Ictinus and Callicrates) began the process of building the Parthenon
in 447 B.C.E. "It is one of the main buildings in the Acropolis and was dedicated to honor Athena. The buildings showed a lot of wealth and power to
the Athenian empire. The architecture of the Parthenon shows elements of the clarity." The Parthenon has a rather uniquely structured building. There
is nothing cookie–cutter about the shape. The surfaces are rarely straight and there are hardly any completely horizontal or vertical lines. Instead of
using the straight lines they went with more of a slight curve. Also the floor was not flat it had a more pronounced curve than people had seen before
which made it stand out. The outer floor was had about a 6–inch difference from the inner floor. The unusual structure of the Parthenon was not due to
poor architect skills it was completely

Re Carved Art Essay
Re–made and re–carved works have been around for hundreds of years as artists take inspiration from whom the original was recreated. In Roman art
history, certain artists would re–make Roman portraits to honor those before them. However, this was not always the case as individuals would destroy
and damage art as a damnation of memory. What determined our understanding of the specific work depended on why the remade or re–carved work
was created. These re–made and re–carved artworks revealed a deeper meaning about the individual, culture and the society for whom the original
was recreated. As original pieces of art begin to wear down from natural causes, new artists decide to take this upon them as a time to re–carve and
re–make the architecture. Under certain circumstances, the artist may leave a majority of the elements to show the original details and historical
background. These practices were used in Roman art history as certain artists would re–carve Roman portraits in memory by me–making and
re–carving old Roman portraits to resemble things that were more important in that era. Common pieces that were re–made and re–carved were arches
and statues of important and royal people in society. An example of such work is the Roman copy of the Greek original by Phidias... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Originally peaceful, the portrait depicted the Roman Emperor with his wife and their two sons, Geta and Caracalla. Out of hatred, Geta murdered his
brother Caracalla and completely removed his head from the family portrait (Ancient Origins, 2017). In both cases, these violent acts from these
individuals are negative symbolic representations for the society that they are displayed for. Geta essentially re–carved the original family portrait out
of hatred for his brother, deeming he be removed from the family

Ancient World Research Paper
Ancient Wonders
Antipator created a list of awe inspiring structures that spanned a period of time, of approximately three thousand years (Banks "Preface"). The list
came to be called the, Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, as each wonder was located in different areas of the world (Banks "Preface"). Europe
could only claim one, two were in Africa, while three were located in Asia, leaving the final one on a small island south of Greece (Banks "Preface").
These structures were spoke of throughout time due to their magnificence and level of skill it took to create each masterpiece. Of the seven structures,
only one still remains, the Great Pyramid of Giza, which also happens to be the oldest. Four of the remaining ancient wonders will ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is considered the sixth wonder, only thought to be slightly older than the Lighthouse of Alexandria (Banks "Preface"). The Colossus is also
considered the wonder with the shortest lifespan of about half a century (Editors Ch. 9). As an offering to their sun god, Helios, the Rhodians had the
Colossus built so that they would forever remember winning the war against Antigous, who sent his son Demetrius, and an army of forty–thousand
men, to punish the Rhodians for supporting Ptolemy ("The Colossus of Rhodes"). The great structure was placed on the Island of Rhodes, which was
"located off the southwestern tip of Asia Minor where the Aegean Sea meets the Mediterranean" (Krystek "Colossus..." 1). "The sculptor, Charles of
Lindus, took twelve years to complete the statue, finishing it about 280 BC" ("Colossus" C–481a). "The statue was one hundred and ten feet high and
stood upon a fifty–foot pedestal near the harbor mole ("Colossus of Rhodes" 1). From the war machines that Demetrius left behind, bronze was
melted down for the exterior, while the framework was composed of iron ("Colossus of Rhodes" 1). Around 226 BC an earthquake hit the Island of
Rhodes and the statue fell into the sea leaving only the some of the base intact (Krystek "Colossus..." 1). "In the seventh century AD the Arabs
conquered Rhodes and broke the remains of the Colossus up into smaller pieces and sold it as scrap metal" ("Colossus of Rhodes"

Taking a Look at the Golden Ratio
Golden Ratio is found by dividing a line into two parts so that the longer part divided by the smaller part equals the whole length divided by the
longer part. Golden ratio is very similar to pi because it is an infinite number and it goes on forever. It is usually rounded to around 1.618. The formula
for golden ratio is a/b = (a+b)/b. It has been around for a long time so it is not known who made up the golden ratio. Since the golden ratio is used
all around the world it is known in many names such as the golden mean, phi, the divine proportion, extreme and mean proportion, etc. Golden
ratio was used in arts from the beginning of people and still is used today. It has been used in architecture, math, sculptures and nature. Euclid talks
about it in his book elements. Golden ratio is also used in Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers. Golden ratio also comes in the form of a
rectangle. Golden has been found in many places over and over, so it's not clear where the golden ratio originated or who found the golden ratio
but some say that the Pythagoreans were the first to bring up the idea of the golden ratio. Due to the discovery in many places, it gets many names.
Euclid wrote about the golden ratio in his book, The Elements. The Element is a book about geometry. In Euclid's book, he describes the golden
ratio as the extreme and mean ratio. He says the line is divided into mean and ratio by point c. It also explains what a golden ratio is even though he
did not call it golden

Diptychs In Ancient Rome
Diptychs were commonly commissioned by powerful Roman families as a way to commemorate special and significant events. Most commonly they
attainment of the consulship. The diptych form, at least originally, served as a pair of covers for wax writing tablets.
Although Constantine endorsed Christianity and dedicated his New Rome in the East to the Christian God, not all Romans accepted his decree and
many did not convert to the new religion. Even all ancients' cults were banned and closed temples in 391.
The plaques were created around 400 AD on the eve of Alaric's sack of the "eternal city."
Members of the old senatorial families in Rome revived the pagan religion at the end of the fourth century, and had chosen a historicist neo –

How Did Religion Impact Greek Civilization
Religion answered many question people had about their life that no one else had been able to answer before. Many ancient civilizations linked
events to certain gods, such as why it rained or snowed. The Greek Empire was one of the many civilization to hold polytheistic views. Polytheism
meaning believing in many gods. The Greeks believed twelve main gods and goddesses with one chief god named Zeus. These gods and goddesses
lived on mount Olympus and where immortal. Although the gods and goddesses where more powerful than mortals the gods and goddesses were not
omnipotent. Each god and goddess was blessed with a certain power and were associated with certain objects. Zeus was King of Thunder and was
symbolized and an Eagle. The collection of myths tell the history of the gods and goddesses. Religion impacted many different aspects of Greek ...
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The myths about the gods and goddesses not only told stories of the gods but taught moral lessons which were used to teach the Greeks. Religion
also impacted the arts during this time period and help the advancement in many ways. In addition, religion influenced many famous writers such as
Homer and his two most famous pieces, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Religion impacted morality, art and literature in Greek civilization. The
collections of myths not only tell the history of the Greeks gods and goddesses but also teach moral skills that were valued during the era. There was
a story that tell us about a very vain man named Narcissus who was so handsome that everyone who saw him fell in love with him. The only problem
was that he was incapable to love anyone other than

How Did The Delian League Stabilize Its Alliance
Pericles wanted Athens to be primus inter pares status among the Greek City–Sates and have its continued dominance over the Delian League to be
stabilized its alliance. The foundation upon which the Delian League was transformed into the Athenian Hegemony is generally considered to have
been laid well before Pericles' time; he is just the one to finalize the process. The act that was the final nail in the Delian League's coffin occurred in
454 BCE when the treasury of the alliance was from transferred the island Delos to Athens. There are two motives that are the most likely ones behind
this change of location. The first was Athens' defeat in Egypt, which challenged Ahtenian control of the Aegean and encouraged a number of allies,
such as

Rough Draft On The Parthenon
Ripley Cissell
Mrs. Behan o
Latin 1
May 2 2018
Rough Draft on the Parthenon
The Parthenon is a mid–fifth century building dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, strategic warfare, and many other things. The Parthenon
was built on the Athenian Acropolis, in Athens, Greece. TheParthenon is filled with many statues and pieces of art, among them, the Frieze, the
Pediment Sculpture, and the Elgin Marbles.Need a thesis and vary sentence beginnings.
The Parthenon's construction began in 447 BC, and was finished in 438 BC. The exterior decoration continued until 432 BC. The Parthenon was
dedicated to Athena, the Athenian's patron goddess. This ancient building was constructedbuilt under the sculptor, Phidias. Phidias put a gold and
ivory statue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon's columnscoloms are colonnade and fluted, baseless, with square capitals. There is a three stepped base and supports with an
entaylatune. The roof structure consists of plain architecture. There is a bend of stone, a Frieze of alternating triglyphs and metopes. The East and West
end both have low triangular pediments, with a relief sculpture. Both the East and West have eight colonnade columns. The North and South sides have
seventeen small cloric colonnade columns, that enclose an interior rectangular chamber, originally in three aisles, that close at The Great Cult Statue.
The only light comes through the doorway, and through some marble roof tiles. The Parthenon is 101.34 feet wide, and 228.14 feet long. In short, the
Parthenon is

Athens : City Of Athens
Athens is one of the oldest cities in the world. The Acropolis (meaning "high city" in Greek), also known as the "Sacred Rock" of Athens, is the most
important site in the city of Athens. They call it "Sacred Rock" because there are many Greek gods' temples. A lot of city
–states in Greece had
acropolises but the most famous one is in Athens. It is home to one of the most famous buildings in the world, the Parthenon. It also had other temples
and sanctuaries. Its focus was for the Athenian festival for Athena, which was the Panathenaia. There were three different building stylizations in
Greece. However, the buildings on the acropolis were built using only two of those stylizations: Ionic and Doric styles. Doric columns were the
simplest form. The top is made of a circle topped by a square. The tall part of the column is plain and has 20 sides. It does not have a base. The tall
parts of the column on Ionic styles were taller than the Doric ones. It makes them look a bit slender. They also have lines carved into them from top to
bottom. However, Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric.
Before the Parthenon was completely built, there was an attempt to build one. The pre–Parthenon was the first attempt to build a sanctuary for Athena
Parthenos. It was located on the Acropolis of the city of Athens. They began building it after the battle of Marathon, which was in 480 BCE. They
found a massive limestone foundation. It replaced the hekatompedon and would stand next

How Did Religion Influence Greek Art
Over the century's Greek art and religion has been studied. Historians and researchers have developed their own understanding of who the ancient
Greeks were, and to do that they have studied Greek art. It is amazing what art can reveal about a person or society. Art is more than what the naked
eye can visually see; deeper meaning to art it is they mystery it holds and the conceptual meaning. During the different artistic periods of Greek history,
they all have different styles. One must understand that behind Greek art lies a history sometimes called Greek mythology, but the main focus is how
religion influenced Greek art. Greeks honored their gods for the powers they possessed along with respect and not love (Mikalson 23). Phidias created
the statue of Athena Parthenos out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Greek architecture is admired by artist and art lovers; the Parthenon was the home for Phidias's masterpiece of the Greek Statue of Athena
(Emerson 335). It was constructed in 438 BCE. The statue is 38 foot and is made out of gold and ivory (Gardner 136). This was Athens greatest
symbol of Athena's leadership. During the late Antiquity, it was stolen and later destroyed (fig.1). However recreation were made to mimic the
original statue. Phidias's original statue of Athena had garments and armor made of gold, and her exposed skin was of ivory (Mikalson 75). "A
winged Nike was placed in here right hand, her aegis is worn with the snake and the gorgon head in the center, the goddess holds her shield in her
left hand, and on the inside curls a large gold snake" (Mikalson 75). Phidias sculpted Athena as a warrior and not just a goddess. He wanted to sculpt
her in the way a human would go to war since Greek gods and goddess were considered both god and human. As an artist Phidias wanted to
incorporate what Athena duties as a goddess symbolized but also the human side of the deity in his

How Did Greek Culture Influence Art And Literature
In the 5th century BCE, art and literature were very influential in Greek poleis such as Athens, Sparta, and Corinth. One of the many influences art and
literature had was encouraging emotional stability, which fostered good health. Additionally, by idealizing the image of the divine, artists and authors
emphasized the importance of religion. Finally, by showcasing works of literature or art dedicated to the accomplishments of a nation whenever
possible, creators demonstrated the importance and embodiment of national pride. Art and literature reflected important values within Greek culture
such as emotional stability, importance of religion, and national pride through symbolism. Through the calm expressions of the ideal and the
blasphemous

Greek Art Research Paper
– Sculptures are by far the most important form of ancient Greek art, but only a small amount of sculptures have actually survived the years
–The first statue/ sculpture was from c. 630BC.
–Greece was the first ever country in Europe to have made sculptures
–Greek art was based off of many different cultures such as Japan and Egypt
–Early greek sculptures were very block shaped during the Archaic period (480–333BC)
–Greek sculptures are mainly divided into 3 different time periods – Mycenaean Art, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.
–Mycenaean art (1550 BC–1200 BC) is the first era that we find surviving examples of Greek art.
–During the Hellenistic period (330–300 BC), sculptures were mostly based off of ordinary people and events.
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had no characteristics that would suggest that the gods/ godesses were greater or more powerful than ordinary humans
–You may think that all these statues would last well, being made mostly out of stone and limestone. But:
–Not many classical statues or sculptures survived until today. (Stone statues can break easily and metal ones were often melted to be re–used for
making other things. Limestone can also be melted to make lime. Lime is an ingredient used in cement)
–Greeks were very skilled at working with metal.
–Most statues/ sculptures were made out of marble, bronze, wood, limestone and terracotta because they were abundant in Greece
–Sculptures were
–Bronze sculptures were usually rare because there was a huge risk there would be holes and cracks in the metal as it cools
–Some of the famous Greek sculptors were Praxiteles, Lysippus and Myron.
–Phidias was one of the creators of the sculptures on the Parthenon
–Sculptures were usually based out of humans, gods and goddesses.
–Some of the well known Greek sculptors were Praxiteles, Lysippus and Myron.
–Phidias was one of the many creators of the sculptures on the Parthenon which was built in c.

Statue Of Zeus Greek
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia There are Seven Wonders of the World. The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented
perfection. Also because it was the number of the five planets, plus the sun and the moon. The Statue of Zeus was a giant seated figure. The technique
used to build the statue is known as Chryselephantine. Chryselephantine is gold–plated, bronze, and ivory sections are attached to the wooden flame.
The throne section of the statue is made out of gold, ebony, ivory, and inlaid with precious stones. Carved into the chair were figures of Greek gods
and mystical animals (Olympia). The temple of Zeus housed the Statue of Zeus. It was added to the temple around 435 B.C.E. Zeus was seated on a
magnificent throne ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sculptor chosen for this great task was a man named Phidias. The figure of Zeus was seated on an elaborate throne. His head nearly grazed the
roof (Statue of Zeus). The statue was located on the west coast of Greece at Olympia. The statue of Zeus is the biggest statue that Greeks have never
realized. The statue was crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive splays. The statue had gold sandals (Statue of Zeus at Olympia). The seated Statue of
Zeus itself was about forty–three feet (twelve meters) tall, twenty–two feet (ten meters) wide

Periods of Greek Art
Greek art has changed throughout the years, yet some basic forms have remained. Time, technique, as well as historical events have helped shape
the way art has evolved since 600 B.C. Three important periods in Greek art are the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. We will discuss how
art has changed throughout these periods, what influences led to change, as well as why it changed. We will also discuss what has remained constant
through these periods. Since people's perceptions and taste of art are different, some would say that art has become better with time, whereas others
would say the opposite, but nonetheless, it has evolved. The Archaic period dates from 800 B.C. to 480 B.C. The Greeks were inspired by monumental
stone sculpture of Egypt and Mesopotamia, sculpting in stone began in Greece. However, although this was inspired by Egypt, there were
significant differences between how they were sculpted. For instance, take the Greek sculpture Kouros (c 580 B.C. made of marble, standing at 6'4"
tall) the standing male nude. While this resembled characteristics of Egypt sculptures such as pose and proportion, his form becomes more dynamic
as the sculpture is nude. Kouros also appears to wear jewelry around his neck and the exquisite detail in the braids of his hair suggest he is groomed
and dressed properly. Another difference in Egypt and Greek sculptures, is that Egypt's sculptures depict rulers and people of higher stature, where
Greek sculptures would depict

The Acropolis Of Athens And Athens Essay
The Acropolis of Athens
Intro
Over the years, the Acropolis of Athens, a large rock with a flat top that overlooks the city with an elevation of over 500 feet, served a variety of
purposes to the people that lived on or near it. Any city built on an enormous hill can be considered an acropolis, but in today's world, "The Acropolis"
is associated with the ancient Acropolis of Athens. As stated in the New World Encyclopedia, to some, the Acropolis ofAthens "was also known as
Cecropia, after the legendary serpent–man, Kekrops or Cecrops, the first Athenian king" ("Acropolis"). Most people know the Acropolis of Athens as
a place where ancient Greeks went to pray to their Gods. Although, during the height of Greece's civilization, the Acropolis was also a meeting and
marketplace for citizens to mingle to buy goods, to discuss politics, and to vote in the first democracy in the world.
History
The Acropolis was home to many inhabitants long before the Greeks lived there. Although the earliest artifacts of the Acropolis showed that it had
been occupied during the Neolithic age, most of the relics date back to the Mycenaean period (1900 BCE to 1100 BCE) and the Classical period
(500 BCE to 330 BCE). During the Neolithic and Mycenaean ages, the residents chose to live there because it was fairly easy to defend since they
could see all of the land around it for miles. After centuries of living on the Acropolis, many buildings and structures relating toAthena, the Greek
Goddess of

A Comparison Of The Pantheon And The Parthenon
Introduction
With just a quick glance at pictures taken from a distance of the front of the Pantheon and the
Parthenon, one might conclude that they are the same building or the same design. Both have eight
Greek–inspired columns topped with metopes and a triangular pediment at the entry portico (front).
However, any other view and a closer look would reveal substantial differences. Even the condition of the present buildings would indicate that the
buildings are from very different times and, of course, very different locations.
The Parthenon
The Parthenon is a Greek temple constructed in 447 BC. It was designed by the architect/artist
Phidias and commissioned by Perikles after the Peliponnesian War to worship the Greek goddess,
Athena. Reed (2005) The building is a classical Greek structure in the Doric order known as a peripteral
THE PANTHEON AND THE PARTHENON 2 octastyle Doric temple with Ionic columns. Wikipedia (2017a) The "octastyle" designation refers to
the eight columns at each end of the structure. The building ends also have a second row of six columns at the interior of the outer columns. The
interior is divided into two rooms by masonry walls with interior columns in each room. The building was and is famous for its ornate sculpture on the
surface of the temple along the frieze and pediments as well as sculptures on the interior of the building, namely the chryselephantine statue of Athena
sculpted by Phidias. The building is also said to have been built in

The Parthenon: The Dominance And Power Of Greek Art
Art can be described in hundreds of ways. Drawings, sculptures, music, prints, paintings, craft, design, etc. Along with having fascinating god and hero
stories, the Greek also showed their devotion to what they believed in by dedicating a temple for the known goddess. Before the Parthenon ever
existed, a temple before it was destroyed by the Persians during the Persian War. TheParthenon was built to replace the fallen temple before it. The
temple was started in 447 B.C and was finished completely in 432 B.C. At around this time, Athens was at its height of its power. It was built of gold
and ivory and was used to show the world the dominance and power of Athens. The Parthenon was dedicated to the goddess Athena to give thanks for

Pericles Acropolis Speech
The ruler of Athens, Pericles (495–429 BCE) convinced the Athenians to rebuild the Acropolis instead of leaving it in ruin as a reminder of the price
of war. (Sayre 58) From the rebuilding of Acropolis came the Golden Age. Pericles thought that by rebuilding the Acropolis, it could stand as a
memorial to the Persian War and to Athena, the patron of the Athenian people. Phidias was a sculptor whomPericles placed in charge of the sculptural
program for the new buildings of Acropolis. Pericles very much wanted Athens to be the leading example for Greece. He was very proud of the men
who had fallen in their battles of the Peloponnesian War, even writing a speech for them. During the rule of Pericles, the rebuilding of the Parthenon
took place. Along with Ictinus, Callicrates and Phidias are credited in the designing of the Parthenon. The Parthenon was completed in 432 BCE. It
took fifteen years of construction. The Parthenon was built not only to give thanks to Athena, but was also a sign of power. Ictinus and Callicrates
wanted the structure to represent the Doric order. They wanted everything to be proportioned and to look as perfect as possible so they used the
golden section; also called the golden rectangle or golden spiral. The golden section is from the golden ratio of 1.618. It can be used to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Work on this project began after the completion of the Parthenon. It took twenty–five years to complete this project. The location of the Erechtheion is
very rocky; because of this, the structure is multilevel and asymmetrical. Surrounded by the Erechtheion is a spring dedicated to Erechtheus. On the
structure is the Porch of the Maidens. Supported by female figures called caryatids it faces the Parthenon. There are six caryatids that look to be
holding up the porch as columns. They are all assuming the contrapposto pose, which was very popular in art at the

Greek Parthenon Research Paper
After standing for approximately 2500 years, the Greek Parthenon is still a marvel of engineering and even though it is in disrepair, one can still see
the ultimate beauty of the personification of classical Greek architecture. Construction began in 448 B.C.E., 32 years after most of Athens was
destroyed by the Persian Army, Perikles with the guidance from Phidias employed the best artist and artisans to rebuild the grand acropolis. Architects
Iktinos and Kallikrates, started building on the highest point on the Acropolis with the Parthenon standing as the largest Doric building on the Greek
Mainland. What makes the Parthenon look so beautiful is the facade based on the Golden Section. The Golden Section is defined as a structure with a

Ancient World Research Paper
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World inspired awe and fascination during their time. There are seven wonders of the ancient world. The list
was made by Antipater of Sidon. The list was made because of many reasons. Size, how it was made or the beauty of it. The only wonder of the
ancient world that is still standing is the Pyramids of Giza which are located in Egypt near Cairo. The Pyramids were built by slaves and are 481 feet
tall.
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was 43 feet high, made out of gold, ivory, gems and was a wooden frame. There was also images of animals carved into
the side of Zeus's chair. This statue was designed by artist Libon and carved by the greatest greek sculptor, Phidias. It took 12 years to complete. This
statue was so big, if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Olympics were first started in 776 B.C. and held at a shrine to Zeus located on the western coast of Greece in a region called Peloponnesus. It sat on
the south tip of Europe, near the Mediterranean Sea. The temple is about 11 miles away from Pyrgos.
Ancient methods of building required various techniques. The statue was built in about 430 B.C. and around 170 B.C. it was damaged by an
earthquake then, repaired. Phidias carved the pieces of the statue that needed done alone. After being repaired, it was destroyed in a fire in 462 B.C.,
but some say the fire was in the fifth century. Later, scientists found elephant tusks and terracotta molds in Phidias's workshop which, were made to
make the statue. No part of the statue is left today, only pieces that were shipped to a museum in Paris, France.
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia is included as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Worldbecause it was considered to be the most famous artistic
work in all of Greece. Also, Zeus was the king of Greek Gods and every four years at the Olympic games it was there to shrine him. Today, Zeus is not
allowed to be

History And Symbolism Of The Athena Parthenon
Erected during the mid–fifth century BCE in Ancient Greece, the Athena Parthenon still stands prominently atop the Athena Acropolis. Built on the site
of important temples and citadels destroyed during the Persians sack on Athens in 480 BCE, it is considered the greatest Greek temple ever built. The
temple was built to celebrate not only Athens' patron goddess Athena, but also to celebrate the Athenian people. The AthenaParthenon's great role was
as the home to the Athena Parthenos; a monumental gold and ivory sculpture of the warrior goddess Athena. This paper will delve into the
background, creation, history, symbolism and importance of the Athena Parthenos to the ancient Greeks. Athena was the goddess of wisdom and
military victory. She born from the head of Zeus, king of the gods after he swallowed her mother Metis, a nymph before she could be born. Zeus had
been told that Metis would give birth to a son after Athena who would be a threat to him, so decided to try and stop the birth of Athena. When Athena
was born, Hephaestus split Zeus' head open with an ax, allowing Athena to step out of his head fully grown and wearing full armor. Athena became the
patron goddess of Athens, only because she beat Poseidon in a contest. Both claimed the city of Athens and the land surrounding it as their own. To
prove their ownership, each deity gave a gift to the Athenians; Poseidon struck the rock of the Acropolis with his trident, creating a salt spring. Athena
made an olive

Phidias Attributes In The Punic Wars
Phidias reinforced the value of reason over primitive ideas in being the forefather of the classical style, emphasizing idealized perfection in art and
culture. He accomplishes this by instigating an aesthetic look, evoking complex thought and overwhelming viewers with a godlike energy. Each of
these are aspects of the beauty Phidias initiated and remains widely known for today.
Phidias' statues were representations of the ever–evolving aesthetic look the Greeks valued, following their success in the Punic Wars. One way he
establishes this aesthetic look in his statues is through the Golden Ratio, a mathematical formula for beauty. Phidias manipulated the proportions of his
works through the formula, allowing for beauty to be attainable so long as one follows his process. Additionally, Phidias is well known for his
sculpture of Zeus, where he purposely exaggerated the proportions to emphasize Zeus' power and consequently created a conceptual image of this god.
In challenging the status quo, he leaves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to Phidias, art was simplistic and there weren't many interpretations to be made from them. Ancient writers like Epictecus explains that this is not
the case with Phidias' art as there are multiple ways to interpret his complex works. Furthermore, expressionism is said to have resulted from the
Parthenon where Phidias illustrates mythical moments and scenes of battle on its pediments and metopes respectively. Phidias encourages emotion,
rather than dullness, allowing people to connect with the works and offer different interpretations of them. For instance, pediments of the Parthenon
depict Poseidon and Athena competing for the love of Athens. Some viewers may empathize with Poseidon while others may empathize with Athena.
Previously, art did not stir these varying viewpoints, and so the revolution of the classical style and thought is sparked by

Oedipus The King Descriptive Writing
It was a warm, aromatic day in Athens, the smell of honeysuckle and orchids hung sweetly in the air. From atop the hill, I could see for miles in any
direction, i could see the glittering blue ocean sprawling forth like an endless blanket. To my rear there was a bustling city, lined with white marble
and stucco buildings so beautiful it's like the Gods themselves carefully crafted them. I could hear the sounds of a lute strumming in the courtyard, the
cries of seabirds above, and thundering footsteps coming closer. I turned to the sound of running and found one of the royal guard, doubled over and
panting. He looked up, his face stricken with fatigue behind his polished bronze helmet. "The King would like," he stammered between panting breaths,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simply dumfounded. To think that the legendary Theseus, the man who's name is known throughout the world for his heroic acts and feats. I
have seen dozens of sculptures, mosaics, and paintings depicting his triumphant acts. Both royal and godly blood flowed through his veins, said to
have slayed the minotaur and overcome the six labors. The fact dropped on me like a pot of greek fire, numbing my senses, making me almost
deaf to the bustling street around me. The savory aroma of freshly baked bread pulled me out of my deep thought. I suddenly became aware of the
thundering roar of the marketplace, impatient vendors hyping up their assorted wares nearly to the legends of Theseus. Every one of their rugs has
a story, and each one more glamorous than the last. Before i knew it, we had arrived at the palace and dismounted our horses. The king's palace was
atop a huge set of sprawling marble steps, lined on both sides with stone walls topped with magnificent statues of the deities. On the right was Zeus,
parallel on the left was his wife Hera, followed by the rest of the Olympians divided by gender. Every divot, dimple, and curve was flawless–because
these statues were erected by none other than me. I consider these works second only to the monument for Zeus i built in Olympia, praised to be one
of the seven wonders of

Myth and Statue of Phidias
Myth: Demeter, Hades, and Persephone
Persephone was the daughter of the Greek god, Zeus, and goddess, Demeter. She was beautiful and happy. One day, as she was picking flowers in
her field, her uncle, Hades, saw her and instantly fell in love with her. Hades decided to kidnap Persephone and took her to the underworld, where
he was the god. He locked her in the Hall of Hades, where Persephone wept endlessly. There is a legend that says that if you eat anything in Hades'
lair, you can never leave. Persephone didn't want to risk being stuck in hell for the rest of her life, so she didn't eat. This lasted for a week, until she
could no longer bear the hunger; Persephone ate six pomegranate seeds – and life in the underworld began to feel permanent.
In the intro to the story it mentions something very important about Zeus' wife (and sister), Demeter. Her job of growing the crops was of the utmost
importance – if she was happy, her crops would grow abundantly, but, if she was sad, her crops would wither and die. The people would begin to
starve. The other gods, demigods, and even mortals would strive to keep her happy. What made Demeter most happy was spending time with her
daughter, Persephone. So when Persephone was kidnapped, Demeter was devastated; and the crops began to die.
Zeus had to get Persephone back because he was the king of the gods and was responsible for the lives of the people who would die if no crops grew.
He sent his son, Hermes, a messenger and great deal

Zeus At Olympia
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
What is the Statue of Zeus at Olympia?
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia is considered one of the Seven Wonders or the Ancient World. The wonder depicted the likeness of the Greek god Zeus,
whom was regarded as one of the most important and powerful gods within Greek mythology. The statue was seven times the height of the average
male, it would have been the one of the tallest statues in the Mediterranean world. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was the statue that was honored in the
first Olympic Games.
The Legend
Greek mythology is riddled with myths. The original myth told that the altar of Zeus stood in the exact area that a thunderbolt had struck, a thunderbolt
that had been hurled to Earth from Mount Olympus by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The temple was constructed by Libon, a famous architect of the time, in the classic Doric style. The Greeks of the time didn't believe that the temple
alone was enough to appease Zeus so they commissioned a statue to be erected in the temple to honor the god.
The Statue of Zeus was created in 430 BC by the Greek sculptor Phidias. Phidias is highly regarded as the most famous sculptor in ancient Greece. The
statue took years to complete and is included as one of his two great masterpieces with the other masterpiece being the statue of Athena in the
Parthenon.
The statue measured 13m tall (42 feet), 6m wide (21 feet), and had a perimeter of 13m (43 feet). The statue was constructed from a wooden frame
that was covered in expensive materials for the time. These materials included: gold, ebony, ivory, silver, and precious stones. Historical accounts
say that his hair and beard were made from gold and that his unclothed flesh was rendered in ivory. His sandals and robe were constructed from gold.
The stool beneath his feet were upheld by two golden lions. In his left hand he held a scepter that gave him dominion over the Earth. In order to keep
the ivory from cracking, the statue had to be anointed with olive oil, which was used to clean the statue every

Archimedes Research Paper
Archimedes
Archimedes was a son of a mathematician and astronomer whose name was Phidias. Archimedes was born in 287 BC in the city Syracuse on the
island of Sicily. Along with Newton and Gauss, Archimedes was known as one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. He was referred to as
the "wise one" or "the master." However, the most popular was the "great geometer". His interest in solving problems was enough for him to
sometimes forget when to eat. He was a student at Euclid's school in order to expand his knowledge in math. Archimedes fascination in math was so
great that he would draw on anything whether I'd be dirt, dust or anything that was available. Archimedes fame came through King Hiero, Archimedes
would always solve conflicts

Marble Building In Acropolis
According to Fred S. Kleiner (2014), the Parthenon was the Periclean's building program on the Acropolis. This huge marble building was dedicated
to Athena Parthenos though it was not a temple because it did not have a priestess or an altar for her worship. However, it is the most beautiful
building in Acropolis. It took approximately 15 years (447–432 B.C.E) to build this magnificent marble building, furthermore, excellent scholars' visual
illusion was applied into this building. As the emblematic birthplace of Western democracy, philosophy, theatre, freedom of expression and speech, the
Athenian Acropolis is the most sacred and the most universally acclaimed. According to Peter Green (1973), Most people view theParthenon as. A
building that

Essay on Parthenon and Lincoln Memorial
Adam 1
Jean–Luc Adam
Mr. Viarengo
Period 6
29 October 2012
As many people know, the architects of many buildings have used a multitude of techniques and methods from ancient architecture to build newer
buildings. For example, the Capitol Building uses Greek and Roman architecture in its columns, while the Washington Monument is in the style of an
Egyptian Obelisk. One of the monuments, the Lincoln Memorial, is based off the styles and methods of the Architecture of theParthenon. Because of
this, there are many similarities, but also differences, between the Parthenon and the Lincoln Memorial.
The architects of the Parthenon were Iktinos, Kallikrates, and Phidias. Although not much is known about Iktinos and Kallikrates, other than ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Born April 20th, 1850, French, before he was a sculptor, was a Lawyer and a Judge, among other occupations. In Ancient Greece, the Greeks widely
believed in Gods and Goddesses such as Zeus, Poseidon, Aphrodite, and Athena. The patron Goddess of Athena was Athens, and the Athenians believed
that pleasing their patron Goddess would give them good luck and fortune. This may be one of the reasons that Athena Parthenos and the Parthenon
were built. Another believed reason that the Parthenon was built was that the leader at the time, Pericles, wanted to show the power and wealth of
Athens. In comparison, the Lincoln Memorial was built to honor the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln. One of the reasons that Bacon had for basing
the memorial on the Parthenon was to draw a parallel between the two governments– "What better way existed to remember a man who struggled to
defend democracy, than to model his tribute after one found in the birthplace of democracy?" (National Park Service). In terms of the monuments
themselves, the Parthenon and the Lincoln had many similarities and many differences. For instance, both of the monuments were designed in the
Greek temple style. They both hold Doric columns–the Parthenon had 86, while the Lincoln Memorial had 36 columns. Although there are many more
columns in the Parthenon, the Lincoln Memorial has much larger columns. Doric columns came from the Doric order, a style of architecture that
contains columns, a beam or

Both the Dome of the Rock, located in Jerusalem created in...
Both the Dome of the Rock, located in Jerusalem created in 687 AD with no artist, and the Acropolis, located in Athens Greece created in 450BC with
no artist but commissioned by Pericles, are demonstrations of Sacred spaces that demonstrate different practices from two different cultures.
Religious Islamic architecture is intricately related to Muslim prayer which is an obligation to do every day. The Dome of the Rock was said to be
the first great Islamic building. The Muslims had taken the city of Jerusalem in 638 created the shrine of worship to commemorate the event and the
triumph of Islam. The Dome of the rock, similar to the Acropolis, was built atop holy ground. Called the Noble Enclosure, the site was where the
Hebrews built the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These inscriptions were written in the style of calligraphy, which itself was a long and drawn out task which was said to be holy in it of itself, as the
scribe would have to have exceptional spiritual refinement. Unlike a mosque which is used for public daily worship, the Dome of the Rock is a
mashhad, a shrine for pilgrims, as pilgrimages are major parts of the Muslim faith.
The Acropolis is a large worship complex built on a mountain overlooking the city of Athens. Both the residents of the city and those traveling to
Athens would have been able to see it at all points throughout the day. Inside the structure lies the Parthenon, the main temple, dedicated to the goddess
Athena, who was the guardian of the city of Athens. The location itself was a holy site as it was believed to be the place where Athena won against
Poseidon and earned her patronage. Poseidon gave the Greeks a salt well where as Athena gave them a olive branch, and as her gift was deemed
better, they erected the Parthenon in her name. There is also a smaller temple dedicated to Poseidon in the Acropolis. The olive branch given to them
was said to be within the Parthenon and the salt well was said to be in the temple to Poseidon. Finally, the Parthenon is covered in the carved stories of
the victories of both Athens and Athena herself. These re–introduced their beliefs and glorified Athena for her helping of

Compare And Contrast Greek Unity Between Sparta And Persians
After the destruction of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, Greek civilization came into being. Greek cities fought against each other and also had
Persians as their common enemy. The Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E. between the Greeks and the Persians was the main cause of the Greek unity.
Sparta and Athens emerged as the strongest cities in the Greek civilization and people living in both cities after the Greek unity were no longer
different than each other. The unity brought creativity among the Greeks, new ideas were explored and these ideas referred to what we call the Classical
Ideal.
The defeat of the Persians in the Battle of Marathon made Greeks think of themselves the perfect and superior nation, they called all other people
barbaric. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the Greeks wouldn't have had the idea of Delian League, they would not been known as Classical and perfect nation as they are considered now.
Greeks took inspiration from Egyptian art and came up with their own Greek vision of artwork. The artists of that time made human statues in a way
which was never seen before and later on other civilizations copied the Greek way of capturing human form in art. The Greek artists were mainly
concerned with the perfection of the figures of human body.
Bronze was popular material used by the Greeks for sculpting and unfortunately it was also expensive material to work with. But Greek sculptors
had no other choice, as marble was hard to work because of its cracking nature and also if mistakes were made it was hard to fix it. One of the best
preserved examples of the Bronze Age is Charioteer of Delphi 487–474 B.C.E. it is the statue of an athlete that shows the reality of that age. The statue
depicts the athletic glory of the athlete during the chariot race. The other example of classical art is The Riace Warrior 450 B.C.E. a nude bronze
sculpture of a male warrior the work might be of Phidias. It is a prime example of classical art. The nudity of the statue showed the perfection of the
body. The lips made of copper, eyes inlaid with glass, and silver teeth increased the natural effect of the

Pericles Influence On Aspasia
Pericles' success on the field of battle and politics did not make immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to
absolute rule. Just before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles and two of his closest associates, Phidias and his companion, Aspasia,
faced a series of personal and judicial attacks. Phidias, who had been in charge of all building projects, was first accused of embezzling gold meant
for the statue of Athena and then of impiety, because, when he wrought the battle of the Amazons on the shield of Athena, he carved out a figure that
suggested himself as a bald old man, and also inserted a very fine likeness of Pericles fighting with an Amazon. Aspasia, who was noted for her ability
as a conversationalist

Hellenism In Ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, around 500 B.C.E, the culture was revolving around gods and goddesses. The lifestyles and actions of the people of Greece had
an interdependence with the common belief of Hellenism. By understanding that many Greeks looked to their gods and goddesses in most aspects of
their life, we can better understand how Greek culture worked as a whole. This can be seen specifically in Athens Greece. In Athens they looked to the
Goddess Athena in particular because she was their patron Goddess. During this time a sculptor, named Phidias, sculpted a grand statue called the
Athena Parthenos. The Athena Parthenos was viewed as an actual incarnation of the Goddess Athena, and symbolize victory in wars that ultimately
create peace and harmony. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Parthenon was home to the Athena Parthenos, but where it was located in the Parthenon is crucial. It was located in a special chamber called the
cella.*footnote* The only people that were actually allowed into the Parthenon were priests, who are could be considered the holiest of all people in
their culture.*footnote* This elevates the Athena Parthenos to a very high level of holiness, that most would consider to be Goddess–like. Normal
citizens of Athens had to worship in a courtyard outside of the Parthenon, which means that they couldn't even be under the same roof as the Athena
Parthenos.*footnote* The placement of the statute clearly indicates a very high level of religious standing, that could be best described as
Goddess–like. Athena is the Goddess of war and craftsmanship.*footnote*Athena, the Goddess of war, was depicted holding the Goddess of victory,
which one could interpret the two Goddesses together as meaning victory in war.*footnote* Also Athena was portrayed in full military attire, which
can clearly be seen as another symbol of war. The Goddess Athena was very intelligent and powerful in war, and viewed war as a way to achieve
peace, versus just fighting to be violent. *footnote* This very powerful statute was a beacon to greeks, that helped them to achieve victory in war and
achieve peace through

Erechteinon On The Acropolis In Athens
I was impressed by Erechtheion, on the Acropolis in Athens. It was built between 421 B.C and 406 B.C. and repaired in 377/76 B.C to include cross
walls. Later (7th A.D.) was converted into a Christian church.
Mnesicles might be an architect of the structure, Phidias was employed as a sculptor. The building had a religious function, and was meant to serve as
a home for Athena (goddess of war and wisdom) and Poseidon (god of sea, storm, earthquake, horses). There is also a belief that it was built to honor
the king Erechtheus (king of Athens). There is also another belief, that Erechteinon was a replacement of the temple of Athena Polias.
The building is small comparing to Parthenon, which is on the south from it (see attached image of satellite

Essay about The Parthenon: The Epitome of Greek Culture
Most every great culture in history has something for which they are famous. The Mayan civilization has the calendar, the Romans have the
Colosseum, and I would like to suggest that the epitome of Greek culture is the Parthenon. It reflects the ideas and religious beliefs of the Greeks and
incorporates the architectural brilliance seen first with the Greek people. The frieze, the religious idea behind the building of the temple, and the
attention to detail in the Parthenon shows a genius that can only be claimed by the Greeks.
First, the Parthenon frieze is an example of how unique the Parthenon is to the Greeks. The frieze is "[t]he most characteristic feature in the
architecture and decoration of the temple" (Wikipedia contributors). It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, this procession was something that the Greeks could relate to because they were used to taking part in it on a regular basis. "This was certainly a
scene that every Athenian could relate to through personal experience, making thus the transition between earth and the divine a smooth one"
(Sakoulas, "The Parthenon"). The frieze therefore with its revolutionary idea of bringing the divine and the mortal together and also the representation
of the folding of the peplos which was made for Athena are all Greek ideas and thus represent Greek culture.
The second reason why the Parthenon belongs to the Greek culture is because the temple itself is ". . . a building whose familiar form has become
virtually synonymous with the boldest triumphs and highest ambitions of the age of Pericles" (Green, 11). Since Pericles is a Greek figure and all of
his triumphs were for the Greek people and well–being of the civilization, it is clear that the Parthenon can be strictly claimed by the Greeks. Also, the
idea behind the building of this monument was to honor the goddess Athena ("Parthenon"). This is Greek simply because Athena was a goddess of the
Greek culture. Other cultures had different names for their gods and goddesses and also had different ways of honoring those divine figures. Had the
Parthenon been a Roman structure, it might have been to honor Hera or Diana. Had it been an Islamic structure, it might have been to honor

Thomas Bruce And The Elgin Marbles
Thomas Bruce and the Elgin Marbles Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine (b.1766), was a Scottish aristocrat and
diplomat who gained notoriety in the early 19th century with the controversial acquisition of a large number of Greek artworks, primarily from
the Parthenon in Athens which collectively became known as the Elgin Marbles. With permission from the occupying Ottoman Empire, Thomas
Bruce removed and transported the pieces between 1801 and 1805. Originally rejected by the British government, they were purchased from Lord
Elgin in 1816 and now reside in the British Museum. The Marbles have been a point of contention between Greece and the United Kingdom ever
since. Outraged by what they considered a theft of one of their greatest treasures, the Greek Government has spent the last 200 years attempting to
repatriate the Marbles back to Athens. The burning question has always been: Who is Lord Elgin and did he really steal the Marbles from Greece
or were they obtained legally? And where is their rightful place today? Lord Elgin born in Broomhall, Fife, and came into his title at the early age
of just 5 years old. He received a typical education for a person of his rank and after having obtained several promotions while commissioned in the
army, he was elected to the House of Lords at the age of 24, and soon thereafter was recruited into the diplomatic corps. After serving many years in
the diplomatic service in Brussels, Berlin and Vienna, he

A History Of Architecture Settings And Rituals

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