Difference Between Fixed And Fixed Cost

Difference Between Fixed And Fixed Cost
Fixed Cost:
Fixed cost as the name suggests implies any cost that remains fixed or does not change due to an
increase or decrease in the amount of services or goods produced. It is a periodic cost that remains
unchanged irrespective of the sales revenue or output, such as depreciation, insurance, wages,
salaries, etc.
The concept of fixed cost is used in short–term accounting.
Fixed costs are those expenses that are necessary to be paid by a company, independent of any
business activity that is does. It is one of the two components of the total cost of a good or service,
along with variable cost. Fixed costs are not fixed permanently; they change over time, but they are
fixed in relation to the overall production quantity for the relevant period. For example, a company
may be having unexpected expenses not related to production; and warehouse costs and costs like
that are fixed only over the time period of the lease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suppose a company has to pay $10,000 each month if it wants to cover the cost of the lease but it is
not able to manufacture anything during the month, the lease payment still remains due in full.
In economics, if a business wants to achieve economies of scale, it must produce enough goods to
spread fixed costs. For example, the $100,000 lease spread out over 100,000 widgets implies that
each widget carries $1 in fixed costs. If the company produces 200,000 widgets, the fixed cost per
unit would drop to 50 cents.
Why it Matters:
If a company has large amount of fixed costs, it has less predictable per–unit profit margins than a
company having relatively large amount of variable
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Fixed And Variable Costs Within The Report
Exhibit 2 contains both fixed and variable costs within the report. Other costs we must look at is the
opportunity of the purchased computer equipment, which has a value of roughly $25,500. The
leased computer equipment cannot be cancelled, thus we consider it a sunk cost and do not take it
into consideration. Next, we look at the purpose of creating PDS. The purpose was to help
deregulate PTC and rescind the push through of a rate increase. If they shut down PDS, PTC would
have to pay the market rate for their data needs, which will increase this cost by two fold. Additional
issues to take into consideration are the burdens of finding alternate use for the space PDS is
currently renting and the opportunity cost of wages being paid to the PDS employees. Can we invest
the wage pay somewhere else for a higher return? Asking these questions demonstrates the value of
looking at PDS in depth to determine if more value exists than appears within the initial reports.
Digging deeper, the first number we examine is how many computer hours PDS has to sell to break
even. We will assume the intercompany hours billed at $400 will average 205 per month. The
variable costs include power, parts of operation wages, and materials. Next, we calculate the unit
contribution (sales – variable cost). The average cost for power is the total 3–month power cost
divided by the total time computers were used during this time (total revenue plus service hours) or
5028/1110 = $4.53. Operations cost

Elan and the Competition Boat Industry
Case Study:
Élan and the Competition Ski Boat Industry
Robert Visser, 5002930146
Punnapa K. Pusayanonda, 4702641038
Patumporn Srikrisanapol, 4702640642
Thammasat University
Case Study, Strategic Management Fall 07
Group 5
Prof. James P. Fitzpatrick
Deadline: 19. September 2007
1. Company Overview 3
2. SWOT Analysis 4
2.1 Strength 4
2.2 Weakness 4
2.3 Threat 5
2.4 Opportunity 6
3. Situation Analysis 8
3.1 Financial Analysis 8
3.2 Marketing Analysis 9
3.3 Management Critique 11
3.4 Distinctive Competencies 12
3.5 Sustainable Competitive Advantage 12
4. Problems 13
5. Problem Statement 17
5.1 Rationale 17
6. Alternatives 18
7. Recommendations 21
7.1 First Recommendation 22
7.2 Second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

In addition, the management team has proved that it has capability to turnaround the bankrupted
company into the company that has positive net income in less than one year!
2.2 Weakness
The financial statements contain some inappropriateness of projected figures. In 2004, the notes
payable show a negative balance what is a very rare projection. In addition, the very low gross
margin and net income is inconsistent with its mission. Elan wants to be hyper efficient in its
manufacturing, however the figures presented in the projected financial statement imply that it
cannot manage to be efficient because the manufacturing costs represent 70% of the total sales and
continue to increase over the periods. The projected net income represents only 1 to 5 percent of the
total sales. With this amount of net income, Elan cannot be a true market leader in profitability as
Ben wanted.
Projected current ratios of 1.5, 1.7, 2.1 give liquidity concerns.
Projected quick ratios of 0.6/0.66 for 2002/2003 cause concern as well. From the wide gap between
current and quick ratios, it can be interpreted that work in process and finished inventory represents
a very critical amount of the total current asset. In addition, the inventory turnover is forecasted to
decrease over the years. This implies more inventory piles up for the firm and can

Essay On My Hero's Journey-Personal Narrative
As the border patrol exited the school taking me with him, mamma and papa were already in the
patrols car along with the rest of the family. Once I saw my family, my eyes opened wide, shocked, I
tried to grasp for air and words and what came out was, " what's happening papa?" Papa looked out
the window, with regret and sadness in his voice he simply said" they have found us miho." I
instantly looked at mamma, with tears in her eyes she said " we are getting deported Panchito." She
turned to papa and sobbed on his shoulder. The border officer put me in the car along side Papa and
mamma. After driving for a couple of hours we made it to Las Vegas. The officer stoped for some
gas. He got out of the car then opened the door and said sternly " You ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Papa woke us up early and said we are going to the store to buy as much as we can afford to help us
out with fixing the house and eating. We walked to get breakfast, since we no longer have our
carcachita, from a place called

Computer Equipment : Fixed Cost And Variable Cost
Exhibit 2 has fixed cost and variable cost both in the report. Other cost we need to look it is the
opportunity of the purchased computer equipment which has a value of around $25,500. The lease
computer equipment is cannot be cancelled, so we consider it a sunk cost and do not take it into
consideration. Next, we need to look at the purpose of creating PDS. The purpose was to help
deregulate PTC and rescind the push through of a rate increase. If they shutdown PDS, PTC would
have to pay market rate for their data needs which will increase this cost by two fold. Other Issues to
take into consideration is the burden of finding alternate use for the space PDS is currently renting
and the opportunity cost of wages being paid to the PDS employees. Can we invest the wage pay
somewhere else for a higher return? Asking these questions suggest that there is value by looking
into PDS a little deeper to see if more value is actually there than shown in the reports.
To dig deeper, the first number we need to know is how many computer hours PDS has to sale to
break even. We will assume the intercompany hours billed at $400 will average 205 per month.
There are a few variable costs, such as power, parts of operation wages, and materials. Next, we
calculate the unit contribution, which is (sales – variable cost). The average cost for power is the
total 3 month power cost divided by the total time computers were used during this time(total
revenue plus service hours) or 5028/1110=$4.53.

Fixed Cost Accounting
2–Why do manager put such a great amount of emphasis on controlling fixed cost in their
organizations?
Fixed costs are constant and have an impact towards profits despite the number of items sold.
Reducing the fixed cost amounts is a sustainable way to make more profits and increase operating
leverage (Edmonds & Tsay & Olds). Suggested by Reiss, outsourcing is a way of turning fixed costs
into variable costs. Variable costs have a dependence of cost based on production or sale of the
product (Reiss, 2010).
One example of this fixed vs. variable costs transition would be telesales, instead of hiring 45 people
to work inbound and outbound phone calls one could pay a service to answer the phones at a cost
per minute. Using a phone service and experiencing high call volumes, the cost would a variable
cost as a reflection of sales. Having 45 salaried telesales employees and only ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010, November 2). Outsourcing Turns Fixed Costs Into Variable Costs. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Edmonds, T., Tsay, B., & Olds, P. (2011). Fundamental Managerial Accounting Concepts (6th ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw–Hill/Irwin.
3–What is meant by the statement, my company has good operating leverage? How does good
operating leverage magnify earnings results with modest revenue increase?
With a small change in revenues, one will see a larger change in profits with positive operating
leverage. Operating leverage is often referred to as the ratio of fixed costs compared to revenues
(Edmonds & Tsay & Olds).
A company with high operating leverage as an example could be a business with expensive
machines. In the medical lab environment, a fixed cost of buying a machine for medical testing one
would presume to be high. For the lab, it would be significant to have the lab testing machines
running twenty–four hours a day seven days a week. A percentage change in revenues would
negatively impact a medical testing organization due to the machine cost stay constant (Berman,

Sleep Apnoea Disease Executive Summary
Introduction:– We stand to prepare a business plan but not only with one motive but do consider
encompassing all the aspects, be it people, profit and planet. The sleep apnoea disease is spreading
like a fire in all the parts of the world. People are ignorant about it as they do not understand the
facets of this ailment and its health worries. The silent disease has rooted itself in many individuals
and the awareness is bleak. Symptoms of Sleep Apnoea:– 1. People sleep while driving 2. Patients
snore a loud while sleeping 3. People complaint about breathing while sleeping 4. People doze off
whenever they sit ideal 5. People are lethargic all day. Executive Summary:– The sleep apnoea
disease has been triggered in the lots of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With help of permission from the government use display boards beneath the road traffic, signals,
parking signals. Display board saying "Do you sleep while you drive, get a health check done" 5.
Telecast television shows with eminent "Doctors" to educate the people about this disease. 6. Hold
drama shows in local parlance to make them understand the ailment of sleep apnoea and how it can
be cured. 7. Put in our stall of the product in doctor's meeting to increase the awareness amongst
medical professionals. 8. Tie up with radio stations like radio mirchi for the sleep apnoea quiz at
7:00 to 8:00 pm every Monday for a month. 9. We will the advertise the location that have our
product available in terms of pharmaceutical shops and hospitals. Segment:– The people who are
suffering from Sleep Apnoea are:– 1. Of age group 30–60 years old 2. These are working
professionals Inventory:– Serial No Components Cost/Unit Life Warranty 1. I/O Unit 550 5 Yrs 2.
Pressure Sensors 5000 5 Yrs 3. Control Pad 1000 5yrs 4. Motor Control Circuitry 10000 10 Yrs 5.
Mask 4000 1 Yr 6. Miscellaneous(Packaging an all) 500 TOTAL COST 21050 Machinery/Place for
manufacturing (Fixed costs) S. No. Different M/Cs, Expenses Cost 1. Plastic cover manufacturing
machine INR 1 lakh 2. Assembling Machine INR 3 lakh 3. Packaging Machine INR 1.5 lakh 4.
Industry rent + Capitation

ACC 206 Principles of Accounting II
ACC 206 Principles of Accounting II ACC 206 Week 1 Assignment Chapter One Problems CLICK
HERE Chapter One Problems Please complete the following 5 exercises below in either Excel or a
word document (but must be single document). You must show your work where appropriate
(leaving the calculations within Excel cells is acceptable). Save the document, and submit it in the
appropriate week using the Assignment Submission button. Ch 1 Critical Thinking Question 5:
Answer the following questions: Why are noncash transactions, such as the exchange of common
stock a building, included on a statement of cash flows? How are these noncash transactions
disclosed? Chapter 1 Exercise 1: 1. Classification of activities Classify each ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Cash proceeds from the sale of land totaled $76,200. 3. Store equipment of $44,000 was
purchased by signing a short–term note payable. Also, a $150,000 telecommunications system was
acquired by issuing 3,000 shares of preferred stock. 4. A long–term note of $49,400 was repaid. 5.
Twenty thousand shares of common stock were issued at $5.19 per share. 6. The company paid cash
dividends amounting to $128,600. Instructions: 1. Prepare the operating activities section of the
company 's statement of cash flows, assuming use of: 2. The direct method. 3. The indirect method.
1. Prepare the investing and financing activities sections of the statement of cash flows. ACC 206
Week 2 Assignment Chapter Two and Three Problems CLICK HERE Chapter Two and Three
Problems Please complete the following 7 exercises below in either Excel or a word document (but
must be single document). You must show your work where appropriate (leaving the calculations
within Excel cells is acceptable). Save the document, and submit it in the appropriate week using the
Assignment Submission button. Chapter 2 Exercise 1 1. Issuance of stock Prepare journal entries to
record the issuance of 100,000 shares of common stock at $20 per share for each of the following
independent cases: a. Jackson Corporation has common stock with a par value of $1 per share. b.
Royal Corporation has no–par common with a stated value of $5 D share. c. French Corporation has

The Fashion Channel Case Study Essay
Knowledge and Marketing Management Seminar
The Fashion Channel Case Study: Friday, 18 October
Please read and analyze this case on market segmentation and targeting options for a cable television
network dedicated to fashion programming. No research into the industry or firm is necessary.
Please use only the information provided by the case.
Each team should complete Exhibit #4 "Ad Revenue Calculator" and Exhibit #5 "Estimated
Financials for 2006 and 2007" and submit a copy of their team's work at the beginning of class. A
spreadsheet is provided to help you with this assignment.
Exhibit 4: Ad Revenue Calculator
Ad Revenue Calculator
Current
2007 Base
Scenario 1
Scenario 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also they have 45% with children in the household;
Basics: not intersted in fashion with being 20% of all viewers and 45% being female.
2) Which research method was most helpful to you in developing and evaluating the segmentation
options?
As mentioned before, there are four groups resulting from the GFA associated research. Combines
with the results from the demographic breakdown we think it is really helpful for TFC. Indeed, with
these researches they have the opportunity to realize who their audience is and so they can work on
getting a new audience, probably within the other groups.
They also understand who is the most powerful group in their business so that they can work on
reaching their needs and with these information it was possible to work out the segmentation
options.
3) What are the segmentation options?

Broad–based marketing:
The goal is to develop a

Term Paper
Ducati
In: Business and Management
Ducati
Ducati feedback
Q1. I wanted you to begin by recognising that this was a turnaround situation, with Ducati in 1996
close to bankruptcy. A new management team led by Minoli changed strategy with clear objectives
of aggressive growth within a niche of the sports segment and competing as a focussed
differentiator. The logic of the turnaround can be conceptualised as follows
(a) Ducati reduced costs without affecting the WTP for the physical product (i.e. the quality and
reliability of the product has increased despite reduced costs). Major reductions were in motorcycle
material costs (from 68.2% to 59% of unit costs, exhibit 12) and can be attributed to the following
factors: (1) rationalised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mention also other incompatibilities wrt activities and resources (e.g. distribution systems,
organisational culture, management and technical skills etc) which cannot be easily changed by
Honda. Also explain why setting up a separate entity as a way for Honda to mitigate these
incompatibilities is fraught with difficulties such as time lags and the need to share resources and
transfer knowledge etc. With these types of arguments, the conclusion would be that Ducati's
strategy is sustainable.
Q3. Developing strategic alternatives depends on the objectives to be achieved and the companies
need to sustain competitive advantage whilst achieving these objectives. These issues in turn depend
on the key strategic challenges the company is facing internally (areas of vulnerability) or external
threats and the available opportunities to exploit. A key objective for Ducati is to maintain double
digit growth (10% market share). However, a key constraint for focussed differentiators is that the
very factors that brought them success i.e. clear trade– offs and positioning also constrain growth
because growth/strategy options may be incompatible or inconsistent with their original strategy
position. Another challenge for focussed differentiators is that their small size places them at a cost
disadvantage. Ducati's fixed costs per unit were 26.2% of revenue versus 16% for HD (exhibit 12).
In addition achieving the level of success Ducati aims

Kroger Fixed Cost
Fixed and Variable Costs Company's fixed and variable cost can affect the level of competition in
this industry. Companies have high fixed costs and variable costs in the market, they will try to cut
prices to increase demand in their stores in operation. In the grocery retail industry in the US
market, the majority of grocery retailers have and operate their own stores and distribution center,
and these increase Kroger's fixed cost because of overhead and maintenance cost. Even if the fixed
cost is high, the variable cost of goods sold which is the second highest cost can offset it. The ratio
of fixed assets and variable costs is very crucial for a company within the industry. This figure
below shows the fixed asset to variable cost ratios ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kroger competes with its rivals by having good product quality, product variety, and customer
services. Kroger insisted that product quality is crucial in building consumer loyalty and brand
image. Great companies do not just get new customers, they want customers come back for more.
Customer loyalty brings long–term sales, and Kroger did a very good job on this. Kroger's
outstanding private brand products had earned the market share. "Consumer research, the finest
ingredients, and our rigorous testing produce the quality behind our corporate brand" (Kroger,
2015). Kroger is able to monitor the production and distributions of their products; it has developed
one of the strictest inspection and specification systems in this grocery market. According the
research, the quality of beef is checked by some tests such as USAD Choice, Certified |Angus
USAD Choice, and Natural Beef Select. Kroger also promised that their pork is 100% natural and
poultry products are grown organically and locally. Seafood, vegetables, and fruits are guaranteed to
be fresh. All products in Kroger are held to the same high standards. Because of its time efficient
systems and distribution systems, Kroger can stock new and fresh products every

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fixed Cost Contracts
The Fixed–Price Contracts is a type of the contract regularly used by the Federal Government for
the procurement of various supplies. This type of contract provides prices for a firm, which is often
adjustable depending on the issues specified under the contract. According to Engelbeck (2002) the
Fixed Price Contract provides for various acquisitions as described below:
a) Price determination: In this case, the prospective firm provides a fixed price at the initial stage for
determination or adjustment, either upward or downward. The price is also set at a certain ceiling for
determination at the end of the contract period.
b) Materials reimbursement. This is a fixed contract used for the purchase and repairs of services
and is pegged with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can Warranty and Contract Management benefit the Government Customer?
The management of warranty and contracts is a key aspect of procurement both for the government
and the contractors. While there are numerous advantages of maintaining an effective contract
system, some of the key benefits include; tracking, contract vendors and their contact details, and
knowing the assets covered under the contracts. It also assists in maintaining the profiles of all the
client contracts under a single space.
The primary benefit of warranty and contract management is the reduction of administrative
overhead costs. Hoskisson & Hitt (2008) explain that, with a centralized log of assets and contracts,
the misuse of resources is heavily minimized, thus giving the management an opportunity to allocate
resources where they are needed. Further, this translates into immediate savings of costs for the
government customer owing to the decommissioning of outdated machines off the contracts and

Comparison Between Fixed Cost And Dr. Pepper-Snapple Group
Fixed Cost On the other hand Dr. Pepper–Snapple Group does have a large number of fixed cost.
Fixed costs are "cost that are constant and must be paid no matter what level of the activity is
chosen." DP has over 21 manufacturing centers and 115 distribution centers around the world,
according to Dr. Pepper Snapple Group 's annual report. This means that DP is paying rent on a large
number of buildings, leasing our buying equipment that they use at these facilities in order to
produce DP. Those are example of fixed cost, cost that have to be paid no matter what, this also
means that if you have a bad year and your company did not make as much as it did the year before
you still have to pay for the rent and utilities on all of those facilities.
Variable Cost Unlike fixed cost variable cost you have some room to play, variable cost is all about
changing inputs around to change output. Or as defined by Thomas and Maurice "variable input is
one for which the level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pepper–Snapple group had quite an extensive accounting profile, one that was around 133 pages to
be exact. In their annual report Dr. Pepper–Snapple group showed to have quite an impressive year
when it came to growth and profit. With the profit of the company being up this also lead to the
current stock value as growing. This was explained both in the annual report and the current stock
market standing. In the 2014 annual report the Dr. Pepper dollar share was only up 0.1 points from
the previous year. The largest amount of grown that the company experienced was in Latin America.
According to yahoo finance the stock as been rising ever since the first of the year, closing everyday
higher than the last. The current economic profit of the Dr. Pepper–Snapple group is positive, with
their current status in the market. They are able to have a positive economic profit because they are
making money after they cover all their fixed cost.
Market Structure
Market

Operations Test Questions
TF Qu. 3 You can t make a mistake by locating...
You can 't make a mistake by locating where labor costs are low. | True | | False |
Labor costs are only occasionally a primary consideration in location decisions.
TF Qu. 7 A strategy that emphasizes convenience for ...
A strategy that emphasizes convenience for the customers would probably select a single very large
facility. | True | | False |
Convenience for customers would tend to necessitate small, dispersed facilities.
TF Qu. 20 The center of gravity method of location ...
The center of gravity method of location planning is accurate only when the quantities to be shipped
to each location are equal. | True | | False |
Center of gravity approaches factor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
A newly formed firm must decide on a plant location. There are two alternatives under
consideration: locate near the major raw materials or locate near the major customers. Locating near
the raw materials will result in lower fixed and variable costs than locating near the market, but the
owners believe there would be a loss in sales volume because customers tend to favor local
suppliers. Revenue per unit will be $185 in either case. |
| Omaha | Kansas City | Annual fixed costs ($ millions) | $ | 1.2 | $ | 1.4 | Variable cost per unit | $ |
36 | $ | 47 | Expected annual demand (units) | 8,000 | 12,000 | |
Using the above information, determine which location would produce the greater profit. (Omit the
"$" sign in your response.) |
Kansas City would produce the greater gross profit of $ . |
rev: 03_27_2012
Explanation: Profit = (Rev/unit – VC/unit)Q – FC | | Omaha: ($185/unit – $36/unit)8,000 units –
$1,200,000 = –$8,000 | | Kansas City: ($185/unit – $47/unit)12,000 units – $1,400,000 = $256,000 |
TF Qu. 2 One way that project management differs ...

One way that project management differs from management of more traditional activities is because
of

Home Depot Fixed Costs
The costs incurred by the Home Depot can be classified into two categories: fixed costs and variable
costs. Fixed costs are unaffected by changes in the level of activity are fixed costs (Edmonds, Tsay,
& Olds, 2011). These costs are incurred regardless of whether or not units are produced. They are
expressed as a certain cost for a given range of sales levels. Fixed costs remain the same for any
sales level within a certain range. The net income indefinitely changes with a fluctuation in sales
level even when the fixed costs remain unchanged. A rise in the sales level increases the net income
and a fall in the sales level reduces the net income. Additionally, an increases in the fixed costs
reduces the net income, and a drop in the fixed costs

Hsm/260: Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Break Essay
HSM/260: Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Break
Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Break
Exercise 10.1
During the sixth month of the fiscal year, the program director of the Westchester Home–Delivered
Meals (WHDM) program decides to again recompute fixed costs, variable costs, and the BEP using
the high–low method. Here are the number of meals served and the total costs of the program for
each of the first six months:
Month Meals Served Total Costs July 3,500 $20,500 August 4,000 22,600 September 4,200 23,350
October 4,600 24,500 November 4,700 25,000 December 4,900 26,000
Recompute fixed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The assistant is to be paid $75 per week or $3,900 per year. Together the newsletter coordinator and
the part–time assistant believe they can handle up to 650 newsletter subscribers. Beyond this
number, the newsletter program will require still more staff resources. In order to help cover the cost
of the new part–time assistant, the executive director has also decided to increase the annual
subscription price of the newsletter to $20. Additionally, the variable costs of preparing, printing,
and mailing six bimonthly issues of the newsletter have risen to $4.50.
Recompute the BEP for the newsletter program. What is the new BEP? Is the new BEP a feasible
solution? Why or why not? Will any slack capacity exist? If so, how much? If not, why not?
PX = A + BX
20 X = 6,000. +3,900. + 4.50 X
20 X = 9,900. + 4.50 X
20 X − 4.50 X = 9,900 + (4.50 X − 4.50 X)
15.5X = 9,900.
15.5 X ÷ 15.5 X = 9,900 ÷ 15.5 X
X = 639

Maximum Number = 650
Break Even Point = 639
Surplus Capacity = 11
Newsletter Coordinator's salary: $6,000 per year
Newsletter assistant salary: $3,900 per year.
Since the two employees have the maximum capacity of 650, there is no slack

Ratio Forms- Usali (Uniform System American Lodging Industry
)
)
pa 11 Fi nanci aI Analysis
I.
Section 9
Financial Statement Formats
The formats of the Summary Statement of Income and departmental statements can of coursebe
designed to provide only ODeamount column to record figures für the time period covered by the
statement. While the primary purpose of any of these statements is to present the revenue and
expenses für the most recent accounting period, the true significance of such amounts can only be
fully understood when compared with budgets and/or the corresponding amounts für preceding
periods. Accordingly, individual properties should modify the format of these statements to meet
their needs ~nd requirements. For example, properties may find it useful to expand this ~asic ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The usefulness these tools of is predicatedon a commonality of definition and understanding.The
various ratios and statisticsthat canbedeveloped and be useful arenumerous.The intent of this
sectionis to provide a consistent,uniform definition of basiclodging industry ratlosand statistics. This
sectionincludes only thoseratlos and statisticsthat are in widespreadgeneralusewithin the industry. It
is not intended to be a complete listing and definition of all possiblerelevant ratlos and statistics.
RATIO: ANALYSIS
Finandal statements issued by lodging properties contain a considerable amount of information. A
thorough analysis oEthis information requires more than simply reading the reported figures and
facts. Users of finandal statementsneed to be ahle to interpret the figures and facts, and make them
yield information that reveals aspects of the property 's financial situation or operation that could
otherwise go unnoticed. This is accomplished through ratio analysis, which compares related facts
reported on finandal statements: A ratio gives mathematical expression to a relationship between
two figures, and is calculated by dividing one figure by the other. Although ratios are critical to any
finandal analysis, they are only indicators and, as indicators, they are meaningful only when
compared to useful criteria. Useful criteria with which to compare the

Fixed and Variable Costs
Health services managers are essentially interested in how costs are affected by changes in volume.
Cost behavior refers to a cost 's reactions to activity level. A cost may rise, fall, or remain constant
as activity levels fluctuate. We can classify several types of costs on the basis of their relationship to
the amount of services provided, often referred to as activity, utilization, or volume (Gapenski,
2012). When dealing with the future there is a level of uncertainty of volume with regard to
inpatient days, number of emergency visits, number of unforeseen complications, number of
additional unaccounted for testing procedures and so on. The many costs incurred by the healthcare
organization can be classified as variable, fixed, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Variable costs apply at a per unit basis, only the behavior of the variable per unit cost is different.
For example, if supplies for a one lab test cost $10, the variable cost per test remains constant.
Although the cost of the test remains the same, the total costs associated with the test will increase
or decrease in relation with the volume of tests at the hospital. Cost behavior refers to the
relationship between a given cost item and the quantity of it 's related cost driver. It explains how the
total amount for various costs respond to changes in volume. When volume is zero, variable costs
equal zero. If there are no lab tests being performed, there are no variable costs incurred. Fixed costs
on the other hand do not change in response to a change in volume. The monthly cost to rent a clinic
would stay constant whether they had 50 or 100 lab tests, because that is a fixed cost.
Cost Allocation Cost allocation is essentially a pricing process within the organization whereby
managers allocate the costs of one department to other departments. Typically, the overhead costs of
the healthcare business, such as those incurred by administrators, facilities management personnel,
financial staff, housekeeping and maintenance personnel, must be allocated to those departments
that generate revenues for the organization. Departments that generate revenues are generally patient
services (Gapenski,

Transportation And Warehouse Management Essay
Transportation and Warehouse Management
SUMMARY
The report is on how transportation and warehouse management plays a vital role in the supply
chain, different modes of transports that involve in the freight movement from one location to
another. The amount of time to deliver a product to customers will show the effect on company's
future, so the company has to follow some steps to have a better mode of transportation for less cost
and delivery time. The primary objective of this project is to show how the transportation and
warehouse management systems are used to overcome the problems that are faced in transportation
and storage quickly and some of the key elements in WMS and TMS.
Transportation management:
Globalization has increased the importance and role of transportation in supply chain management.
Transportation plays a vital role in increasing the Gross Domestic product. It involves the movement
of the manufactured product from one location to the another location or the customer safely.
Transportation plays a vital role in the supply chain because the probability of using the produced
product on the same site is almost negligible. Now, transportation is one of the primary factors
which can affect the economy of the company when it is not efficient, safe and reliable. Delivering
the products on time directly to the customers has been increasing significantly in these recent years
which can be accomplished only with transportation management, resulting

Nt1310 Unit 1 Data Storage System
Equation ref{e.cost2} depends on distribution of the data as well. Let $T_{cap}$ be the total
capacity of disk in a node and $T_{used}$ be the total used space. Therefore the ideal storage on
each volume/disk should be $I_{storage} = T_{cap} / T_{used}$. The volume of data density is
difference between ideal storage and current DFS used ratio, in other words volume data density for
one node is $DD_{volume} = I_{storage} – dfsUsedRatio$, where $DD_{volume}$ is volume of
data density. A positive value of $DD_{volume}$ indicates that disk is under utilized and a negative
indicates that disk is over–utilized. Now the we can calculate data distribution around the data
center. This is done by computing nodes with maximum skew from $I_{storage}$ values, for that
we sum all the absolute values of $DD_{volume}$. The node data density is calculated as:
$node_{DD}= sum_{d_{i}epsilon DD_{volume}(I)} left | d_{i} right |$ cite{jiraissue1312},
where $node_{DD}$ is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The larger blocks offer several advantages over smaller blocks. It reduces the number of interactions
with NameNode and also reduces a size of metadata that needs to be stored in the NameNode. It
reduces extra network overheads by keeping a persistent TCP connection to the DataNode. In Figure
ref{fig.executionTime}, the execution time for writing and deleting the larger blocks is almost
similar to the smaller blocks. However, HDFS blocks are larger in comparison to disk blocks, in
order to minimize the cost of seeks. Thus, in our case, all the interaction of deletion is done through
a checkerNode. The checkerNode sends the delete command, and rest is handled by overwriting
daemon in each nodes. The overwrite daemon read the metadata from inodes, it does not need to
make a connection with NameNode or checkerNode. Thus, it reduces the extra network overhead
and boost the performance of deletion

Case Study On GBL
1. As David Ganong, what is your analysis of the situation?
Background–The confectionery industry in Canada
The confectionery industry was divided into four major product lines such as sugar confectionery,
chocolates, cocoa–based products, and chewing gums. Most Canadian confectionary goods were
produced in Ontario. There were four major multinational chocolate bar companies and Canada was
one of them which means it was quite competitive. I am going to use PESTEL analysis of GBL's
situation.
Political
Free trade is an issue facing confectionery firms in the late 1980s. Prior to free trade, Canadian firms
had protection from confectioneries coming into the country. Some of the product lines had tariffs as
high as 15 percent and Canadian firms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Strong commitment to the community and the employees
 Innovation: GBL has continuously created new products such as chicken bone
 Leadership: GBL has been able to place strategic leadership–it was Canadian competitive
 Investment on manufacturing capabilities: GBL has been able to invest in new technology such as
seasonal product lines
Weakness
 Poor location: GBL is located far way from its major market. It may lead to high transportation
costs and delivered products inefficiency
 Lack of economies of scale: GBL has so many independent lines which is hard to achieve
economies of scale
 Increased fixed cost: the factory was operating at 50 percent of capacity, and none of the
individual product lines was pushing its capacity limits
 Strong player in boxed chocolate but fringe player in other product line such as fruit snacks,
chocolate bars, etc
 Experienced a direct profit loss from the U.S. drive
 GBL was not North American competitive
 GBL was too small due to lack of crucial mass, R&D capabilities, financial capability, and
managerial capabilities. GBL is not big enough to compete in the world of global giants

STR 581 Final Exam Set 4 / 100% correct answers Essay
STR 581 Final Exam Set 4 / 100% correct answers
http://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/str–581–final–exam–set–4–100–correct–answers
1) Total customer satisfaction is the general feeling of pleasure or disappointment that results from
comparing perceived performance to expectations. To achieve total customer satisfaction,
organizations need to_____________.
A. Lower prices
B. Spend more money
C. Lower expectations
D. Develop marketing campaigns
E. Manage customer experiences
2) ________ consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and
distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers.
A. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And ________.
A. sample supervisor–who will lead the sampling effort?
B. sampling procedure–how should the respondents be chosen?
C. surveyor skill–who will do the surveying?
D. sample security–how to protect the sample data?
E. sample cost–how much does sampling cost?
13) A marketing manager needs to know the cost of the research project before approving it. During

which step in the marketing research process would such a consideration most likely take place?
A. Step 3–information collection
B. Step 2–develop the research plan.
C. Step 1–creating decision alternatives.
D. Step 1–drafting the research objectives.
E. Step 1–defining the problem.
14) To reach Generation Y, rock band Foo Fighters created a digital street team that sends targeted
e–mail messages to members who "get the latest news, exclusive audio/video sneak previews, tons
of chances to win great Foo Fighters prizes, and become part of the Foo Fighters Family." Which of
the following techniques for reaching Generation Y are the Foo Fighters using?
A. Online buzz
B. Computer games
C. Unconventional sports
D. Cool events
E. Student ambassadors
15) A company can add new products through acquisition or development. The acquisition route can
take three forms. The company can buy other companies, it can acquire patents from

Difference Between Variable Cost And Fixed Cost
Fixed Costs: Fixed costs are the costs that are independent of the amount of goods or services
produced by the business. For example rent, salaries.
For fixed costs, you have to pay them even if you do nothing.
Variable Costs: A variable cost can vary in relation to the amount of business activities. For example
raw material, energy usage, labour, logistics, etc.
Marginal Costs: It can be defined as the additional cost (increase or decrease) to total production
cost from producing one additional unit of good or service.
Marginal Revenue: It is the additional revenue that can be generated by selling one additional unit of
goods or services. In microeconomic theory, when marginal cost (MC) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Results are compared to its competitors in the same industry in order to be interpreted.
Revenue per Employee: Revenue % Number of Employees
Current Ratio: Current ratio measures if a company has enough resources to meet its short–term
obligations. It shows the proportion of current assets in relation to its current liabilities. The higher
the ratio, the more liquid the company is. The ideal current ratio is 2 for most enterprises. 1.5 is also
an acceptable ratio. Current ratio being under 1 indicates that company is having difficulties and
unable to meet its liabilities, making the company "illiquid".
Try to keep your current ratio above 1.5, otherwise you'll go down fast.
Quick Ratio: It is a liquidity ratio that measures how quick a company can pay its liabilities. It
differs from Current Ratio because in quick ratio, inventory is excluded from current assets. The
reason why is that the inventory may not sell out so fast. So quick ratio quickly captures if your
company has enough liquidity, which is frequently used by banks, creditors, investors. Ideal ratio
would be 1:1 or

Volkswagen Case Study
Being the second largest car manufacturer in the world, Volkswagen really dug themselves a deep
hole. According to Bocconi Students Investment Club, "The company was discovered cheating on
the emission tests by installing software that limits the harmful fumes produces but only while the
vehicle is being tested. Once on the road, the company's vehicles' emission levels exceed the norm
by 10–40 times." While reading the "Bocconi Students Investment Club" that you have provided for
us, it goes in depth about how this scandal was suppose to help Volkswagen become the first car
manufacturer in the world. Volkswagen ethically broke the law by installing these software systems
in their vehicles that lower the NOx levels in the engine of their vehicles ranging from 2009–2015.
According to BSIC, "At the core of this scandal are the so–called "defeat devices" installed by
Volkswagen on some 11 million cars worldwide. At the moment legal charges have been brought up
on roughly 482,000 diesel vehicles operating in the US under VW and Audi badges." This
investigation started to occur in 2015. According to BSIC "When the software dented that it was
being tested, it would change to an alternate engine configuration, lowering toxic NOx levels in
exchange for a drop in performance and fuel economy." Since this discussion about what
Volkswagen did, they have lost a lot of their business. Consumers are not going to want to buy
vehicles from this company any more because of how much money it would cost them to get their
car fixed. This dispute has hurt a lot of people in the process. For an example, it is hurting the
consumers because they have to get their vehicle fixed, the company itself because they are under
lawsuits and potential fines. According to BSIC "The serious implications for the firm are expected
to not only include costs arising from fines, lawsuits and recall costs, but also criminal and civil
chargers pursued against individuals directly responsible for the incident." By having all of these
lawsuits and recall costs it is going to cost Volkswagen a lot of money in the long run. According to
BSIC "Under the threat of a 18 billion potential fine, the negative reaction of the market has been
rapid with the VW

Starbucks Fixed Cost
In regards to the company Starbucks, their cost of production includes the cost of coffee beans, milk,
plastic products, advertising, rent and labor. When thinking about the high price of Starbucks coffee
customers should consider the cost of what goes into the coffee, Howard Schultz said "I am
concerned about dairy, both domestically and around the world, and we are working feverishly with
our suppliers, (and to) identify new suppliers (Thomnson, R. 2014). When it comes to the price of
coffee, "prices recently hit a two–year high due to crop–damaging drought in Brazil, the top
producer" (Thomnson, R. 2014). This has a huge impact on the price consumers pay for their coffee.
The determinants of Starbucks profitability over time are variable costs and fixed costs. "A variable
cost is a cost that change in direct proportion to a change in the level of activity" (Pearson, 2016) .
Variable costs for Starbucks would include labor, coffee beans, dairy, and plastic products. A fixed
cost is indirect costs of business expenses that remain unchanged (Pearson, 2016). Fixed costs for
Starbucks include rent, taxes, and insurance as well as advertising. In the figure below (fig 1) we
have Starbucks financial data in millions for the year of 2015. This figure includes their operating
expenses, net revenues, such as company–operated stores, licensed stores, CPG, food service. It also
includes their total net revenues and their balance sheet. As we can see "Operating costs dropped in
the

Total Fixed Costs
The product my business has chose to produce is water bottles. After some research it can be said
that the typical production cost of one water bottle unit is $20. Total fixed costs for my company
including rent and utilities are $4000 per month. Given these numbers a linear cost function for my
product can be constructed; C(x) = 20x + 4000. In this equation x represents water bottles produced
each month at a price of $20 along with $4000 of total fixed costs. An estimated total cost per month
can then be determined of $120,000 looking at what the company can afford. Using the cost
function C(x), we can plug in 120,000 to then determine the number of water bottles produced each
month, which will be x. The beginning equation is C(120000) = 20x + 4000, begin by subtracting
4000 from each side leaving us with 116000 = 20x then divide both sides of the equation by 20 to
get a final answer of x = 5800. This is the number of bottles produced each month. Given the price
demand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To solve the equation, you plug 3000 in for x and get p(price) = 120. Yes, the unit price of $120 may
seem high but because production decreased by almost half and we kept revenue the same the
increase in unit price was justified. A function for the elasticity of demand would have to follow the
equation E(p) = –pf'(p)/f(p). The predetermined function for f(p) = 12000–75p and taking the
derivative f'(p) = –75, these can be plugged into the elasticity demand function to get E(p) =
75p/12000–75p. Using the unit price of $120 for p elasticity of demand comes out to be 3. Since 3 is
greater than 1 the unit elasticity at this price is elastic. Based on this finding increasing this price
would make revenue less productive and so we should keep the price of the water bottles lower to be
able to produce more; however, it would make sense to increase

Enviroment of Business
ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
ASSIGNMENT
Describe 6 Forces that Operation
Managers go for or look out for in the Environment of their Businesses or Organizations.
There are many forces that Operations managers go for or look for in their business environments.
They Include:
1. Threat of New Entrants –
The easier it is for new companies to enter the industry, the more cut–throat competition there will
be. Factors that can limit the threat of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. Some examples
include:
Existing loyalty to major brands
Incentives for using a particular buyer (such as frequent shopper programs)
High fixed costs
Scarcity of resources
Government restrictions or legislation
Entry protection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Are there existing technological hubs that you could work with or learn from?
Are there any other technological factors that you should consider
3. Power of Suppliers
This is how much pressure suppliers can place on a business. If one supplier has a large enough
impact to affect a company's margins and volumes, then they hold substantial power. Here are a few
reasons that suppliers might have power:
There are very few suppliers of a particular product
There are no substitutes
The product is extremely important to the buyer, they cannot do without it
The supplying industry has a higher profitability than the buying industry
Supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs
Degree of differentiation of inputs
Presence of substitute inputs
Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio
Threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms

Cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product
4. Power of Buyers/ Customers
This is how much pressure customers can place on a business. If one customer has a large enough
impact to affect a company's margins and volumes, then they hold substantial power. Here are a few
reasons that customers might have power
Small number of buyers
Purchases of large volumes
Switching to another (competitive) product is simple
The product is not extremely important to the buyer, they can do without it for a period of time.
Customers

Fixed Costs Associated With Conducting Business As Joints...
Operating costs are expenses supplementary with the operations, maintenance and administration of
a business on a daily basis. The operating cost is a component of operating income and is
customarily included on a company's income statement. A business's operating costs consist of f two
core constituents, fixed costs and variable costs. A fixed cost does not change with an increase or
decrease in sales or productivity and must be paid regardless of the company's activity or
performance (Lowengrub, 2016). A variable costs changes in direct proportion to the change in
production. If production increases, those costs are variable and linked to the change in production.
Fixed costs associated with conducting business as Joints Ortho includes, amortization, the
mortgage payment of $951,485.31 a year, equipment costs of 3,000,000.00 for the year, interest
expense for loaned money, property taxes, employee salary and wages, since it is not commission
based is considered fixed and depreciation costs of equipment and building. Other Fixed costs the
company would incur would include insurances, such as workman's comp, business insurance and
employee's health insurance and utilities. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mixed costs consist of a fixed component and a variable component. Understanding the mix of these
essentials of a cost, one can predict how costs will change with different levels of activity. As the
level of usage of a mixed cost item increases, the fixed component of the cost will not change, while
the variable cost component will

What Are The Fixed Costs Associated With Operating An...
After reading Chapter 8 in the text and viewing the Fixed, Variable, and Marginal Cost the video,
address the following in your initial post:
First, describe several different fixed costs and variable costs associated with operating an
automobile.
From viewing the Fixed, Variable and Marginal Cost video, the several fixed costs associated with
operating an automobile is interest on the bank or car notes, payment loans, insurance, taxes,
license, registration, and depreciation. Seeing that fixed costs are defined by our textbook as short–
run expenses that will remain constant and cannot be avoided or changed in the short run (Amacher
& Pate (2013)). In this case, an owner of operating an automobile in effect will become subject to
fixed costs anyway to parking its vehicle in their garage or never drives the vehicle. Furthermore,
the several variable costs associated with operating an automobile is the gasoline costs, maintenance
costs, and depreciation. Given that in our textbook, variable costs are will increase as more output is
produced due to additional variable inputs being required as production increases (Amacher & Pate
(2013)). In other words, an owner will change the care of operating an automobile based on how
much driving or not driving the vehicle over time. Overall, an owner of operating an automobile will
be faced with several different fixed costs and variable on a regular.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which costs would you take into account in making your decision, fixed costs, variable costs or
both? Make sure to explain your analysis in the decision that you have to

A Comparative Study Among The Shorest Path Algorithmss
documentclass[a4paper, 12pt, notitlepage]{report} usepackage{amsfonts} % if you want
blackboard bold symbols e.g. for real numbers usepackage{graphicx} % if you want to include jpeg
or pdf pictures title{A comparative study among the shorest path algorithms} % change this
author{Md.Toukir Ahmed Roll: 143085Khondakar FahadRoll:143092} % change this
date{today} % change this begin{document} %%%%%%%%%% PRELIMINARY MATERIAL
%%%%%%%%%% maketitle begin{center} A Technical writing and presentation lab of 0.75
credit points at semester 5. % change this [12pt] Signeddotfill Datedotfill end{center}
thispagestyle{empty} newpage % section{abstract} In a graph theory the shortest path problem is
a of finding a minimum path ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the size of the graphs is increasing exponentially, many direct processes become more
demanding. For example, LinkedIn–a well–known website for professional networking–that tries to
connect professionals together worldwide. If a person is trying to get in touch with someone from
the human resource department in a company by using LinkedIn, what the website does is try to find
the shortest path to reach that person in that specific company, starting from his connections and
moving on to friends of friend to reach the desired personal in the specified company. Similarly, this
application of the shortest path can be used over and over in different scenarios, for example,
finding routes from one point to another point in GPS navigation system. In many cases, when
finding the shortest path, in a selected graph that consists of millions of nodes and edges the
measurability and accuracy becomes more complex to measure, the shortest path query must
respond to the request as fast as possible with high accuracy. Although the graph may comprise of a
lot of nodes and edges but the shortest path must be calculated fast, as an example in car navigation
(GPS) an alternative route could be used [1] to provide the driver with a driving route to the
requested destination in a given situation the driver would prefer a quick response that is

Yardbird Analysis
Yardbird, a short story that was released in 2012 directed by Micheal Spiccia which is his only
public work. This short film is a very interesting piece that has small parts of horror entwined into a
supernatural/fantasy theme that is set in what can be perceived as reality.There are many different
themes that can be found within this short, like with power comes responsibility, but the one I find
most interesting is "You can't fix everything". "You can't fix everything" was first said by her
fatherly figure when Ruby is going to bed while look at what seems to be an old photo of some kind,
you can speculate that it was something to do with her mother or maybe even some old relatives
however there is no hard evidence of what the photo contains, all we can believe is that it has to do
with her directly. The reason we know that it has to do with her directly is because she is a young
girl who is living alone with her fatherly figure gets told by her fatherly figure that "you can't fix
everything", and he says this with a sour tone, as if he is affected and he is just trying to console
himself. Going on the idea that the photo was an old photo of Ruby and her family which was
broken for any reason, the line "you can't fix everything" fits perfectly because of what the dialogue
and the prop could be conveying which is that nobody has the power to fix everything. In this scene,
the director is further developing the idea of, when some things break they can never be fixed In

Trowel Melt
If you want to fix the cracks in your asphalt driver just like the professionals do, you'll need to
purchase a few tools and set aside a day to fix your driveway. It will take some time and a small
investment in the right tools, but you will save on labor costs and you'll have the tools you need on
hand the next time your driveway needs fixed.
The Supplies & Equipment
In order to patch your asphalt driveway like a professional, you'll need to purchase melt–in filler.
Melt–in asphalt filler will not shrink after it is applied and will not cause additional cracks. This is a
construction grade product. Stay away from squeeze bottles and caulk style fillers; most of these
types of products are easy to apply, but shrink over time and cause the cracks you just fixed to
appear again quickly.
You are also going to need a trowel patch for this project as well as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If it doesn't melt, turn up the torch just a little bit, and continue with the sweeping motion until it
starts to melt. The filler will go from looking like a white–ish substance to the black color you
associate with asphalt. It may put off a little heat, but should not smoke excessively or smell like it
is burning. If it does, you need to turn down your torch or hold it a couple of inches further back.
Cover It With A Trowel Patch
Finally, after the crack has cooled off for at least half an hour, you can apply the trowel patch to the
crack. You'll want to lay down a small amount of towel patch material and use the trowel to even
and smooth it out. This will ensure that the crack is completely filled and even.
The length of time this project will take depends on how many cracks you have in your driveway. If
you only have one crack, you should be able to complete this entire process in a couple of hours. If
you have multiple long cracks, you may need to dedicate an entire day to fixing your

Analysis Of Foxy 's U.s. Expansion Essay
Our report examined Foxy's U.S. expansion, which is occurring due to oversaturation in Canada,
and whether it should be executed by use of a trade show distribution strategy with high fixed costs,
or a sales representative distribution strategy with low fixed costs.
With trade shows, the two founders will be able to show their own energy and passion for their
work, while networking with relevant American industry leaders. However, they would be
competing for attention with thousands of other booths, making it essential to capture the attention
of retailers. Furthermore, the time commitment to trade shows could dilute the attention they pay to
their Canadian Foxy brand. Sales representatives would have an easier time entering the market
which could lead to quicker profits. While it would initially be less of a time commitment to hire
sales representatives, it would remain an ongoing commitment to monitor the representatives and
find new representatives if necessary. The high fixed cost nature of trade shows will make it more
difficult for Foxy to break even. However, this will ensure a higher contribution margin which could
leads to larger profits after breaking even. This, combatted with a wider variation of potential orders,
leads to an unpredictable operating income that could easily exceed Foxy's goals or miss it by a lot.
This strategy would involve a higher operating leverage, which would enable Foxy to see a larger
increase in profit as sales increase. Conversely, the

Total Cost Is Variable Cost And Fixed Cost
a. Total Cost :Total cost is variable cost and fixed cost combined. Variable cost is that cost which is
unsettled in nature and is straight correlated with the units of manufacture. If the company produce
more the variable cost will go high and if they produce less than the variable cost will be
respectively low. Fixed cost is always fixed in nature. Always it is fixed for a year or two and it will
change at the longer run. In the short run, fixed cost is constant in nature and it is not related to the
number of units of production. (Samuel. L 2000). TC = FC + VC Short run influence on total cost 
Help the company to determine the materials, labour cost and other variable overheads.  Fixed
cost could be fixed for particular time period. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Average cost is different from the price, and depends on the contact with demand through elasticity
of demand and elasticity of supply. In cases of perfect competition, price may be lesser than average
cost due to marginal cost pricing. In the short–run increase its level of output with the same fixed
plant; the economies of that scale of production change into diseconomies and the average cost then
begins to increasebrusquely. Average cost curve is a "U" shaped curve in short term (Campbell
2012). Short run influence on average cost  Help the company to decide the average cost of the
product and the company could fix the overall profit and sales value of the product.  Diminishing
Returns influence the Average cost: There is an opposite relationship between returns of inputs and
the cost of production. Diminishing marginal returns imply increasing marginal costs and rising
average costs. c)Marginal Cost: The marginal cost of an extra unit of output is the cost of the
additional inputs essential to produce that output. The marginal cost is the derivative of total
production costs with respect to the level of output. Short run influence on marginal

An Analysis Of Louise Erdrich 's ' The Red Convertible '
Mailk Sims Often times, an inanimate object can be as important and sometimes more important
than the characters of the story. In Louise Erdrich 's "The Red Convertible," the car played the same
important role as the characters did, but for different reasons. Two brothers, Lyman and Henry, had
very little in common other than their blood. One day they decided to catch a ride to Winnipeg. The
car was introduced while these two were doing some sightseeing in the city. They spotted the red
Oldsmobile convertible. Lyman, the storyteller, almost made the car a living thing when he said,
"There it was, parked, large as life. Really as if it were alive." (461) The brothers used all of the
money they had, less some change for gas to get home, to buy the car. The car 's significance was
the bond that it created between the brothers. The purchase of the vehicle brought these two together
with a common interest: the car. Once the bond was formed, the brothers became inseparable, at
least for a while. The boys spent the whole summer in the car. They explored new places; met new
people and furthered the bond that the car had created. When they returned from their trip, Henry
was sent to war. He left the car with Lyman. While Henry was gone, Lyman spent his time
pampering and fixing the car. Lyman saw the car as an extension of Henry. Lyman used the car to
maintain an emotional bond with his brother who was thousands of miles away. During the war,
Henry was taken P.O.W. and spent time

Business Analysis : Sabmiller Plc
2. Business analysis
2.1 Business description
SABMiller plc is one of the largest brewing companies in the world, which specializes in production
and delivery of beers and carbonated soft drinks. This multinational corporation operates in five
regions including Latin America, Africa, Europe, North America and Asia Pacific. It was founded in
1895 in South African and is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom.
SABMiller pays attention to shareholder value creation and aim to provide superior shareholder
return. Besides, like Heineken and AB InBev, SABMiller wants to drive topline growth through the
existing brands in the future and it requires investment in marketing. Minimalizing the cost of
materials and reducing the waste and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The merger between Anheuser–Busch and InBev in 2008 and Heineken 's acquisition of Asia Pacific
Breweries in 2012 are evidences for this. The number of huge beer companies has been narrowed
down by M&A. As a result of such trend, the potential profitability of existing brewers may be
improved by increasing industry concentration.
The second trend is that beer has become increasingly globalized in the past few decades. Drinks are
originated in one country and then produced and sold all over the world. The process of
globalization of beer has significantly accelerated during this period with the increased tendency of
multi–national beer enterprises acquiring existing beer companies and constructing new breweries in
emerging markets and licensing production of their brands outside their home countries (Boesler,
n.d.).
These industry tendencies combined with the nature of the overall beer market present a number of
opportunities for major companies who have already gain a large amount of market shares such as
SABMiller. However, the analysis of Porter's five forces indicates a low industry ROE level.
Data source: group estimate
As shown in Figure 1, although entry barriers are considerably low for the craft beer segmentation,
barriers are high for the companies who want to become major brewers. Therefore, taking the
intense rivalry in the brewer industry into account, there is a certain degree of price competition
among different

Business Accounting For Non Specialists
THE UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS: ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
AB51022: BUSINESS ACCOUNTING FOR NON–SPECIALISTS
ASSESSED COURSEWORK
Essay subject:
"Costs may be classified in a variety of ways, depending on their nature and the information needs
of management. The analysis of total costs into its behaviour elements is essential for effective cost
and management accounting"
Theodorou Ilias
140022413
MSc International Business and Finance
In every industry or company they key factor for the management are the costs. They are measured,
analyzed and reported financially and non–financially. These information are provided for both
management and financial accounting. Costs are classified in a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Weetman, 2011, p. 457). On the other hand, variable cost are the costs that in total vary in direct
proportion to changes in an activity driver (Hansen & Mowen, 2009, p. 67). Therefore, variable
costs are these which is taken in consideration for decision making. For instance, in health care the
cost are divided in three categories (Health Service Costs, Costs borne by patients and their families
and External costs borne by the rest of the society (Robinson, 1993). Health Service Costs includes
costs that can be divided in fixed costs which remain the same whatever the level of activity
(heating, lighting) and variable costs which differ according the level of activity (staff time).
Additionally, an Environmental Management Accounting framework was applied, at the end of the
year 2000, for the Mackenzie Paper Division paper mill. This company collects monthly data on
costs and this figures are includes into the annual report. Costs are classified to variable like fibre,
chemicals, electricity and other energy and to fixed costs, such as salaries, maintenance supplies,
clothing, operating supplies and other expenses (Gale, 2006).
The second type of classification is direct costs and indirect costs and it depends on costs traceable.
Direct costs or manufacturing costs are these which are associated with the manufacture of a good.
They are divided in direct materials, direct

Fixed vs. Variable Costs: Apple iPhone 5
Fixed versus variable costs: Apple iPhone 5
All costs can be divided into two basic categories: fixed costs and variable costs. "Fixed costs are
costs that are independent of output" and the company cannot alter these costs, no matter what the
demand for the product (Variable cost and fixed costs, 2012, Economics Fundamental Finance).
"These remain constant throughout the relevant range and are usually considered sunk for the
relevant range (not relevant to output decisions). Fixed costs often include rent, buildings,
machinery, etc." (Variable cost and fixed costs, 2012, Economics Fundamental Finance). In the case
of Apple, such fixed costs might include the costs of subcontracting with manufacturers to make the
iPhone 5 as well as the costs to keep Apple's own facilities running while engineers troubleshoot the
new product. There is limit to how much a company can alter its fixed costs, although fixed costs
usually do not increase dramatically in the short term, either. In the long term, of course, Apple can
renegotiate its contract with the companies with whom it outsources; find cheaper places or methods
to manufacture the iPhone, etcetera. But the key aspect of fixed costs is that regardless of how many
iPhones it chooses to manufacture, Apple cannot alter those costs very much over the course of the
initial phases of production.
Factors which affect fixed costs include the availability of outsourcing, which Apple has famously
(some would say infamously) capitalized

Difference Between Fixed And Fixed Cost

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Difference Between Fixed And Fixed Cost