Ancient China's Role In Forensic Toxicology

The Role Of Forensic Toxicology On Ancient China
Forensic science has been around for centuries, although not in the form we are familiar with today. Throughout history, we see use of forensic
toxicology in ancient Greece poisoning deaths and the use of fingerprinting as identification in ancient China. We can look back and see the
development of a system used by French police in the 1870's called anthropometry. This system, developed by Alphonse Bertillon, used a person's
physical measurements at the time of arrest as a way to identify them in future crimes. As science evolved in society, so did the area of forensics
and the techniques used in identifying suspects and reconstructing crime scenes. It wasn't until 1984 that DNA was used as a form of identification.
Since its inception, DNA has become a focal point for jurors and many cases are not even tried in court due to lack of DNA evidence. Over the past
32 years that DNA identification has been implemented, many mistakes have been made in the collecting and handling processes of this delicate
evidence. One of the most publicized cases in which the forensic protocols were completely lacking or even disregarded was the double homicide of
Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman in which Orenthal J. Simpson was tried and acquitted. The OJ Simpson case became a what–not–to–do in crime
scene processing. Because the use of DNA in crime scenes was in its infancy, many of the stringent protocols followed today did not exist. Since the
science was in its early stages, many
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Chain Of Custody Issues In Oj Simpson Cases
Maintaining a chain of custody on evidence is essential to preserve the integrity of the evidence. When the chain of custody is broken, the evidence
becomes unreliable. Without reliable evidence, a person who commits a crime can't be convicted. Chain of custody issues appear in many cases. One
such case, is OJ Simpson's murder case (People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson). He was trained in 1994 for the murders of
Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. According to "Forensics at the OJ Simson Trial," written by theCrime Museum, the evidence that
incriminated Mr. Simson was mishandled throughout the investigation. It was assumed that 1.5mL of Mr. Simpson's blood was missing from a vial of
evidence.

The Importance of Collection, Custody and Preservation of...
The collection, custody and preservation of forensic evidence is a vital aspect of evidence integrity, without proper adherence to these procedures,
crucial evidence that could potentially have great impact on a court case could be rendered useless. In the case of criminal proceedings, a skilled
defence lawyer will look to scrutinise every step taken by forensic practitioners' involved within the case in regards to the continuity of the evidence, in
doing this they attempt to undermine the practitioner's ability to properly carry out strict evidence collection, protection and preservation procedures
and also look to find fault in the techniques they used to carry out these procedures.
Collection of evidence is usually a term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power to take forensic samples is designated under the Crimes (Forensic Procedures) Act 2000 (NSW), Anderson (2008) states that the "police
may conduct a "forensic procedure" to obtain a body sample for DNA analysis, only if you have been suspected of having committed an indictable
offence" it is also possible to volunteer in order to establish your innocence. If any procedure is incorrectly or illegally carried out, valuable evidence
collected could be found inadmissible by the courts when the case goes to trial, this could potentially ruin years of police investigation.
This was illustrated in the U.S case Michigan v. Tyler et al (1978) 436 U.S. 499 in which two business partners where convicted of conspiracy to burn
real property by a Michigan trial court, the two appealed the decision to the supreme court and won, the court had agreed that various pieces of physical
evidence and testimony, where all obtained through unconsented and multiple warrantless entries by police and fire officials onto the burned premises.
The court held that the warrantless searches where unconstitutional and therefore the evidence obtained was inadmissible, under the U.S Fourth
Amendment. Similar rules are applicable in Australia and are guided by the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002

Evidence Collection Process
Some individuals do not trust the evidence collection process and may feel that law enforcement professions may often manipulate evidence to get
their desired results for a trial or conviction. The evidence goes through safeguards to help prevent the evidence from being manipulated, but there are
opportunities to manipulate evidence or to alter the evidence in the collection process to benefit an individual's agenda during the trial process. I will
identify some areas where a corrupt investigator would be able to alter evidence.
Crime scenes are searched in order to find and collect evidence and clues. First, the investigator must insure that the scene is secure and protected.
Next, the investigator must plan their search and determine the number of personnel and equipment that will be needed. It is important to remember
not to begin searching until the scene has been documented through notes, photography, and sketching. The normal procedure in planning a crime
scene search is for the lead investigator or search leader to survey the crime scene by doing a walk through and assign subordinate workers to tasks.
There are several factors to consider in the planning process. The factors are the location of the crime, the type of crime and evidence sought, where
evidence is most likely to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also affect how a case is explained through witness testimonies and evidence in the trial process. The rules of evidence show the amount of
evidence that is required to provide proof of a criminal case. The collection of evidence and information at the scene of the crime needs to focus on
forming the elements to the crime being investigated and proving the crime at a criminal trial. The law of evidence guides the crime scene
investigative process. The rules of evidence affect how crime scenes are investigated and how a criminal case is presented through the criminal trial
process (Buckles,

Implementation Of The Investigation And Completion Date
To ensure that AMS receives a timeframe for the steps of the investigation and estimated completion date, a projection of the plan is needed in the
forensic plan. As a result, the forensic plan for AMS includes a projection on what needs to be collected, time for each task, and the risks and
challenges of the investigation.
a.The steps and dependencies in your investigation?
The review will follow the four phase forensic process as shown in Figure 2; which will provide the projected steps and dependencies of the
investigation. The first step will involve the collection phase, which is dependent on the media. The second step is the examination phase, which is
dependent on the data that was collected. The third step is the analysis phase, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Computer Evidence Recovery (2015), these phases can take from 7 to 14 days per hard drive to complete.
Finally, DFI will provide AMS with a final report of its findings. It is imperative that this report is written in a clear and concise manner for AMS
management, and is based on relevant facts. As a result, this report will be delivered to AMS 30 days after the last examination/analysis is completed.
Additionally, it is necessary for the lead investigator and AMS management to review the final report and answer any questions.
c.Potential risks and challenges to the investigation and how they should be handled?
The potential risks and challenges to the investigation is the fact that AMS wants the investigation to be conducted clandestinely. This risks the loss of
digital evidence because the digital forensic investigator may not preserve the sources of the collected data to remain covert. Additionally, the
possibility exists that the suspects in marketing or accounts receivable become suspicious and begin to destroy evidence.
DFI advises AMS management to allow the lead investigator the option to openly notify employees of the investigation if the need arises. This would
provide the lead investigator with the ability to remove employees from marketing and account receivable from their workstations to preserve the
devices and safeguard the digital evidence.
3.Determine how you will determine who is involved.
Involvement will be deduced

Forensic Anthropology Research Paper
Forensic anthropology, is it effective to have during a disaster? Can we really gain knowledge about the dead relying on a forensic anthropologist? We
will review disaster anthropology, standards of evidence, and balancing act.
First, lets take a look at evidence anthropology. Anthropologists help many people during a disaster by gathering evidence. For example they assist
funeral directors, medical examiners, pathologists, forensic odontologists just to name a few. Their goal is to identify the victims of disasters to assist
in court, medical examiners, and families. They are need to actually record and document each scene. This is not all the examples of evidence
anthropology.
Secondly, we will review the standard of evidence. The evidence

Evidence Tracking
Evidence Tracking
Properly handling evidence is critical to crime solving, improper deviations to the handling can make it impossible to prosecute using the evidence
collected. This paper will outline will track the evidence from a chosen crime scene through all the proper handling processes. This paper will describe
the chosen crime scene scenario, describe the collected evidence and proper collection, recording of the evidence, chain of evidence, processing,
interpretation methods, preservation of the evidence, proper presentation methods for different types of evidence, and the consequences of mishandling
the evidence collected.
The Crime and Processing Protocols
The chosen crime scene scenario is a sexual assault; the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wet evidence should be air–dried to prevent molding. Packages must be sealed with evidence tape, not staples; someone could cut themselves on the
staples and contaminate the evidence (National Institute of Justice, n.d.). Evidence can be lost be storing it in the wrong materials or exposed to too
much light, heat, or bacteria (Osterburg & Ward, 2010). Evidence should only be stored in clean and leak–proof containers and kept in a cool place.
Evidence should be delivered to an evidence facility as soon as possible (Osterburg & Ward, 2010). Keeping evidence too long can be harmful for
prosecution (Osterburg & Ward, 2010).
Chain of Evidence
According to the National Institute of Justice, the fewer people handling the evidence, the better; there is less chance of contamination and a shorter
chain of custody for court admissibility hearings (n.d.). The chain of custody of the evidence should include a list of all persons who have had
physical possession of the evidence as well as the time period they carried the evidence, starting with the responding officer who was in charge up to
this point. The evidence should be tracked from the responding officer's hands or medical examiner, whoever recovers the evidence, to the processing
and examination and preservation, to the presentation in court.
Recording Evidence
It can be beneficial for investigators to use a tape or digital recorder for the observations of the crime scene,

Computer Evidence Processing Guidlines
FOUR GENERAL EVIDENCE PROCESSING GUIDELINES
Four General Evidence Processing Guidelines
Jennifer Farmer
American InterContinental University
Abstract
The best way to preserve digital forensic evidence is to follow the four guidelines created. The four guidelines pertain to evidence collection, storage,
processing, retrieval and documentation.
Four General Evidence Processing Guidelines Digital forensic evidence is extremely fragile and should be handled with care in order to avoid
alteration which is why guidelines and procedures are created. There are four guidelines that should be followed in order to keep evidence in its most
original state. Guideline One Digital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the data authentication process the chain of custody must be maintained and in addition to the chain of custody the system date and time must
be documented in doing this the evidence will bear the exact date and time each of the different files were created or modified. All officers should be
sure to take care of the document, so it remains unchanged because then the court cannot label the evidence as hearsay. "The by–product of a machine
operation which uses for its input 'statements' entered into the machine" and was "was generated solely by the electrical and mechanical operations of
the computer and telephone equipment" (Civil action Group, 2006). There are legal guidelines that must be met in court like; computer hardware
reliability, software reliability the manner in which the information was entered, accuracy of data, how data was stored and all precautions that were
taken to ensure no evidence was lost. The software program should be presented to show how to works in processing the data and how accuracy is
ensured this will result in the data being entered in court as any other record (Ashcroft, Daniels & Hart, 2004).
Guideline Four **Retrieval** The evidence that is being evaluated a list of key words should be typed into the software. The list of key words can be
obtained from the case, circumstances and the suspect's motives as well as the purpose for which the

Chain Of Custody And Criminal Investigations And Judicial...
The importance and relevance of chain of custody to criminal investigations and judicial outcomes
Chain of custody is defined by Saferstein (2015), as a sequential documentation, that shows custody, control, analysis, handling and nature of physical or
electrical evidence. Chain of custody is a model that is utilised by the police during criminal investigations to demonstrate that the evidence has been
handled in a manner that does not destroy the integrity of the evidence (Houck & Siegel, 2015). According to Spikmans (2015), obeying the standard
procedures of the chain of custody model can make sure that the evidence can endure any questioning of authenticity and integrity in court. Houck &
Siegel (2015) stated that the chain of custody is without a doubt, the most important piece of paper generated at a crime scene; they postulated, that
without it, the most convincing piece of forensic evidence can be rendered useless in the judicial system. According to Saferstein (2015), every
monstrous failure during criminal cases is largely the result of incorrect usage of the chain of custody model, the most noteworthy which is the OJ
Simpson case. This essay shows, the chain of custody model is crucial for demonstrating integrity and preserving the evidence, and by extension,
justice. This essay contains two case studies that illustrate how the chain of custody model preserves evidence and displays the integrity of the evidence.
The chain of custody model prevents evidence from

Cj2670 Week 1
Instructor: Charles Hall Jr.
CJ2670: Computer Forensics.
Wk. 4. Analysis Pg. 2. An Alleged Cyberstalking Our victim is a young girl who likes to promote fund raising events using social media. Our victim
made a complaint to the local police department alleging that someone she knows is harassing her and defaming her good name online. The victim
was asked to come into the Police department for an interview. During the interview our investigator learned that our victim has been receiving
excessive unwanted intimate proposals, and altered indecent pictures using her face and also pictures of a person's body parts via the internet.
Investigators also learned that prior to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The investigator did random search of John Doe in the computer system and our victim was able to give a positive identification of John Doe as her
stalker. The investigator learned that John Doe has prior charges of trespassing, ID theft, and stalking. The investigators were also able to receive the
IP address responsible for the email sent to the victim. However, the due process system illustrates that a suspect is innocent until proven guilty. The
investigators need to search Doe's computer and confirm the IP address and also try to locate the evidence of the pictures that our victim has been
receiving from Mr. Doe's computer. John Doe's computer is the crime scene and it's vital for the investigators to preserve the evidence making certain
that any potential evidence isn't tainted. The investigator has to follow proper protocol in the due process system as it pertains to the 4th amendment
in assuring that all evidence will be admissible in a court of

What Is Computer Scensic Methodology?
Computer crimes present exorbitant issues in today's society. With computer security crimes on the rise, it is becoming e crucial for law enforcement
officers and digital forensic examiners to understand computer forensic efficiently and effectively. It has become critical for law enforcement and
digital forensic analysts to comprehend computer frameworks productively and adequately as cybercrimes continue to rise as society relies upon the
usage of technology. Assessments of information system incidents can be reviewed and evaluated through forensic methodologies. The essential the
methodologies presented in digital forensic process model will ensure my forensic team identify potential digital evidence on any type of electrical
gadget.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Analysis. The analysis stage is the process of analyzing or breaking down the results of the examination and utilizing lawfully reasoning strategies and
procedures, to determine a hypothesis. The hypothesis addresses inquiries that were proposed during the data gathering and examination. Additionally,
measure frequently are uncover during this phrases which were not noticeable to the naked eye. Reporting. The reporting phrase is the last stage which
announces the results of the investigation. The detail report composed by investigators may incorporate the specific activities utilized, express how
devices and strategies were chosen, specify if other procedures should be performed, and provide recommendations (Pollitt, 2007). In a digital search,
the sensitivity and likeness of evidence could be compromised is extremely high. In a digital search, the preparation phrase, the environment must be
controlled and secured before and during the search. Preparing the environment by implementing safe practices to secure the digital crime scene
environment can knowingly increase the accuracy of investigators data collection. Any data present at the crime scene could possibly be valuable and
can be a unique finger impression or digital footprint (Laubscher, 2005). Investigators must fully review the extent of the search warrant for legal
purpose before the collection of evidence. Investigators must identify

Criminal Justice System Observing Report
Naturally, I began my day with filing away cases returned to the filing cabinets. At times I find filing to be exhausting, but also enjoy it at times.
When filing, I take the time to look at the names and sometimes thumbing through the cases. I enjoy reading through the facts of cases and learning
the types of documents that may be included in the cases. I also like to learn about the cases that are presently involved in our justice system, the
amount of time the cases has been open, and also the majority and most prominent cases in the court system. When I was finished with filing, I was
asked to file documents into the correct case, matching the docket number and case name. On this day, I was lucky enough to be able to observe part

Questions On Forensic Readiness Plan
1.The Forensic Readiness Plan
Business of all sizes face security breaches each day due to their inability to address risks associated with information technology and mitigate security
threats. As a result, the forensic readiness has become an important part of organizations' operational structure to help respond an incident and resolve
legal and regulatory issues within a minimum amount of time in the event of an incident. The Forensic Readiness Plan is a living document that
organizations that must implement in order to prepare for the unforeseen security incidents that can put them at risk. It should be easily accessed and
available and in an acceptable form.
There are many benefits of having a Forensic Readiness Plan. The plan can be used to quickly respond an incident, identify, collect, preserve evidence,
and prepare e–discovery to present at court for any legal and disciplinary matters, an employment tribunal or court of law (The National Archives,
2011.) It can help minimize the cost of investigation by reducing downtime and time spent on collecting and preserving evidence. Forensic readiness
plan also complements information security and assurance strategies such as risk management, disaster recovery and business continuity (ISACA,
2016.) At a minimum, a Forensic Readiness Plan should include risk management which is a process of identifying critical assets, risks associated with
these assets, measures taken to protect these assets. Security posture

Criminal Investigation Process
Evidence plays a vital role throughout criminal investigations. Typically, we think of evidence as things such as fingerprints, DNA, and fibers.
However, evidence as evolved as the world of technology has expanded. Digital evidence also now plays just as much of an important role as
traditional evidence. When beginning an investigation that involves digital evidence, it is important for the investigator to know what evidence to
look for. Identification of evidence, collection including transportation of evidence and examination of evidence are the three main aspects of the
process. Identifying evidence is the first stage in the process. A laptop, computer monitor, and hard drive are all pieces of evidence that are usually
located first. It is critical for the investigator who is identifying and collecting evidence to know what else to look for. Other items that should be
identified and collected as possible evidence include external hard drives, floppy discs, CD's, USB drives, and memory cards. If the investigator isn't
aware what all falls into the category of digital evidence, it is possible that vital evidence may not be collected (Cosic, 2011).... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is critical that evidence is collected in the correct manor to ensure that evidence is not destroyed. The investigator who is collecting the evidence
should be properly trained in collection of evidence (Cosic, 2011). One example of proper protocol would be if a computer or cell phone is turned
on when found, then it should not be turned off to prevent possible destruction of evidence or prompting for a password for access. The collection
process can sometimes prove to be the most difficult because it evidence can easily be compromised or even destroyed (Manes,

The FBI Crime Lab: Integrity Of Evidence
Integrity of Evidence
The FBI Crime Lab has come a long way since it opened. All began in the 1920's, when a person named J. Edgar Hoover recognized the importance of
scientific analysis in criminal matters (Forensic Science Communications, 2007, para. 1). Ever since that moment the crime grew a lot. The use of
technology to solve crimes increased tremendously overtime.
What is the issue of integrity of evidence? According to Orthmann Hess & Hess, "Integrity of evidence refers to the requirement that any item
introduced in court must be in the same condition as when it was found at the crime scene (Orthmann Hess & Hess, 2013, p. 129). For example, if there
is a homicide case where all the evidence is improperly collected, handled with care, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Orthmann Hess & Hess, "Simply collecting physical evidence is not enough. To be of value, the evidence must be legally seized and
properly and legally processed. Of importance at this point is processing evidence correctly" (Orthmann Hess & Hess, 2013, p. 129). I agree with
this quote because in the FBI Crime Lab if they don't take care of the evidence than the value is lost. Meaning that it can't be admissible in court.
Processing the evidence is very important in the crime lab. When collecting physical evidence we have to record it in the chain of evidence. It's
also called the chain of custody. The chain of custody is documentation of what has happened to the evidence from the time it was discovered until
it is needed in court, including every person who has had the custody of the evidence and why (Orthmann Hess & Hess, 2013, p. 129). When
collecting evidence it may require judgment and care (Orthmann Hess & Hess, 2013, p. 131). Because we don't want to alter any evidence that can
help us find the suspect. When bullets are found they should be placed with cotton in small containers (Orthmann Hess & Hess, 2013, p. 131). Any
evidence that was picked up by a vacuum can be put into an evidence bag. Than it can later be submitted to a crime laboratory (Orthmann Hess &
Hess, 2013, p. 129). It's always common to collect enough samples and to

Investigating A Potential Data Breach On Corporation Techs
As part of AAA Computer Forensics I have been assigned the task to investigate a potential data breach pertaining to Corporation Techs. They
have provided all the information possible to help assess with the investigation. They have provided AAA Computer Forensics with a packet trace
for analysis, this packet trace can be run through NetWitness Investigator to attempt to determine if there was in fact a breach. But, before we can
determine that, there are some steps that need to take place in order to make the investigation successful. Chain of Custody needs to be
implemented, and the DFRWS Framework needs to be followed step by step. Chain of Custody is important for computer evidence because it helps
to make sure that the investigation is under control. By maintaining a chain of custody this will help keep record of all documentation that identifies
all changes in the control, handling, possession, ownership, or custody of any piece of evidence. This is very important to maintain because the
company or individuals doing the investigation need to be able to trace the route that the evidence has taken from the moment it was collected until
the time it needs to be presented to the company or even in court. An example of how a chain of custody can be put in place by AAA can be as
follows: Forensic Specialist collects the PC/Laptop or mobile device. He/She will be transporting the evidence to the lab for processing and analyzing.
When evidence is at the lab, it

EGT1 Task 3
As is the case with any type of evidence seizure, what is fair game and what is off limits needs to be identified and set, preferably in writing before
any work is done. (Nelson, Phillips, & Steuart, 2015). This ensures that the forensics team will be protected in the worst case scenario where the
company could have an issue with what was taken, very similar to the protection ethical hackers require when performing a penetration test (##).
Once this list is created, the team will interview the system administrators to provide any information allowed about the systems such as the
equipment, system baselines, passwords that are allowed to be shared, and any special information that would need to be known before analyzing the
system such as what information is logged and where would it be stored (Rowlingson, 2004). The entire purpose of this information gathering is to
paint a clearer picture of the situation so a more detailed plan could be devised prior to any systems being touched. Once the proper information is
gathered, a plan of attack can be devised. The first step is to identify what... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will allow any active footprints to be collected that would otherwise disappear if the information system was restarted (Nelson et al., 2015).
After the live data is secured, the team will proceed to create forensic images of the identified desktops before proceeding to do the same with the
appropriate servers. Due to the medical information that could potentially be collected during this imaging process, these hard drives will be placed
into their appropriate containers before being placed in a travel safe and secured to ensure the devices are protected from easy theft in

Kelli Mcdonald's Case: Forensic Analysis
WRITING SAMPLE The attached writing sample is an excerpt from a motion in limine written for my internship with the Office of the Public
Defender, in which I analyzed a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to cross–examine a witness. The defendant was charged with a crime predicated
on evidence alleged to be a controlled substance that was seized by law enforcement officers and submitted to the Broward Sheriff's Office Crime
Lab for testing. Kelli McDonald, a crime lab chemist, performed the forensic analysis of the alleged controlled substance, in this case. The State relied
upon the forensic analysis of the suspect controlled substance performed by the Crime Lab to prosecute this case. However, in 2012, Kelli McDonald
was the subject of an internal affairs investigation conducted by the Broward Sheriff's Office: Department of Professional Standards regarding the loss
or mishandling of evidence. The Broward Sheriff's Office: Department of Professional Standards, Division of Internal Affairs found that Kelli
McDonald violated departmental operating procedure and engaged in misconduct thereby causing cocaine evidence to go missing. This memorandum
is asking the Court to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The State is presenting Kelli McDonald against the defendant to testify to her lab report. Similar to Dodd and Melendez–Diaz, the defendant in this
case has the right to cross–examine Kelli McDonald regarding her capacity as a chemist on his case and her present capacity capacity in order to
display the possibility of impropriety. Since Kelli McDonalds's lab report and testimony belong to the core testimonial class of evidence, her testimony
directly relates to the defendant's defense because there is a break in the chain of custody when the Sheriff's department's exerted control over the
evidence could display the possibility of

Forensic Investigation On Identification Theft
Identification theft sufferers grows everyday including the number of occurrences that call for computer forensics investigation in mandate to
resolution this kinds of wrongdoing. Computer forensic investigation deals with identify theft but they have a process and steps to follow that also
deals with the chain of custody.
Introduction
Identification theft along with digital proof have a series of mandate that's goes along successfully with computer forensics investigation. The concerns
regarding the significance individual approach of identification theft episodes to processer wrongdoing.
Forensic Process
In mandate to handle these defies you have to follow the correct forensic processes. However was have 4 phases amid these processes that are
collection, examination, analysis, as well as reporting. In the collection phase you are probing for, identifying, gathering, along with keeping record of
electronic proof. Also in the collection phase you might comprise real time as well as stowed info that can be missing if safety measures are not in use
at the crime scene. The procedure of the investigation can make the proof noticeable plus the intricate on its derivation along with significance. First of
all the assignment is to write down the gratified along with the circumstance of the proof in full amount. Documentation helps them to find out the
contents of the proof. To search for undercover or even hidden info happens in this phase. The moment all the info has

Why Is Evidence Integrity And Continuity Important In...
Evidence integrity and continuity
Introduction
In criminal investigations, it is vital to keep the evidence protected and ensure that it does not become contaminated, is tampered or altered in any way.
There are two ways of maintaining evidence is in its truest form; evidence continuity and evidence integrity. Evidence is a vital component in criminal
investigations and is the determining factor in successfully prosecuting the defendant as it identifies the offender or those who are involved. Evidence
institutes facts of the crime and also proves that a crime has been committed (Tom McEwen 2011).
The person that collects the evidence varies depending on the severity of the crime; a major Crime scene Examiner and a Crime scene Officer. A
Major crime scene Examiner collects evidence and records the scene for serious and complex crime scenes, a Crime scene Officer however examines
less serious and less complex crime scenes (Forensic Services Department September 2014).
Maintenance and protection of evidence integrity & evidence continuity
Evidence continuity is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protection of evidence is crucial as the evidence is used for court proceedings or forensic testing. There are many ways to protect evidence
including; proper packaging, sealing, collecting and identifying items (The Physical Evidence Handbook 8th Edition).
There are guidelines in which forensic scientists should follow in order to package evidence. Packaging evidence protects the integrity and continuity
by keeping it safe so it is not contaminated, tampered with or altered. The protection of evidence also prevents the evidence from being lost and
minimises deterioration (Terry Spear, John Rush, Jerry Massetti, Jim Weigand and Mark

Research Paper On Blockchain
For Chief Information Security Officers Blockchain Will Improve Internet of THings (IoT) Security
Because IoT is creating its own ecosystem, the biggest challenge for the industry is how companies secure and manage the exponential growth of
decentralized endpoint devices. Unfortunately, most security experts only know how to defend against attacks from a centralized perspective. Most
Chief Information Security Officers (CISO) only understand centralized networks and depend on choke points or linear cyber kill chains that focus on
traditional perimeter and inbound security protocols to defend against malware, viruses, and other attacks that inevitably overwhelm networks and
damage servers, devices, and workstations. One of the potential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recent breaches by hackers of digital wallet provider, Parity, and more than five others will not do much to bolster confidence in Blockchain as a
viable security solution for banking. However, Blockchain is a solid way to ensure how high–value products, contracts, and other transactions are
managed and resolved throughout the chain of custody. Blockchain acts as a secure ledger database that is shared by various parties that participate in
a distributed network of endpoints, devices, and assets.
How Blockchain and IoT are deployed in the industry
Within the realm of IoT, Blockchain has huge potential with home automation systems, connected thermostats, autonomous vehicles, etc. Blockchain
helps to reduce security threats at the edge, but the long–term value is with interactive appliances such as refrigerators or washing machines that can
intuitively restock, order, pay for, and have items shipped without user interaction. Industries like Aviation, Financial Services, Healthcare, Supply
Chain and the Public Sector have all begun transforming to support Blockchain. For example, aviation and manufacturing are using Blockchain to
track, move, and track replacement parts across multiple companies and suppliers. The Financial Services industry is leveraging Blockchain to ensure
transactional integrity, faster

Chain Of Custody Procedure
Proper chain of custody procedures is paramount for the law enforcement and prosecutors involved with the case. In fact, a mistake or oversight as
simple and unintentional as forgetting to sign the name of the person who was testing or transferring the evidence has all the capability of having a
case thrown out or the defendant may be found not guilty. Despite what could possibly ruin the chain of custody credibility, the practice and procedures
for maintaining the chain of custody is fairly simple. First, understanding the how important chain of custody is and its significance can elevate the
cautiousness of all involved with handling the evidence. Second, as the person handing over the evidence to the next person, watch as the receiver

The Cloud Computing Framework For A Cloud Customer Essay
ISSUES/CHALLENGES Meyer and Stander, (2015) Suggests that the process of digital data evidence is essential for a cloud customer to be able
to know where the digital evidence is located and how to access it.if the digital information cannot be established in the first step the chain of
custody therefore collapses and that limits the digital evidence of information to be justifiable in a court of law. Issues and challenges in the digital
evidence classification phase were established and this was mainly in three categories namely: Decentralization of data centers. Decentralization of
data logs. Physical location unknown that is not accessible. Decentralization of data centers The cloud computing framework enables data to be
created ,stored and distributed to various physical machines and data centers which are allover distributed into various geographical regions.data is
copied to other servers and hence leads to redundancy of data.the data is dispersed into physical level and the same data can be dispersed across data
multiple centers. Meyer and Stander, (2015).The data across different storage devices complicates the the identification of possible digital evidence
because data is not in one particular location and this data can be in different countries and this may establish jurisdiction challenges and may occur
during the search and seizure process location digital data evidence. Decentralization of data logs In digital forensics, essential information is stored

Evidence Integrity And Evidence Continuity Essay
Evidence Integrity and Evidence Continuity
Introduction
The foundation of all Forensic practice is in practicing, maintaining and protecting integrity and continuity of evidence as it establishes credibility and
reliability in court and makes certain that any fabrication, misunderstanding, bias's or even mistakes, have not occurred.
Defining Evidence Integrity and Evidence Continuity
Evidence integrity demonstrates that evidence has been handled correctly, honestly and responsibly. Therefore, evidence integrity is theprotection of
potential evidence from the perception of evidence being lost, substituted, contaminated, deteriorated or tempered with to ensure its prevented from
being introduced into the area in question (Sutton et al. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009, 'Integrity, 'Continuity and contamination', in Crime scene management: scene specific methods, Wiley, Wolverhamptom, ENG, pp. 51
–54.
Civil aviation safety authority 2016, 'Gathering evidence and handling exhibits', Government, AUS, pp. 2–10.
Morris 2003, Maintaining system integrity during forensics, viewed 3 April 2017,
Pierce and Chambers, Continuity evidence in criminal cases a somewhat defence perspective, viewed 1 April 2017,
John, D et al. 2015, Continuity of evidence and remediation advice for investigators, viewed 31 March 2015, < http://www.cirl.ca/files/cirl
/john_cliffe_and_john_clark–en.pdf>
Wells 2017, Gordon Wood: witness had motive to convict while writing book on caroline byrne's death, court hears, viewed 3 April 2017, < http:/
/www.abc.net.au/news/2017–02–20/gordon–wood–sues–state–of–nsw–for–malicious–prosecution/8285392>
McGraw 2002, Chain of custody, viewed 4 April, < http://medical–dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_
/

cite.aspx?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical–dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fchain%2Bof%2Bcustody&word=chain%20of%20custody&sources=Segen
John Tan. "Forensic Readiness.", What is Logged? 1.3

Chain of Custody & Preservation of Evidence
Chain of Custody & Preservation of Evidence Idris Rawls Westwood College It does not matter the reputation you have earned for your high
integrity and honesty, you will always be open to allegations of civil or criminal liability. The first type of evidence and usually the most obvious is
physical evidence. Evidence can be anything from tangible objects such as cartridge cases and firearms to latent fingerprints and DNA. Evidence
collection or recovery step in crime scene processing is the methods, techniques, and procedures used in retrieving evidence. Patience and care are very
important at the crime scene. The criminalist should take the proper time and care in processing the scene. The work is tedious and time consuming. It...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009)." One friend even helped clean the kitchen, wiping down the counters with a spray cleaner possibly wiping away evidence. Many hours
passed before police blocked off the basement room. A pathologist did not examine the body until more than 18 hours after the crime took place
(Bardsley, M., & Bellamy, P. n.d.). The type of evidence that was found in the JonBenet Ramsey case was both latent and visible. DNA traces
were found on the child's body and clothing, and footprints were analyzed in the basement. In addition, a ransom note was found on the stairs by
the mother Patricia Ramsey. Fibers from blankets, carpet, clothing, bedding, car interiors and other materials can be identified and traced by the
forensic team. The different between the latent and visible evidence are as follows According to Saferstein, R. (2011), "Latent evidence is
evidence at a crime scene that cannot be seen with the eyes. Examples might be a blood stain that was bleached out, or semen stains that can't be
seen without special lighting, or a fingerprint on an on even surface, such as a tree (pp. 400)." Saferstein, R. (2011), also argues that visible
evidence are made when an object touches a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint grease, or ink,
(pp. 400, para. 1). I do not believe that there was a secure chain of custody due to the fact the crime scene had already been contaminated. However,
once the evidence was collected the

Preservation Of Evidence Analysis
All evidence must be obtained, identified and properly preserved. Evidence in an unprotected crime scene will degrade, diminish, or disappear over
time unless collected and preserved. No matter how carefully done, collecting evidence will result in a post–crime transfer of material. The Integrity of
evidence requires that any item introduced in court must be in the same condition as when it was found at the crime scene. The document that I would
provide would be the chain of evidence also known as the chain of custody. The value of the evidence can be compromised is the evidence is
improperly collected, handled or identified. So I would have a roster that has a number, description, number of pieces, who collected the item, and
where it would

Case Study : Supply Chain Management
Strategic Supply Chain Management
Mini Project Report
Study of Supply Chain Management in Jewellery Industry of India
Submitted by:
Bhawana Saraf (2014PGP104)
Prakhar Nagori (2014PGP121)
Raghav Bhatnagar (2014PGP124)
Vinay Jain (2014PGP142)
Yashvardhan Kabra (2014PGP143)
Title: A study of contemporary trends insupply chain management in Jewellery industry in India.
Introduction: Jewellery Market of India
India 's gems and jewellery industry had a market size of Rs 251,000 crore (US$ 40.58 billion) in 2013, and is expected to reach Rs 500,000–530,000
crore (US$ 81.61–86.51 billion) by 2018, according to the FICCI–AT Kearney study 'All that glitters is Gold: India Jewellery Review 2013 '.
The study also projected that the country 's gems and jewellery market could double in the next five years. The growth will be driven by a healthy
business environment and the government 's investor friendly policies. India is deemed to be the hub of the global jewellery market because of its
low costs and availability of high–skilled labour.
India 's gems and jewellery sector has been contributing in a big way to the country 's foreign exchange earnings (FEEs). The Government of India
has viewed the sector as a thrust area for export promotion. In FY14, India 's gems and jewellery sector contributed US$ 34,746.90 million to the
country 's FEEs.
Reason for choosing it
The gems and jewellry sector is one of the most important sectors of Indian economy and has also been one of the

Essay on Gathering the Facts at the Crime Scene
The excitement of watching a beautiful well–dressed medical examiner or forensic examiner in stiletto heels hovering over a homicide victim is quite
thrilling for television. However, in the reality solving homicides is not as one would see on their favorite police show. As mention previous, the
intrigue with police shows on television make it difficult to found a jury that have not seen those type show. Therefore, the court system has a problem
obtaining a guilty verdict because jurors wrongfully acquit guilty defendants when no scientific evidence has been presented, as they have seen on
television. As Donald Shelton states in "the CSI Effect: Does It Exist" this so–called effect was promptly dubbed the "CSI effect," laying much... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This task can be accomplished through forensic evidence collection. Once the evidence has been collected, it must be preserved by maintaining chain
of custody to prevent evidence tainting. The evidence will be preserved until it ready for presentation at the homicide trial. This paper will examine the
major sources of evidence that is required in a homicide investigation that will assist the prosecution in obtaining a conviction in a homicide case. The
Evident– Blood splatter A crime scene is a unique merging of science and the law. Crime scene investigation is a process that includes
documentation of the conditions at the scene and the collection of any physical evidence that coulВ¬d give reference to what happened. There is no
typical crime scene, and the evidence found there will vary. (Layton, 2005) When there is a homicide at a crime scene, the forensic investigator will
look for evidence to provide an indication of what actually happen. Did the person kill their self? Did the victim suffer at the hands of a criminal? The
crime scene investigator will look at blood platter evidence as source to gain knowledge into these question. Blood splatter evidence give investigator a
scientific assessment into criminal investigation. When blood splatter or drip from the human body, its is impacted by gravity and velocity. Therefore,
it imperative to

Anti Forensics Paper
Digital crime has been on the increase due to the increasing use of computer and internet. This has led the investigators with another method of fighting
this crime. This is Computer Forensics, a process of going into computer hard drive and capturing basic information the user believed it has been erased.
While Forensics investigators are working tirelessly to reduce or fight this crime, another group came up with a method of preventing forensic
investigation process. The method they came up with is known as Anti Forensics. It is a technique used as countermeasures to forensic analysis.
The aim of this report is to examine Computer Forensics and Anti Forensics in details, investigation and Analysis techniques, and standard set of
procedures which Forensics investigators must follow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a standard set of procedures which Forensic investigators must follow after the computer in question has been physically secluded and these
are:
A.Identification: this is identifying the possible containers of computer related evidence, such as hard drives, flash drives, and log files. Meanwhile a
computer or the hard drive itself is not evidence but a possible holder of evidence. The information and data to be extracted has to do with the
information that is pertinent to the situation in question (Hailey, 2003).
B.Preservation: Before performing a computer forensics analysis, we must ensure to do everything possible to preserve the original data and media. It
involves making a forensic image of the media and conducting our analysis on the copy versus the original.
C.Extraction: This is the process of extracting any evidence that is found relevant to the situation at hand from the working copy media and
subsequently saved to another form of media as well as printed

Forensic Science Investigating a Crime Scene
Forensic Science Level 3 Assignment 2 Unit 2 Lisa Ashton Unit 2 Task 12 Investigating a crime scene. When investigating a crime scene before
touching anything investigators must document and photograph everything, investigate all doors, windows, ect of any evidence of how offender got
in and out of the crime scene, investigate every inch of the crime scene for blood, fingerprints, footprints, weapons, bullet holes, shell casings etc. and
anything that looks out of place. Once this is done investigators can then collect any evidence using the right equipment. Preserving the crime scene
and evidence. When arriving at a crime scene investigators must wear protective clothing, gloves and shoe covers they must use... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The relevance of appropriate storage of evidence. The crucial step of the investigation is the transport and storage of evidence recovered from the
crime scene. Tightly controlled access during transport and storage will prevent any unauthorized contact and possible tampering or loss of
evidence. The evidence that is recovered at the scene must reach a forensic laboratory as quickly as possible, appropriate conditions will prevent
deterioration of evidence during transport and storage. Evidence might have to be stored for some years until a case goes to court or if the case is
unsolved so labelling and storing evidence must be appropriately done to avoid contamination or disintegration etc. Task 17 What is a chain of
custody and its importance? When evidence is collected from a scene of a crime and goes to the forensic laboratory for examination it is called a
chain of custody all personnel who handle the evidence must sign and date the evidence package to assure the court that it has not been contaminated
and it is the same evidence recovered from the crime scene. It is important to try and keep the number of personnel who handles the evidence to a
minimum because all those who handle the evidence must testify in court. A chain of custody usually includes the investigator who collects the
evidence from the crime scene and the scientist who analysis the material. But also could

Chain Of Custody: Integrity Of Evidence
Chain of Custody
Justice is the only achieved if an accurate record of all events is kept from the time of an alleged crime to the completion of trial. One way the
investigators maintain the accuracy of that record is ensuring that evidence is collected and stored properly. The attention to accuracy is known as
chain of custody. Chain of custody is a set of procedures that accounts for integrity of evidence by tracking its handling and storage from the time it
was obtained to the time it was offered at trial (Gardner & Anderson, 2013, p.439).This procedure is very important in any criminal case. The goal
for a proper criminal investigation is to keep a tight chain of custody in order for justice to be served. If the chain of custody is broken, then innocent
people may be incarcerated, while guilty people can walk free.
This evidence obtain can be used against the person being convicted in court. The reason to maintain a proper chain of custody is to establish facts and
evidence against the accused. This evidence obtained at the scene of the crime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The person's belonging that are obtain from the crime scene should be labeled, dated, and individually identified. The evidence now can be properly
identified throughout the process. Law enforcement has rules and regulations to obey at the time of seizing evidence. Nevertheless, if the boundaries
are overstepped, there may be room for the evidence to be inadmissible. Seizing evidence is always a great opportunity to place a guilty person away;
however, protecting the individual rights are just as important. The Fourth Amendment "forbids unreasonable searches and seizure by officers of
federal and state governments" (as cited in Cole & Smith, 1996, p.18). Once the evidence is properly obtained from a crime scene, it is then handed to
the investigator for submission. The suspect is in police custody at the

Epa 's Field Measurement Results
EPA's field measurement results were similar in each of the sample locations. EPA evaluated the MARN's sampling procedures and equipment
available to perform in–situ measurements. The following observations were made: Samples collected by MARN inspectors were preserved with ice.
The refrigeration of samples is a requirement for most of the parameters, but it is the only preservative required for total suspended solids, BOD5, and
color. Other analyses require additional preservatives (e.g., nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.). The MARN Sampling Operating Procedure stated that they
are using as reference the Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater document to collect and analyze the samples. The MARN
sampling operating... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The meter measures pH, specific conductance, and temperature. MARN recently acquired a dissolved oxygen probe to be used with the multi
parameter meter. 4.1.1Health & Safety Plan MARN used nitrile gloves to prevent cross contamination of the samples and for personal protection.
MARN did not have a health and safety protocol in place. EPA strongly recommends the development of a health and safety protocol for sampling
procedures. 4.2Fish Kill Sampling Evaluation The National Council for Protected Areas (CONAP) was the agency responsible for the direction of
the collection of fishes after the fish kill. It is EPA's understanding based on a discussion with members of CONAP that there is no standard
procedure for the investigation of fish kills. The method CONAP adopted in crisis was a modification of a graduate student work on the Pasion
River studying the interactions between nutria and devilfish. It is believed that gill nets were used to collect fish specimens from the Pasion River
and specimens were preserved in formalin and sent to the University of Florida for necropsy analyses. The methods utilized to investigate the Pasion
River kill are not sufficient to be able to produce an accurate estimate of the number of fish killed nor determine the economic valuation of the kill.
Furthermore, specimens that have been preserved in formalin may not provide sufficient evidence of the cause of death.

Analysis Of CSI: Breaking The Chain Of Forensic Evidence
CSI has very few correct techniques on how forensic works, but one of the best highlight is how the chain of custody was treated. In the show,
Calleigh break the chain of custody and Powell cleverly uses this information to get the evidence to become inadmissible. In forensic, the defendant
can indeed ask for the evidence to inadmissible if the chain of custody is proven broken. The second correct technique, was in the end when the
search of the property is mainly used to save the victim. When there's a chance a victim is alive, preserving evidence is second and safety come first.
I am not sure if the area was search correctly or if there were first responders present, but Tammy rescue was priority. The third correct technique, was
how class... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the burn mark from on the victim was also ignored and not even questioned showing that the autopsy was done incorrectly. Then it gets
worse when the detective assume that the victim had to been killed outside in order for the fly to get inside the body. After the evidence pointed out
that Reyes was innocent, the cop Ryan and Horatario tried to obtain evidence illegally/ or without warrant which is wrong for various reasons. One
main reason is that that evidence is inadmissible in court due to the fourth amendment thus it useless to get it. Following the discovery of the original
crime scene, the detectives handled the crime scene all wrong since no walk though, documentation (except some pictures), notes, sketches or
preservation of evidence occurred. Plus, the maggots found in the crime scene where just compared to a picture, the correct technique should have been
to collect samples at various location, obtain the temperatures, preserve them, and then under a microscope observe them. Furthermore, the maggots
/flies could have been used to check the time of death, which could

Evaluation Of A Forensic Readiness Plan Essay
1. Having a Forensic Readiness Plan is beneficial to a private entity because stablish procedures, regulations and expectations for not only for me,
the Information Security Specialists, but also for all company employs. To me the top 3 requirements to establish a forensic readiness plan are:
Outline the business scenarios that involve digital evidence, this step will allow me to define what could be the threats to the business, our
vulnerabilities and how it could affect our case with Mr. McBride. Next, would be Identify available sources and different types of potential
evidence, this is important because we need to know what sources of evidence are existing on or could be produced by our systems. Last but not
least, is what I believe is the most important requirement in our plan, confirm legal evaluation to enable action in response to an incident. Is
imperative to have a review of the case from a legal standpoint. 2.Yes, I believe Mr. Jenkins or Mr. McBride's supervisor can search McBride's locker
in the company's on–site gym for digital evidence as long as a few criteria's are met. First, a policy for such search should be in place. If employees are
warn in advance (in writing and sign as part of their contracts) that some areas could be subject to search, we as employees should have very low
prospects of discretion in those areas. I also would add a third party who is impartial, local law enforcement, who could be there with Mr. Jenkins to
perform the search on

Essay on 2.06 Forensic Science
Porsha Jenkins 2.6 Review and Critical Thinking Questions Review Questions 1.)What is physical evidence? Provide at least three examples in
your answer. Physical evidence is anything that can establish a crime has occurred and anything that links the crime to a criminal. Three examples of
physical evidence are fibers, weapons, and hair. 2.)Describe three ways that a crime scene can be recorded. What is a benefit of each? To record a
crime scene, forensic scientist can use photography, drawings, and videography. Photographs are an important record of the unaltered crime scene,
Drawings or sketches provides valuable information when a photograph cannot accurately depict the scale of a room or the relationship of items to each
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, having records of the crime scene allows investigators to look back over the evidence as it appeared at the scene long after the crime scene
itself is gone. Critical Thinking Questions 1.)Why is it important to secure the crime scene? What do you think would be the most difficult part of
doing this? It is important to secure the crime scene so that all evidence can be preserved and everything stays exactly in the place that it was after
the crime. Securing the crime scene is necessary to keep from contamination. The most difficult part of doing this would be trying to remove all
individuals from the scene and to keep them off because there are often many family, friends, and relatives at the scenes of crimes. 2.)What type of
recording do you think would be the most useful to crime investigators? Why? I think videography would be the most useful to crime investigators
because it is kind of like all the elements combined in one. Videography has visual and audio aspects. Videography is like the ultimate form of notes.
3.)What do you think would be the best method of submitting evidence to a crime lab? Why? I think the best method of submitting evidence is
personal delivery because you can make sure that it gets there on time and that it has not been tampered with or contaminated, you can make sure that
no unauthorized persons has come

Collecting Evidence In Crime Investigation
Every crime scene has evidence and there is an extended process that must be followed in order to properly mark and preserve any evidence. Once an
initial search of a crime scene has been done and all photographs or sketches have been completed it is then that investigators should begin collecting
evidence. Each police agency has specific policies and procedures that should be followed during the process of collecting evidence.
Evidence that is collected first is usually fragile evidence such as fingerprints. Fragile evidence is collected first as a priority in order to prevent
contamination or the loss of such evidence. Other fragile evidence that needs to be collected as soon as possible are things such as blood or other
trace evidence. Once the evidence has been collected it is important that officer search the scene a second time in order to uncover any evidence that
was overlooked accidentally. If possible during the collection process one investigator should serve as the soul evidence collector, this ensures that
evidence gets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of providing all the above information is to insure that the evidence has not been contaminated and provides a way to identify a
specific piece of evidence for a case. Without proper documentation of evidence things could get lost or misplaced, or it would be impossible to
identify certain objects. If evidence were not sealed with an attached evidence label anyone who came in contact with the item would be able to
tamper with the evidence. Not only does the evidence label prevent tampering of evidence, but also the proper chain of custody ensures that the
evidence is in the same condition as it was when it was

Collection Of Evidence In Court Cases
The most efficient and acceptable means for the collection of evidence to be permissible and admissible to a court of law through trial proceedings
is to maintain a credible chain of custody. However, the chain of custody is an insufficient factor without proper discovery retrieval and/or collection
of evidence. When offenders respond to a scene in which there is evidence to be collected, only officers properly trained in the process are allowed to
collect the evidence. In the State of Georgia, law enforcement officers undergo a strenuous police academy course in which they learn the fundamentals
of collecting elements such as fingerprints and bodily fluids. In addition to learning the fundamentals of collecting elements at a crime scene, they are
also instructed and trained on how to properly take crime scene pictures. These pictures are important because they show the courts where an
element or piece of evidence was discovered in reference to the whole sight of the scene. Once the officer collects the elements/evidence according to
his or her training they place the evidence in either a plastic or paper bag to be submitted into evidence. Upon the collection of evidence there is a
legible record of each person that handles the evidence from start to finish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The State, Osborne explains in detail how new DNA testing can result in false convictions. Even though, DNA testing has the potential to improve in,
the police investigations and the criminal justice system, the approach to identify the guilty through new DNA testing is has led to a conviction.
Osborn is appealing his conviction because he figures his constitutional rights for new DNA testing was violated because Osborne was not able to use
them during his trial proceeding. However, Osborne believes if new DNA testing has been concerned during his trial, he would not have been found
innocent. This particular

Dr. Ketchum Processed All The Samples
There is also a misconception that Dr. Ketchum processed all the samples in her facility. This is not true. Dr. Ketchum realized with the
groundbreaking implications of this study blind testing was a must. She contracted the services of the following laboratories to perform blind testing
on the samples and return the results. This means some of the laboratories had no idea what they were testing. The laboratories were given the samples
and ask to run a DNA profile. The origin of the DNA samples was withheld from the laboratories.
#LaboratoryType of TestingPaidBlind StudyAuthor ship 1North Louisiana
Criminalistics Laboratory, Shreveport, LA Forensic DNA
Extraction and DNA quantificationNoNoYes
2DNA Diagnostics,
Nacogdoches, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The director was unhappy about the blind study and refused recognition in the ms.
He did give us the data to use.NoNoYes
12Texas Veterinary Medical
Diagnostic Laboratory,
Texas A&M University,
College Station, TXHistopathologyYesNoNo
13Huguley Pathology
Consultants, Ft. Worth, TXHistopathology confirmation NoYesNo
The DNA Samples
The screening and handling of the hair, blood, saliva, and flesh samples.
Screening the hair
Before the hair was considered for testing it was first screened to ensure it was not human or any other known animal. The following is the
documentation from the DNA Study of how the hair was screened.

Hair Analysis:
From the DNA Study: Hair samples were sent to the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences (Dallas, TX) for analysis. (Mr. David Spence) The
samples were evaluated visually, stereoscopically, and by light microscopy to determine human or animal origin. Hairs that were classified as potential
novel hominid were also evaluated for DNA typing potential by examining for root material. Only hairs that were not human in appearance and could
not be identified as any other species were utilized in this study.
The hairs were examined for a variety of microscopic features such as: medulla, pigmentation, cortical fusi, ovoid bodies, cuticle, and root and tip
characteristics. The hair cuticle patterns of

Forensic Evidence
When investigators are trying to capture evidence off the internet, they can print it out or use a screen capture and they will have to collect the
metadata. Even though the investigator can use a screen capture, will that satisfy the court? The investigator should use forensic software to collect the
metadata and after collecting it, the evidence should be protected (Sullivan, 2015). The person can both encrypt it and perhaps put it under lock and
key until the trial to show chain of evidence (Sullivan, 2015).
While looking at the website the investigator may capture the html or the source files of the website to supplement their evidence (Sullivan, 2015).
While everything is on the internet, the investigator should represent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pictures contain a lot of Meta data that investigators can use to tell where a person has been and sometimes it has the date and what camera was
used. Investigators may be able to get a warrant to capture live phone calls such as wiretapping a person to hear what kind of phone calls they are
making and to whom (Forensic Science Simplified, n.d).
Chain of Custody.
An investigator wants to have a chain of custody of evidence because if the chain of evidence is compromised, the evidence may not be admissible in
court because the opposing side can say that the evidence could have been tampered with. Documentation is important because the case may not go to
trial for a couple of years. It can help trigger an investigator's memory while testifying in court.
By documenting all of the evidence, an investigator may interpret the results and the data that they get if they are using forensics software. If another
investigator does the forensics and does not get the same results as the initial investigator, the second investigator will want to know why and how the
first investigator came up with those results (Coons, 2015). The second investigator may want to try out what the first investigator did in order to see if
they receive the same results.
A chain of custody paper should have the specifics or a paper trail on how the

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