Eu Countries And Gcc Countries

Eu Countries And Gcc Countries
Executive Summary
EU countries and GCC countries have high economic openness level so they are OCA in terms of openness. Although the GCC has low level on
intra–regional trade, the fixed exchange rage regime still be the optimal policy due to the fact that the main export commodity is oil in GCC
countries, they do not need to adjust exchange rate between GCC countries due to their exchange rate fixed to the dollar which is the official
currency in oil transaction. EU countries is not OCA in terms of labor mobility because the labor movement is not free. However, currently GCC
countries are a OCA in the criteria of labor mobility because expatriates account large percentage in their labor force. In the long term, GCC countries
with high population growth rate will be challenged in the labor mobility if they make the employment localization.
GCC is not ready to be a single currency union and need more preparations. GCC countries is an OCA because they have a high level of economic
integration which is based on the rich oil resource. In the future, when the oil and gas endowment exhaust, GCC should achieve economic
diversification and low inflation consistency to satisfy the requirements to be an OCA.
Countries with high openness level can fix their exchange rates and establish OCA to balance external payments. McKinnon believes that openness
influences the choice of exchange rate regime. Real depreciation in a high economic open country will lead to inflation, the
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The Wonderful World Of Bitcoin Essay
The Wonderful World of Bitcoin Currency is a type of money, a medium of exchange often given in order to obtain goods and services. Dating back to
the 8th century, the oldest form of currency is the British pound, and the newest is the South Sudanese pound which was sanctioned in 2011. There are
180 different types of currency in circulation today, and many countries use more than one. From the Euro to Japanese yen to the U.S. dollar, each form
of currency has something that sets it apart from the rest – this is usually its value, but currencies can also vary physically, being metal coins, paper,
cotton, and polymer bank notes. Yet, not all currencies are under the purview of this extensive list. Those currencies that are private, alternative and
virtual are not considered "circulating" despite being used by their respective governments or entities. One of those non–circulating currencies is the
Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency. More specifically it is a cryptocurrency, where the regulation of the generation of currency units
and transfer verification are achieved using encryption techniques. It has no specific affiliation to a particular nation or government and has been
described as "cash for the internet." Bitcoin was created in 2009, and while its exact origin remains unknown, it is believed to have been developed by
an unidentified individual or group of individuals operating under the alias of Satoshi Nakamoto. In fact, the relevancy of bitcoin's

The European Monetary System ( Ems )
The Euro was launched as a single currency electronically on 1 January 1999 in 11 European Monetary Union (EMU) member countries (Austria,
Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain). However, the origins of its conception go back to
the launch of the European Monetary System (EMS) in March 1979. The EMS was created with the goal of currency stability and low inflation across
Europe via an Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) that was based upon a quasi–currency, the European Currency Unit (ECU), which represented the
weighted average value of member countries' currencies (European Central Bank, 2014).
In 1991, the 15 members of the European Union met in Maastricht, Netherlands, to set up a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European sovereign debt crisis refers to the ongoing crisis that has affected countries of the Eurozone since 2009 when a group of 10 central and
eastern European banks requested bailouts and a 1.8% decline in EU economic output was forecasted by the European Commission (Wagstyl, 2009).
The crisis has posed great difficulties and even impossibilities for some EMU members to repay sovereign debt without the external assistance in the
form of emergency loans ("bailouts") from the ECB or International Monetary Fund (IMF). Examples of this include Greece and Ireland in 2010,
Portugal in 2011, Spain in 2012 and Cyprus in 2013 (UK Parliament, 2014).
Some of the causes of and factors that have exacerbated the crisis include a misperception of risk leading to rising national debt levels, trade
imbalances, structural issues with the Eurozone system and monetary policy inflexibility.
The adoption of the euro led many EMU countries of different creditworthiness receiving similar, very low interest rates for government bonds and
private credits during the years preceding the crisis due to the inherent belief in investors that the euro would induce endogenous economic convergence
in the Eurozone. In 2005, ECB President Jean–Claude Trichet claimed that yields on Eurozone sovereign bonds were driven overwhelmingly by
"euro–area–wide shocks" and there was only a small effect from

The Virtual And The Real Economic Worlds
1.1 – Introduction
The virtual and the real economic worlds are intermingling more than ever before, raising the possibility that cryptocurrency might eventually replace
the government–run system of euros, dollars and yen. Before extensively explaining why Bitcoin, a virtual currency, will have a financial impact, we
must first understand what it is exactly. Bitcoin is an online digital currency, created in 2009 by a Japanese man with the pseudonym "Satoshi
Nakamoto".В№ While many believe this currency is backed by a physical institution or pegged by a commodity, it is simply a mathematical algorithm
free of regulation that acts as an alternative to the banking system. With digital currency such as Bitcoin, there is no central bank or government to
trust, you've just got to trust the math. People are losing faith in traditional credit unions and are looking for new stores of value. CryptoCurrency
allows anybody to have a bank in their pocket. Simply put, the way the internet changed how the world communicates, bitcoin changes the way money
works.
1.2 – Forms of Money
Digital currency is going to happen, in fact, it's already happening. Whether it happens now or in 10 years, we will be using digital currencies that
don't depend on traditional fiat government. Currently, in 2014, money is still being issued on paper and in metal coins, but not solely. Most forms of
cash actually exists as database entries backed by the state's promises. " I don't know about you, dear reader,

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( Gaap ) And...
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) exist to make financial reporting consistent
while reducing fraud and material errors. Because GAAP guidance is crucial for public and private companies depend heavily upon it to make financial
decisions. Through GAAP, the entity understands how to properly carry out the accrual accounting process and most importantly when to recognize
revenue. However, what happens when GAAP guidance is not sufficient or non–existent in its interpretations of gray areas? Here lies the question that
accountants and the crypto–currency community of bitcoin has requested answers too for the last few years. After the release of Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) tax ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most entities do not have the technological capability to keep track of up to date bitcoin market prices at the time of bitcoin exchange. Providers
such as BitPay or Coinbase have effectively made it easy to account for bitcoin by immediately transforming bitcoin into a legal unit of currency.
For this reason, the business that accepts bitcoin are transferring bitcoin to a third party and the third party is transferring legal tender. Traditional
accounting systems can then classify and record the transaction. Due to bitcoins nature and the legality of it the IRS has classified it as property and
not currency for U.S. federal tax purposes. General tax principles that relate to property transactions apply to transactions using bitcoin and other
virtual currencies. The IRS states virtual currency has an equivalent value in real currency, or that it acts as a convertible virtual currency (AICPA
2014). Bitcoin is a legal, financial investment and legal for trade and exchange into United States Dollars (USD) under IRS guidance. When receiving
bitcoins as payment the coins are computed to gross income by using the fair market value of the virtual currency on that date. Gains or losses are
classified as ordinary income or loss depending on whether the virtual currency is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. A payment made using
virtual currency is subject

Pestle Analysis Pestel
A PESTEL analysis is used to analyze the effect of external factors on the firm. According to our text, a firm's external environment consists of a broad
range of political, economic, socio–cultural, technological, ecological, and legal factors (PESTEL) that have an impact on firm performance and
market industry. Thus, by analyzing the external factors, we can "mitigate threats and leverage opportunities" (Rothaermel 67). Below is a PESTEL
analysis of Cryptocurrency, a digital cash system used in place of normal currencies, such as the united states dollar.
Political factors can be things that define the influence that the government has on firms. These factors result from government actions that can impact a
firm's decisions and behavior. For example, Cryptocurrency is a digital cash system using cryptography to secure transactions, which is a system
currently not controlled by most government bodies. The decentralized nature of Cryptocurrency deters regulation which makes it a threat to the
governments monopoly. For instance, in Russia, cryptocurrencies are a threat to the Russian central bank. According to Kenneth Rapoza,
"cryptocurrencies have a risk of undermining the circulation of money" (Rapoza," Russia Faces Internal Battle Over Bitcoin."). They also pose a threat
to the government body due to the anonymity of entities within the Cryptocurrency system. These digital cash systems are issued by unidentified
entities that can also be involved in illegal activities such as money laundering. Due to the high risks involved in Cryptocurrency, the Russian central
bank finds it unideal to allow the circulation of Cryptocurrency without regulations or mandates. This is a similar issue circulating in countries like
China, USA, and Canada which can create both a threat and opportunity for Cryptocurrency systems.
Economic factors are mainly "macroeconomic, affecting economy–wide phenomena" (Rothaermel 68). Things that influence economic factors are
growth rates, level of employment, interest rates, price stability, and currency exchange rates. According to Charles Bovaird, "the totalmarket
capitalization of cryptocurrencies is continuously growing" (Bovaird, "Why The Cryptocurrency Market Has Reached A New

Bitcoin And Digital Forms Of Currency
The idea of Bitcoin and other virtual forms of currency have sparked a great deal of interest lately amongst the public. In addition, virtual forms of
currency have become a media sensation. It's a new elusive concept that is gaining popularity amongst financial consumers. Over $5 billion in Bitcoin
and other decentralized currency are currently in circulation. However, how many people actually understand what the concept of Bitcoin is, or other
decentralized currency? Even many who own Bitcoin/other decentralized forms of currency and utilize it in their daily transaction often time do not
know how the system work. Recently there were new stories of government interference with Bitcoin businesses. Most consumer have no
understanding of why. This general writing requirement attempts to explain the background of Bitcoin and decentralized currency; it further defines
why Bitcoin is in popular use; and finally the paper calls for United States government to take an active role in the international regulation of this
growing financial scheme. Furthermore, I will address if there is any existing law that can be drawn to parallel the legal regulations that will need to
be utilized in the regulation of Bitcoin. What type of laws can be created and how will be they be used? I will then look at what law currently are in
existence that have an effect on Bitcoin. Bitcoin became recognized as a legitimate currency that needed to be under regulation within the United
States in early

Global Financing and Rate Essay
Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms
Veronica L. Powell
University of Phoenix
MGT/448
Donald Joseph
March 31, 2009
Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms
Currency is unreliable. In some countries the United States dollar is worth more than that countries currency, while in other countries the U.S. dollar is
worth less. The exchange rate fluctuates on a continuous base which makes the term "funny money" more realistic each day. The purpose of this paper
is to discuss hard and soft currency, the South African rand, Cuban pesos, and why the exchange rates fluctuate.
Hard currency is a currency, usually from a highly industrialized country, that is largely accepted globally as a form of... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The rand is a parallel currency that was exclusively used for nonresident capital movements during the 1980s and 1990s. The financial rand was
available to foreigners for investment only in South Africa was formulated by the sale of nonresidents' assets in the country (Country Data, 1996). The
two–tiered currency system insulated the country's foreign reserves from politically stimulated capital flight, because all divestment by nonresidents
were automatically met by new investment, and the price of the financial rand varied independently of the commercial rand (Country Data, 1996).
Ultimately, South Africa's economic growth depends upon increasing gold profits and foreign investments.
The Cuban Pesos (CUP) is the official currency in Cuba. The American dollar is not accepted on government business in Cuba since November

2004. All of the stores that sold goods in American currency changed to the Cuban Convertible Pesos (CUC). Pesos convertibles cost the equivalent
of $1.18 United States Dollars (USD). In Cuba, currency is exchanged every day, and it is a known fact that the pesos are unstable. The Cuban
Pesos is equivalent to 100 cents (centavos). The notes can be of the following denominations: 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos; coins can be of 1, 5,
and 20 centavos (Cuba Currency, 2005).

Should The Uk Adopted The Single Currency?
Should the UK adopted the Single Currency
The Becoming of European Union and Adoption of Euro
The European Union as we know it is an economic union of countries which make their own policies concerning economies, societies, and law.
Created in 1993, the European Union now contains 28 countries in total, and is now the biggest economic union in the world by GDP. For big
countries, the creation of EU was the removal of many trade and non–tariff barriers. Trade has increased approximately 30% since 1992. For smaller
countries, it was a stepping stones for economic growth and negotiation power with larger nations. Since before the creation of EU in 1993, Europe
were already the world largest trading regions, but the trading were complicated by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this report, we will take a closer look at Britain's strategy to not adopt the euro currency, and the possibility of adopting the euro in the future. To do
that, we must first make a better understanding of the benefit of using the single euro currency.
The Advantage of adopting Euro currency The euro was originally created based on the belief that single currency will remove the trade barriers
between nations, and stimulate growth among nations' GDP. Since before the creation of euro, countries in Europe were trading with each other.
However, throughout history of war and distrust, nations can feel uncomfortable trading with other, and trade barriers were placed. The Steel and Coal
tariff was the first to come down after World War II. This allows countries to trade without having to pay tariff over border, but still having to suffer
from exchange rate risk. Then came the creation of European Economic Community, and the euro single currency which consequentially removes both
the tariff and exchange rate risk. As we know, businesses that export or import good are often exposed to risk of exchange rate fluctuation. Before the
euro, the currency hedging was the best protection against these fluctuation. However,

The American Revolution Essay
Prior to the American Revolution, each of the colonies had its own form of currency that was used to settle financial transactions. During the
Revolutionary War, the Congress began issuing large amounts of paper money, known as Continentals, which would be redeemed for gold and silver
after the war ended. The states also began to issue their own paper currencies, and since these issuances were not regulated, paper money soon became
nearly worthless. When the war ended, the individual states continued to control and regulate their own currencies, using mostly coins from Portugal,
Spain, France and England. However, there was no consistency among the states in exchange rates for these foreign coins, which made it difficult to
carry out transactions. The creation of the dollar as the monetary unit and coinage for the new nation was logical and necessary because it helped to
unify the colonies and to establish an identity for the new nation that was separate from its European origin. As a result of mercantilism, British coins
were always in short supply in the American colonies, as they were sent to Britain as payment for the manufactured goods that had been purchased. As
a result of this shortage of coins, many colonists had to resort to barter in order to acquire goods locally. In addition, trade with the West Indies brought
Spanish, Portuguese and other European coins into the colonies, which could then be used as payment for goods purchased elsewhere. In the
Memorandum

Costs and Benefits of Poland Joining the European Monetary...
European monetary union is based on the assumptions of presence of fixed exchange rate, free movement of capital and coordinate monetary policy.
Fixed exchange rates are preferred by producers and consumers of the European economy, since the economy becomes more predictable. In such
market conditions, it is easier to foresee the future and plan the actions that are to be taken up in the future. The second assumption – free movement of
capital – is crucial for optimizing the use of capital and for enlarging the benefits that come from it. The third assumption is coordinate monetary policy;
its role is vital in creating monetary union, since it ensures that the countries participating in the union have the same aims and together strive to ...
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The resource allocation is also much better if the prices are fixed
When it comes to benefits for regular people, they are easily seen when travelling. There are no extra fees for exchanging money. The prices are
similar or at least they are supposed to be similar, In the future the wages perhaps would be similar in different countries. The important fact for the
clients is that they can easily compare prices across countries and choose the best offers from the whole Euro zone.
When it comes to inflation the goal of the governing European Central Bank is to keep it low (lower than 2%). This might help the countries which
have high inflation to maintain it on the reasonable levels. However, it is disputable if it is solely an advantage.
On the other hand there are many threats and disadvantages of single currency. The countries that are in the euro zone are diverse and have different
economic performances, which are a threat, since there might not be one 'suitable for all' monetary policy.
Every single country is at the different stage of the economic cycle, some of the countries experience rapid growth and would prefer higher interest
rates, whereas other countries choose stable and slow growth. Because of this it is not possible to choose the best solution for all of the countries.
Some of them will lose and some of them will gain, at least by the time the common policy has been implemented.
But problems appear at the very

Bitcoin Is A Type Of It
With over 41 million Bitcoin accounts being made and used worldwide and over one million dollars being transacted each day, it is surprising that
people still believe that Bitcoin won't amount to anything. Bitcoin is a type of Cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrencies are, as the name suggests, modern,
completely digital systems of money that promise to be easier, safer, and overall "better" than other existing international currencies such as the USD
and the Euro. Bitcoin is the oldest, largest, most popular, and highest valued Cryptocurrency. As with any successful ideas, there have been many
spin–offs of Bitcoin, colloquially categorized as Altcoins, examples including (in order of popularity by market cap) Ripple, Litecoin, BitShares, and
Darkcoin, but none of them have gained nearly as many advocates – and just as many critics – as Bitcoin. From this point on, Bitcoin can be assumed
synonymous with nearly all Cryptocurrencies as the majority operates nearly identical to Bitcoins. Bitcoins are, at their core, simply a peer–to–peer
money transfer system. There are no third–party systems used, money simply transfers from one account, known as a "wallet" with Cryptocurrencies,
to another by specifying the Bitcoin Address, or 34 character account number you wish to send any number of Bitcoins to. The beauty of this system is
that the Bitcoin Address is something you can post publicly; people can only use that number to send money to you. There is a separate Private Key
that you use

Dollarization And Menger 's Theory Of The Origin Of Money...
ABSTRACT. Dollarization has become a common practice throughout the world. This essay aims to show the similarities between dollarization and
Menger's theory of the origin of money. Menger's paper, On the Origin of Money, is the main focus of the explanation of this topic. His theory explains
that money originated because of the need for protection against inflation and an easier way to trade. This paper makes use of several publications in
an effort to build an argument that proves widespread dollarization has occurred for the same reasons as the origin of money and reveals the likely
development of the dollar as the single global currency.
INTRODUCTION. As countries battle high inflation and decreasing GDP, they have looked for solutions to these serious issues. One such solution
has experienced great success, dollarization. The success of this practice could lead to global dollarization, creating a global currency. This paper will
explain why many countries have adopted the U.S. dollar as their national currency and explain why the dollar might become the single global
currency, focusing on the similarities between Menger's theory of the origin of money and dollarization.
LITERATURE REVIEW. Berg examines the cost and benefits of dollarization compared to its closest alternative, a currency board. This relates to the
thesis by explaining the benefits of dollarization that explain why dollarization is occurring. Quispe–Agnoli explains the costs and

The Invisible Coin Introduction Summary Essay
The Invisible Coin Introduction summary: Since its insertion into the mainstream world, Bitcoin, a virtual decentralized currency, has fully–fledged in
both its status and in its use. Despite this, there still endures a relative lack of economic exploration in academia about this innovative economic
phenomenon. Bitcoin is an online currency that does not require a bank account, credit card or any personal information. Bitcoin stays clear of the
roads that are "most travelled"; the catch though is you're no longer backed by any government. Bitcoin doesn't have a central bank or a countries
leadership vouching for its authenticity. Bitcoin is unique; Bitcoin is the opposite of what we normally would think of a currency, so maybe that's
why it took some time for it to lift up in the early stages. Nobel Prize winner Milton Friedman in 1999 once spoke out and said, "The one thing that's
missing, but will soon be developed, is a reliable e–cash". So Friedman was ahead of everyone else seeing this as a development for the world market.
The beginning of Bitcoin is not exactly easy to fully document because the so–called creator is known to have an alias name. That name first arose in
2008 in a paper published via online with the name of "Satoshi Nakamoto". That paper was titled "Bitcoin, a Peer–to–Peer–Electronic–Cash–System".
November 2008 was the early stages of the great financial crisis. So pre–financial crisis, maybe the interest for Bitcoin was not noticed right away. But

Fins2622 Notes
REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION The Political Economy of Free Trade п
Ѓ® Free Trade: David Ricardo (support free trade) o Theory of
comparative advantage: For two nations without input factor mobility, specialisation and trade could result in increased total output and lower costs
than if each nation tried to produce in isolation. п‚§ Both nations can benefit from trade if each specialises in good that they have the lowest
opportunity cost, even if one economy is more efficient in making everything. п‚§ However, Comparative advantage in not static, and changes over
time in reality. п‚§ Also, comparative advantage assumes that factors of production can't move between countries пѓ therefore comparative advantage
is set to be outdated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пЃ® Economic interdependence means lesser escalation of political conflicts. Impediments to Integration пЃ® Inefficient industries lose out (e..g US
steels, and textiles)пѓ however, if a country protects these inefficient industries, this in turn will make other industries become less internationally
competitive, due to the high cost of imports. пЃ® Governments are forced to compromise some degree of national sovereignty. пЃ® National interests
may not equal regional instruments пЃ® Political/industrial interest groups (need to be overcome). пЃ® Third largest population of 500 million (after
China and India), 340 million high income consumers. пЃ® World largest economy in terms of GDP пЃ® Reasons for formation of this union: o
Avoid future political conflict o Gain size, scope and efficiency advantages that allow European nation state to compete with the US and Japan. пЃ®
Some argue that the current degree of integration is an economic union with an evolving common political structure (but this is not entirely true given
that all countries do not share a common fiscal policy). EU Objectives пЃ® Provide for free internal flow of production factors: o Labour o Capital o
Products пЃ® Provide protection for European industry and workers (free trade within and protection outside countries) o Tariffs and quotas applied to
most basic commodities and services п‚§ Steel, Coal, Textiles, Agricultural Products п‚§ Banking,

Regulation Of Digital Currency
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to recognize the current lack of regulation imposed on the use of Digital Currency or altcoin (alternative
coins). I am strongly against how the United States' Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network) are
currently treating transactions, and the lack of transparency and taxation enforcement against investment and movement of the valued currency.
Although extremely volatile, virtual currency has progressed to the mainstream and I don't think it is going away anytime soon. Law enforcement,
accountants, as well as criminals remain in awe at the lack of guidance and the ease of using this alternate currency to potentially hide illicitly obtained
and or make... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decentralized currency, such as bitcoin, has no central repository or single administrator." Matsuura (2016) explains, "National governments apply
well–established rules addressing the creation and use of fiat currency used in their countries. Fiat currency is often also described as a nation's legal
tender. It is the national currency, issued and guaranteed by the national government. At present, no nation has established any form of digital currency
as its sole form of fiat currency. For this reason, traditional laws governing currency have not been directly applicable to Bitcoin and other virtual
currencies." Depending on what the currency is classified as will of course change how its use is supposed to be regulated or tracked, documented and
taxed from both sides of the transaction. Background With its debut in 2008, Bitcoin represents the first form of Digital Currency. The currency was
the resulting financial reward from computer–generated 'mining' or solving of special cryptographic coding puzzles, thus forming encrypted and
unique blockchains (or blocks of code and confirmation data to communicate back with other finished coins or processing centers). The currency was
formatted to be completely decentralized from control, while offering a means for low–cost transactions via a global peer–to–peer network requiring
no intermediaries (such as banks or payment processors), and presumed

The Is The Backbone Of Modern Currency
Many people who have heard of bitcoins struggle to understand how it can have an actual, tangible dollar value. The idea of money not backed by any
government or authority having value sounds absurd. For that matter, most people fail to think about the value of any traditional 'fiat' currency. After
all it is just paper isn't it?
All modern paper currency today has value because they backed by the government. People are confident that others will hold money to its face value
because it has a powerful authority backing and regulating it. For example, the US Dollar has its value determined by treasury notes, exchange rates and
foreign exchange reserves. Putting it simply trust is the backbone of modern currency. There must be an unshakable trust between the monetary
authority issuing money and the users of the currency (Vigna & Casey, 2015). This is why commodities like gold and silver have intrinsic value and
have been used throughout history as currency. Gold has always been prized because of its appearance and properties, and consequently been trusted to
always represent a certain value. With traditional currencies, users must have a similar amount of trust in the many different financial institutions that
store money and process transactions. They are the 'ledgers' that record who holds how much money (Mariella, 2015).
Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies are little bit harder to understand. As stated previously, traditional currencies today are based on trust between the

World Economy Individual Assignment :
World Economy Individual Assignment–Baris Kayacan
Fast economic conversion that Turley experienced after 1980 has made a significant effect on country's whole economy and especially removal of
obstacles in front of capital movements and integration of the country with global economy has increased the importance of financial sector as a
whole . But this fast conversion made the economy vulnerable to crisis and Turkish economy experienced two devastating economic crisis in post
1980 era. In this report I will describe most recent economic crisis that occurred in 1994 and 2001.
1– 2001 Financial Crisis in Turkey
1.1– Overview
After experiencing high inflation and interest rates and fluctuating growths in 1990's, Turkey launched a new disinflation program in 1999. This new
disinflation program, which was backed by IMF, aimed to decrease the inflation to single digit rates at the end of 2002 and intended to increase the
public–sector primary balance to %3,7 at the end of 2000 (Yeldan September 2001). Inflation rate target was anchored to pre–announced crawling peg
exchange rate regime and program projected a gradual move towards flexible exchange rate in July 2001. Public sector primary surplus aimed to be
attained by implementing a tight fiscal policy including additional taxes and cuts in public spending (AkyГјz and Boratav April 2002).
Celasun states that exchange rate based economical programs are credible if inflation is strongly related with exchange rates. It was expected

Foreign Exchange And Foreign Currency
Foreign Exchange & foreign currency is the elastic link between various independent political states. The Central Bank of a country frames the
monetary policy to maintain a desirable Foreign exchange rate & regulate the flow of foreign currency in an economy.
Now let us understand the correlation & interplay between foreign currency & the various economic parameters. In a floating regime of exchange
rates, the interest rates in the country are adjusted so as to vary its real exchange rates & also as a measure to control inflation. Therefore a developing
capitalist country will have its Central Bank adopt the policy of keeping its interest rate as low as possible. This will enable the entrepreneurs & the
various economic actors to obtain capital at a cheaper rate. It will also help to maintain a low real exchange rate & hence boost domestic exports.
Growing exports will see a positive trade balance or a Current Account Surplus. With a current account surplus the country can make strategic
investments in the foreign markets or acquire factories. This will result in a negative Capital Account while indicating the presence in foreign markets.
Such a cycle when sustained can provide a drive to the economy & increase the country's GDP & improve the standard of living in it.
The sources in which a foreign currency enters a domestic economy are either by the way of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or by the way of
Exports. Foreign Reserves can also build up due to the Central

why single currency is good for businesses Essay
Question 2; "All countries in the EU should join the single currency, all of them. A single currency would really allow businesses to prosper". The
European Union more commonly known as the EU, is known formally as the European Economic and Monetary Union. The EU establishes a
common market among its 28 member countries which means that all border controls between members have been eliminated, allowing the free flow
of goods and people. Public contracts are open to bidders from any member country. The EU common market also means that any product legally
manufactured in one member state can be sold in any other member state without the effect of tariffs or duties set on the products or services. Taxes
have been standardised.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once in a lifetime a family might make one large purchase or transaction across a European border such as buying a holiday home or a piece of
furniture. A single currency would help that transaction pass smoothly. Likewise, "businesses would no longer have to pay hedging costs which they
do today in order to insure themselves against the threat of currency fluctuations. Businesses, involved in commercial transactions in different member
states, would no longer have to face administrative costs of accounting for the changes of currencies, plus the time involved. It is estimated that the
currency cost of exports to small companies is 10 times the cost to the multi–nationals, who offset sales against purchases and can command the best
rates"[1]. A single currency in the EU should overall result in lower interest rates as all member European states would be locking into German
monetary credibility. The stability pact (the main points of which were agreed at the Dublin summit of European heads of state or government in
December 1996) will force EU countries into a system of fiscal responsibility which will enhance the Euro's international credibility. This should lead to
more investment, more jobs and lower mortgages. Disadvantages: 1. Fifteen separate countries with widely differing economic performances and
different languages have

The Impact Of Demonetization On Indian Economy
The present paper focuses on studying the impact of demonetization on Indian Economy. This wok concentrates on highlighting the advantages and
disadvantages of the move by the government . This paper tries to explore the negative and positive aspects of recent demonetization of Indian
Economy. The reader of this paper would be getting the knowledge about the pros, cons and consequences of demonetization of Indian economy.
KEYWORDS: Demonetization, circulation, Re–monetization, counterfeiting, legal tender.
INTRODUCTION: Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national
currency: The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, these varied currencies remained convertible into Euros at fixed exchange rates for a while to assure a smooth transition.
In 2015, the Zimbabwean government demonetized its dollar as a way to combat the country's hyperinflation, which was recorded at 231,000,000%.
The three–month process involved expunging the Zimbabwean dollar from the country's financial system and solidifying the U.S. dollar, the Botswana
pula and the South African rand as the country's legal tender in a bid to stabilize the economy2.
India 's Demonetization
In 2016, the Indian government decided to demonetize the 500– and 1000– rupee notes, the two biggest denominations in its currency system; these
notes accounted for 86% of the country's circulating cash. With little warning, India 's Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced to the citizenry on
Nov. 8 that those notes were worthless, effective immediately – and they had until the end of the year to deposit or exchange them for newly
introduced 2000 rupee and 500 rupee bills.
Chaos ensued in the cash–dependent economy (some 78% of all Indian customer transactions are in cash), as long, snaking lines formed outside ATMs
and banks, which had to shut down for a day. The new rupee notes have different specifications, including size and thickness, requiring re–calibration of
ATMs: only 60% of the country's 200,000 ATMs were operational. Even those dispensing bills of lower denominations faced shortages. The

The European Single Currency And Its Consequences Essay
The well–known economist, Joseph E. Stiglitz, stated in his recent book "the Euro" that the European single currency had been "flawed from its
beginning" (Stiglitz, 2016). But what exactly are the problems the Eurozone is facing? In the following, the problems regarding the single currency
and its consequences will be discussed. To begin with, the countries initially joining the euro were too heterogeneous, showing broad differences not
only regarding their economic structure but also considering their budget practices and civil approaches (Feldstein, 2011). Moreover, differences
regarding production structure, qualifications of the labour force as well as capital stock are considerable (FГјrrutter, 2012). However, in order to
make a single currency work, adequate similarities between the countries adopting the currency are required. The more similar countries are, the more
will a common interest and exchange rate suit all. For this reason, the convergence criteria were created and had to be fulfilled upon entry to the
Eurozone. Providing general criterion for price and exchange rate stability, continuous and flawless public finances, the Maastricht criteria aimed at
safeguarding the country's ability to adopt the single currency (European Commission, 2015). However, exceptions were made and even countries that
did not meet the admission standards of a budget deficit below three percent of GDP and a national debt below 60 percent of GDP– in particular,
Italy and Spain –

Pros and Cons of the Euro
Pros and Cons for and against the Euro
In the table below a number of arguments for and against a single European currency have been compiled. For the success or failure of the single
European currency much depends on the size of the effects described below. Do the gains from reduced transaction costs, the disappearance of
exchange rate instability, and greater price transparency outweight the losses from the cost of introducing the new currency and possible
macroeconomic adjustment costs? Judge for yourself: Arguments for a single European currency| Arguments against a single European currency|
Transaction CostsHaving to deal with only one currency will reduce the cost of converting one currency into another. This will benefit... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pros and cons
The United Kingdom will not join the single European currency with the first wave of countries on 1 January 1999. The Chancellor of the Exchequer,
Gordon Brown, said in October that, although the government supported the principle of the single currency, Britain would not be ready to join at least
until the second wave of countries join in 2002. He added that the UK should, however, begin to prepare for monetary union.
There are many possible advantages and disadvantages that the government had to consider:
Advantages:
1. A single currency should end currency instability in the participating countries (by irrevocably fixing exchange rates) and reduce it outside them.
Because the Euro would have the enhanced credibility of being used in a large currency zone, it would be more stable against speculation than
individual currencies are now. An end to internal currency instability and a reduction of external currency instability would enable exporters to project
future markets with greater certainty. This will unleash a greater potential for growth.
2. Consumers would not have to change money when travelling and would encounter less red tape when transferring large sums of money across
borders. It was estimated that a traveller visiting all twelve member states of the (then) EC would lose 40% of the value of his money in transaction
charges alone. Once in a

The Problem Of The Single European Crisis
BMAN 30891 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Did the existence of the European single current, the euro, exacerbate the economic severity of the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis?
Several sovereign states in the eurozone are experiencing difficulties in repayment of their government debt. Do you believe that the creation of the
single European currency has exacerbated the nature and extent of the eurozone sovereign debt crisis, or do you think that this was a crisis which would
still have occurred even in the absence of the single European currency?
Justin Chan 9569592
11/29/2014
final word count :
The creation of the single European currency has exacerbated the nature and extent of the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis.
Part A
Part A briefly introduces the background and context of the Eurozone Crisis.
Introduction
The euro was introduced on the 1st of January, 1999 to foster economic integration and growth. The current member countries of the Euro are Austria,
Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,
and Spain. The Euro involves a single, fixed currency within the Eurozone area. The member states are required to adopt a common monetary policy set
by the European Central Bank (the same interest rate and policy on quantitative easing). The Growth and Stability Pact was incorporated to set strict
limits on government's budget deficit, gross debt and price stability.
How

The European Economic Community and the Euro Dollar Essay
The European Economic Community and the Euro Dollar
The European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the common market, was established in 1957 through the treaty of Rome signed between
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Germany in order to achieve economic cooperation. "It has since worked for the free
movement of labor and capital, the abolition of trusts and cartels, and the development of joint and reciprocal policies on labor, social welfare,
agriculture, transport, and foreign trade." Over the years, monetary union has been suggested by the members of the EEC and was finally attained on
January 1,1999 when eleven European countries, which are now collectively referred to as Euroland, introduced a ... Show more content on
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The Euro is the newly created currency of the European Economic Community, a currency that became legal tender on January 1, 1999. By 2002, euro
notes and coins will replace the Austrian schilling, Belgian franc, Finnish markka, French franc, German mark, Irish punt, Italian lira, Luxembourg
franc, Dutch guilder, Portuguese escudo, and Spanish peseta. These 11 nations will share a common currency, a singlemonetary policy, and a single
foreign exchange rate policy. Currencies not only serve as a standardized value of measurement, so that we have a consistent way of expressing
value, but they also function as an efficient means of payment. Also they serve as a store of value, allowing us to transport wealth easily over a
distance and to store it for indefinite periods of time. There are two main reasons for this monetary union within the EEC (European Economic
Community), one being a political reason and the other an economic reason. The political arguments are that a single currency will further unite the
European alliance, which was formed after WWII, by forcing Europe to act as a whole rather than as single states. This could perhaps eliminate
nationalism and bring unity to this continent, which has been plagued by war twice in the last century. The Economic reasons for the euro project can
be found in the relatively poor performance of the European economies over the last twenty years or more. Europe has, for a long time, suffered form

Disadvantages Of Harmonization Of Law
As Cohen (2009) stated, harmonization can happen in a variety of ways, ranging from the decisions of individual states to reform their own legal
structures to conform to a common standard to the adoption of a multilateral treaty in which states commit themselves to adopt a common legal
model. (Leebron, 1996) This can be seen in some countries who have adapted different ways of reforming their own model while it can also be seen in
regional areas mainly the European Union (EU) while the Association of Southeast nations (ASEAN) have just adopted it last year.
There is a benefit as well as challenge in doing harmonization of law. The researcher thinks that the only benefit is the reason why it is mainly good for
all the countries involved. The only benefit is that it makes trading easier. The researcher thinks that the countries involved could see increase in their
economy since trading is easier. A country... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The global financial crisis in 2008 exposed the structural flaws of the EMU. The first challenge the researcher saw is if the ASEAN countries would
meet the financial criteria that would be set once the ASEAN dollar is in use. When euro was launched, not every member at that time joined
immediately. At the same time, Greece did not qualify but was allowed to join in 2001. It is also important to note that Britain and Denmark uses
their own currency. If ASEAN adopts the ASEAN dollar, questions such as if they are all qualified, what about those who are not qualified and those
who do not want to use the ASEAN dollar. The currency right now shows that Brunei and Singapore are above every other member while Malaysia
is catching up, others are far behind. If ASEAN dollar, would be put in to use, countries like Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia may copy what Britain
did since the Britain pound is higher than the euro. (Young, McCord, & Crawford,

Economics1
Economics
Student ID: B10016191
Name: Lee Sun Seok п§Ўж·ізў© (Tim)
Q1. How does the government use the fiscal policy and monetary policy to stabilize the economy?
в—† According to the basic Keynesian model inadequate spending is an important cause of recessions. To fight recessions– at least, those caused by
insufficient demand rather than slow growth of potential output– policymakers must find ways to stimulate planned spending. Policies that are used to
affect planned aggregate expenditure, with the objective of eliminating output gaps, are called stabilization policies. Policy actions intended to increase
planned spending and output are called expansionary policies: expansionary policy actions are normally taken when the ... Show more content on
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In the long run, the real interest rate is determined by the balance of saving and investment. The nominal interest rate that the Fed targets most closely
is the federal funds rate, which is the rate commercial banks each other for very short–term loans.
–Why does the real interest rate affect planned aggregate expenditure?
The Federal Reserve 's actions affect the economy because changes in the real interest rate affect planned spending. For example, an increase in the real
interest rate raises the cost of borrowing, reducing consumption and planned investment. Thus, by increasing the real interest rate, the Fed can reduce
planned spending and short–run equilibrium output. Conversely, by reducing the real interest rate, the Fed can stimulate planned aggregate expenditure
and thereby raise short–term equilibrium output. The Fed 's ultimate objectives are to eliminate output gaps and maintain low inflation. To eliminate a
recessionary output gap, the Fed will lower the real interest rate. To eliminate an expansionary output gap, the Fed will raise the real interest rate.
Figure 24.9 The Fed lowers the Nominal Interest Rate. P 699
–What effect does an open–market purchase of bonds by Fed have on nominal interest rates?
Federal Reserve has two other tools that it can use to change the money supply.
The first involves changes in discount window lending, which occur when commercial banks borrow additional reserves

The Global Forex Is Not Foreign Essay
The word Forex is not foreign to many people. It means 'foreign exchange '. It is the value of one currency vis a vis another. For example, One US
dollar is worth 62 INR as on date. But Forex trading is not a term many people in a developing country like India is familiar with. Forex trading is
just like stock trading. Just like stock trading where a trader gains or loses money with the rise and fall of the value of a particular share, through
buying and selling in stock exchanges across the world, in forex trading a trader gains or loses money with the rise and fall of the value of a
particular currency with respect to another, through buying and selling in the global forex market. The only difference is stock trading is done
on a single share, forex trading is done on pair of currencies. For instance, USD/EUR is 1.042, which means one US dollar is valued at 1.042 Euro.
Now if someone buys US 100 dollars, by trading forex online at prevailing market rate, then he gains if dollar becomes strong and loses if it
becomes weak, which in simple terms means if the price of one US dollar becomes more than 1.042 Euro, suppose 1.052, in forex parlance called
10 pips, then the trader gains by selling $100 and vice versa. Trading Forex Online is gaining more and more popularity as it can be done online 24
/7, because unlike stock exchanges around the world the forex market never sleeps. Moreover, the liquidity in forex markets is higher because at any
given point of time one can

The Euro And Its Impact On The U.S. Economy
The Euro and its Impact on the U.S. Economy The euro is the official currency of the following 12 European nations: Belgium, Germany, Greece,
Spain, France, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, and Finland. Although it has been the official currency since January
1,1999 it became physical tender which can be used by all participating countries on January 1,2002. The introduction of the euro into the world was
truly a historic event; it represented a unity never before seen in the history of Europe, a common currency. After years of negotiations and much
skepticism from around the globe, the implementation of the euro is no longer an abstract ideal, but a change that nations, corporations, and investors
must... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These changes will in turn make companies more competitive, expand markets for businesses, as well as increase trade across borders. However, most
importantly the euro is intended to create financial market stability within the participating countries. By eliminating the movements of exchange rate
and all reference to them, the European Central Bank will control interest rates and inflation. This will lead to less uncertainty and create new
opportunities for success.
Global American businesses are also more likely to be successful because of the American concept of investing in Europe. Many companies compare
the economic impacts of Europe as a whole instead of as single countries. "There is a very real possibility that US corporations, given their lower cost
base and the tendency they have already shown to view Europe as a single market, will be the real winners from monetary union," according to a report
by Price Waterhouse, the international consultancy.
Another impact the euro could have on the American economy is by effecting the exchange rate of the dollar. Although there is great potential for the
euro to have a positive impact on American business, there still is much uncertainty regarding the long–term effect it will have on the dollar's role as
the world's dominant currency. Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan in his remarks on the euro on November 30, 2001 states that, "clearly the

Letter Of Credit : International Trade
Student name:
Institution name:
Course Instructor:
International trade
Letter of Credit (L/C) and a draft
A letter of credit is a written pledge by a buyer's or importer's bank to the exporter or seller's bank. The letter of credit guarantees payment of a
particular sum of money in a specified currency, as long as the seller meets the specified conditions and presents the set documents within the agreed
timeframe. The prescribed documents include commercial invoice, airway bill and certificate of origin. To institute a letter of credit favoring the seller,
the buyer either makes an upfront payment of the specified sum or negotiates with the issuing bank.
When the seller or agrees to use the letter of credit, the documents presented (airway bill, invoice and the certificate of origin) ought to be
accompanied by a draft. A draft is an instrument used to demand payment. The draft is mainly a check representing the claim for payment, also known
as the bill of exchange; it is drawn and signed by the seller (exporter).
What is the major difference between "currency risk" and "risk of non–completion?" How are these risks handled in a typical international trade
transaction?"
Currency risk is the possibility that the currency chosen for payment of the import fluctuates in value relative to the exchange currency. Take a case
where a British firm exporting to France wants payment in pounds while the Importer (French) wants to make the payment in Euros. If the export
contract

Gold Standard Foreign Exchange Market
Gold Standard Foreign Exchange Market The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight
of gold. With the gold standard, the United States economy would print currency that equaled a specific value of gold. Meaning, you could cash in
your money for a specified amount of gold because a unit of currency equals a specific amount of gold. As stated in chapter 5 of International
business, 10th edition, "the gold exchange standard, established at Bretton Woods after World War II, worked until the 1970's when it collapsed due to
inflation and the surplus of U.S. dollars held outside the United States." They used gold because its rarity, durability, and the general ease of
identification... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smaller retailers would most likely be ruined in these types of transactions because of the lack of knowledge and playing power when it comes to
trading in a high risk format and are usually discourage to partake in these high risk trading. The limitations to Governments were that they could
not spend what they wanted because the amount of currency in circulation had to correspond to the amount of gold in reserve. President Nixon
eliminated the gold standard in 1971. It was eliminated because the governments could not manipulate the money supply if it was tied to gold.
Once it was eliminated, governments could create as much "Fiat" money as they wanted in order to conduct wars or any other big expenses. Fiat
money is money that the government has declared to be legal tender even though it has no actual value and is not backed by reserves. As a result,
the currency in circulation today does not have to be backed up by anything. This is why we see trillion dollar deficits today. Politicians can spend
what they want regardless of the real economic downfalls that eventually have to be dealt with. Nowadays, on a side note, foreign governments such
as the Chinese and others finance our US debt. This means most of debt the US government owns is owed to foreign investors. The answer to
whether having gold standard is good or not is based on whom you ask. Economists will have one

American Free Trade Agreement Is The United States Become...
Introduction Companies seem to be taking greater risks today than they did 30 years ago and this should have investors concerned. Most working
Americans are investing a portion of their earning into a 401K plan tax free; all in hopes when they retire, they can receive a monthly payment to
subsidize their Social Security income. As the working class continue to invest, they need to wonder about the companies associated with in their 401K
plan. As companies use others money to expand and advance into foreign markets, the consumer is allowing others to gamble with their hard–earned
money. Compared to 50 years, the number of imports and exports among the various countries is hard to believe, let alone for the majority of
consumers to understand. In 1994, President Clinton chose to have the United States become trading partners with Canada, and Mexico. Since the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed into law Council on foreign relations (2016) and trading of goods in 1993 was $290
billion and this year trading exceeds $1 trillion dollars. The economic impact trading between these three countries is seen in job creation in agriculture
and the automobile industry. Risk is part of business, the million–dollar question is; how much risk is one company, one investor, or one country
willing to take? Just as with NAFTA in 1994, there was risks, and President Obama put the United States at risk by opening up trade deals with Cuba
(Foxnews.com, 2015). As trade

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Euro
One of the most substantial evidence of European integration is the euro, which is the most widespread currency in 19 out of 28 European countries.
Euro is used by 338.6 million people every day. The advantage of the familiar currency is instantly evident to anyone travelling in a foreign country or
shopping online on websites based in an additional EU country. Theeuro zone is formally called the euro area, which is the geographic and economic
section that consists of all the European countries that have completely included the euro as their national currency. Euro zone can be considered as
one of the biggest economic area in the globe and its currency euro is considered as one of the largest part liquid when compared to others. The euro
zone consists of various countries such as Belgium, Austria, Cyprus, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia,... Show more content on
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It is not possible to carry a calculator every time to verify the price of something in foreign country. The price evaluation is clear–cut if the whole thing
is in the same currency. The clearness in price may help the organizations cut costs, as they will be capable to find the cheapest item for consumption
more effortlessly and efficiently.
Eradication of exchange rate uncertainty: due to the fluctuations in the exchange rate we never know which way the exchange rate moves, therefore it
might be one of the problems while trading with other countries. The exchange rate can move in our favor and at the same time it may also not be in
our favor, this kind of insecurity can hamper trade especially for the small business organisations. The single currency can provide confidence to trade
and help in getting free from all the insecurity within the single currency zone.
Job creation: since the single currency motivates the trade, it is likely to create jobs opportunities in those industries that experience enlarged

Arguments For and Against the UK Joining the European...
Discuss the arguments for and against the UK joining the European single currency
Whether the United Kingdom decides to join the European single currency and replace the pound with the euro will have profound economic as well
as political effects on the country so is a very important decision and has considerable variations in attitudes towards the topic, although the British
public opinion has consistently opposed joining the euro. The euro is currency shared by 18 of the European Union's Member States. The euro was
introduced in 1999 and automatically became the new official currency of 11 States, followed by another 7 countries joining to date. However, the UK
negotiated an opt–out to from the Treaty meaning they don't have to adopt the common currency as they fit a certain criteria [1]. Joining the European
single currency can have major advantages for the UK, such as diminished uncertainty of exchange rate for businesses and the decreased need to pay
transaction costs of changing currencies when abroad. It can also have disadvantages such as loss of domestic monetary policy and variable rate debt
in the UK.
In 1997 five tests were made by Gordon brown and his special adviser at the time Ed Balls, these five tests were to be used to see whether the UK was
ready to join the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union. Brown's test's where Convergence(Is the economic structure in the UK
compatible with that of its European partners), Flexibility (Is Britain

The European Monetary Union (EMU)
The European Monetary Union (EMU) – The Euro as a Single Currency
Liberalizing trade is nothing new to the world, but we have never witnessed such a vast economic integration between sovereign countries like the
integration carried out in the European Union. Customs duties between European countries started to come down steadily in the early 1950s and were
abolished in 1968 with the introduction of a customs union and the implementation of the common external tariff. The official proclamation of the
single market on 1 January 1993 marked the ending of non–tariff barriers to trade between Member States.
European Monetary Union will make it possible to complete European economic integration. The introduction of a single currency will ... Show more
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A financial institution that fails to provide such services would run the risk of losing business.
The introduction of the euro will have important implications not only for the Union and its Member States but also for their partners. But while it will
be a major event for international monetary relations and the international monetary system, there will be no abrupt change; nor is it likely to be
destabilizing.
In order to prepare for the euro, and once it is in place, Member States need to follow sound economic policies based on low inflation, healthy public
finances and stable monetary conditions. These rules of good economic management are the recipe for low interest rates, strong investment growth, and
therefore high growth and job creation. Firms across the world – and not just in Europe – will benefit from these improved growth prospects. The
strength of Europe as a trade partner will open new prospects for exporters in the rest of the world. Foreign companies especially will benefit, because
there will be only one market to penetrate rather than 15. Therefore, the costs of doing business in Europe will go down significantly, fostering
competition and lowering prices across the Union.
The international role of the euro will probably become evident first in the European zone of influence, that is in those countries which have

Swot Analysis : ' Stubhub '
Although StubHub is a renowned ticket seller in North America it still has some key areas it can improve upon for its own customers. Areas such as
currency integration would largely help attract new customers to StubHub. Currency integration would help price comparisons for customers that are
not within the borders of the United States. Currently if a customer conducts business on StubHub they are only shown ticket prices in American
dollars. Instead of getting a currency converted as per the user 's country of origin according to his account, he is misled by the display of the
American dollar which may appear to be cheaper until it is converted into the customer 's own currency after getting billed. By expanding available
currencies on StubHub's website more international customers can be attracted to use StubHub promoting easy flow of business internationally with
different currencies. Customers do not have to go through the pain of converting each offered ticket price for each event they browse to their own
currency from American dollars or wait to get billed. StubHub should offer a feature that lets the user scroll through a list of currencies where the ticket
price is displayed to get an accurate price they can relate to and have knowledge of according to market value. Another key area that StubHub could
address from its website is the offering of different languages customers can use when conducting their business through StubHub. Although StubHub
focuses its business

Demonetization: Impact Of Street Vendors?
Demonetization: Impact of street vendors Abstract:–Demonetization is the progression in which a particular currency or valuable mineral is degraded
as a legal tender to avoid some illegal practices and also make a revolution relevant for economic welfare. This happens when a certain currency is no
longer in regular use within the country of origin, or when a newer currency comes into circulation with the view to make regulations for better
functioning. The latest demonetization in India was the sudden announcement by Prime Minister of India dated 8th November at 8.30 p.m. that 500
and 1,000 rupees currency notes would not be legal tender from midnight of 8th November 2016. The announcement was made much after banking
hour's thus giving nobody... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why shouldn't demonetization have any effect on economic behavior of the country? What are the alternate actions followed by small traders and
street vendors to tolerate the present scenario? IV. LIMITAIONS OF STUDY 1.Area of research is also a major constraint. The major limitation of
the study has been done in Coimbatore only and most of them gave overall picture of India. 2.Maximum of sample selected for the study were
uneducated or partially educated people, who were involved in street vendors and day–to–day financial transactions at small level. 3.Time limit is also
a major constraint. The study had taken into consideration both during demonetization and post demonetization between the periods of 10th November
to 25th November. 4.This research reflects opinion and responses of individuals only where by findings and suggestion given on the basis of this
research cannot be applied to entire population. V. HYPOTHESIS 1st set of Hypothesis: HO: street vendors have not been affected significantly by
demonetization H1: street vendors have been significantly affected by demonetization 2nd set of Hypothesis H0: Demonetization will not result in cash
less

The Cfa Franc Zone : A Research Report For Tullow Oil
The CFA franc zone About this report Oxford Analytica is providing a research report for Tullow Oil. Oxford Analytica draws on its extensive
expert network to identify key countries or regions at risk of political or economic crisis that could have negative implications for Tullow's ability
to deliver services. This study is intended for the use and assistance of Tullow Oil. It should not be regarded as a substitute for the exercise by the
recipients of their own judgement. Oxford Analytica Ltd and/or any person connected with it accepts no liability whatsoever for any direct or
consequential loss of any kind arising out of the use of this study or any part of its contents. Oxford Analytica is a global analysis and advisory
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Background The Financial Community of Africa

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