The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis And Arguments For And Against It

The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis And Arguments For And Against It
For all humans, language is the most common means of communication with others and it enables us to share our
experiences and stories and to tell about our needs and feelings. For example, Yamamoto states that sociolinguistics see, it is
'primarily through the use of language that people communicate with each other' (1979: 146). We all speak one or more
languages and as the main way of communication it is an important and vital part of our lives. There is many languages in
the world and they differ from one another in many ways. But does the language we speak reflect to the way we see and
experience the world around us? This paper will explore the question through the Sapir Whorf hypothesis and arguments for
and against it.
The Sapir Whorf hypothesis mentioned above is based on the ideas of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf who studied
aboriginal languages among Native American tribes, mostly the Hopi. They believed that the language one speaks is directly
related to the way they understand the reality and see the world. For example, Whorf once wrote 'we dissect nature along
lines laid down by our native languages' (Whorf cited in Salzmann 1993: 153) which led to Zdenek Salzmann's conclusion
of Whorf's ideas: 'Difference among languages must therefore be reflected in the differences in the worldviews of their
speakers' (1993: 156). This hypothesis has been challenged many times by several anthropologists and linguists and there
are arguments and evidence for and against it.
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How Language Is Influenced By Our Language
The possibility that the way we think is influenced by our language has interested scholars for hundreds of years. The strong
view of this 'language relativity hypothesis ' or 'Sapir–Whorf –hypothesis ' where our actions are determined only by
language has been widely abandoned. However answering the question whether language can still shape our thoughts to
some extent has been proven more difficult. In this paper I will examine some of the recent research that seems to support
the idea that although language does not completely dictate how we think it can have an impact on our cognitive fuctions.
The ability to use language as a way to communicate is a defining difference between humans and animals. Even though
human beings form one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example when learning a second language it might be hard to find a definitive and suitable translation but at the same
time common sense tells us that "a stone is a stone whatever you call it" (Gumperz & Levinson 1996: 1). The two different
outlooks have also appeared in the academic world gaining advocates for both perspectives.
The concept of linguistic relativity has interested linguists, psychologists, anthropologists and philosophers for centuries
(Boroditsky 2001: 2). St. Augustine 's view in the 4th century was that language is merely a terminology for pre–existing
concepts, and in the 13th century Roger Bacon claimed that appropriate translations between languages are impossible due
to the incongruity between their semantic fields (Gumperz & Levinson 1996: 2). Lucy (1996) explains that the beginning of
the 20th century was dominated by the supposition that differences in linguistic and cultural behaviour are caused by
cognitive distinctions. After that the increasing popularity in cognitive sciences has shifted the course towards more
universalist ideas (Lucy 1996: 37).
The idea that language shapes the way we think is also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis after the two linguists who
made the hypothesis well–known. Edward Sapir was an American anthropological linguist who, like so many
anthropologists of his day, was a student of Franz Boas. He was

To What Extent Does Language Influence Thought? Essay
"Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about." – Benjamin Lee Whorf
Introduction
The idea that language affects the way we remember things and the way we perceive the world was first introduced by the
influential linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf (Harley, 2008). The central idea of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis,
today more commonly known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, holds that "each language embodies a worldview, with
quite different languages embodying quite different views, so that speakers of different languages think about the world in
quite different ways" (Swoyer, 2003). In the late 1990s, Cameron claimed that the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis was regarded as
"that which must be refuted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous research by Malotki (1983) indicated that this finding was never approved as reliable data. This dilemma will be
analyzed later on in reference to a contemporary study consisting of English and Mandarin native speakers and their ensuing
concepts of time.
The Concept of Time in English and Mandarin
Research by Lera Boroditsky (2001) posed many interesting questions regarding linguistic diversity and the resultant
interplay between language and thought: whether linguistic diversity stimulates different ways of thinking, whether learning
new languages changes the way one thinks, whether bilingual and multilingual people think differently when speaking
different languages. Clark (2003) maintains that although language does not indicate a complete map of consciousness or
thought, it is at least a "representational map" that varies across languages.
Spatial metaphors are used to specify these different aspects of time in our experience with the world (Boroditsky, 2000).
Examples of spatial metaphors for time include looking forward to something, falling behind schedule, or planning ahead.
Results from Boroditsky's study indicated that there were indeed differences in spatial metaphors employed between English
and Mandarin; while in English front/back terms are predominantly used to conceptualize time, Mandarin speakers also use
vertical metaphors as well as front/back terms to

Code Talkers Research Paper
Indian code talkers are a group of bilingual Navajo speakers that were used to transfer messages during World War II. The
Marine Corps recruited many of these Code Talkers to help them in the war. The Marines were so protective of the Code
Talkers that if there was any danger of the Indians being captured for the Japanese to learn the code the Marines would have
to kill the Code Talker. After the Navajo Code, also known as the Type One Codes, were created the Marine Corps started a
Code Talking School. Along with learning the language they learned how to march in cadence, obey orders, and keep their
quarters very clean. It was here that over four hundred Navajos were recruited as Code Talkers. The Code Talkers were from
at least sixteen

The Effects Of Language On Language Influences
One of the greatest influential pieces of research within this area of cognitive psychology originates from Whorf (1956),
whom proposed that language influences or determines the way in which an individual thinks (Whorfian Hypothesis).
Subsequently, Miller and McNeil (1969) distinguished three versions of this hypothesis, simply ladled "strong", "weak" and
"very weak". The "strong" hypothesis emphasizes the role of language when creating cognition, essentially language
determines thought. The "weak" states that language influences memory perception. Finally, the "very weak" hypothesis
states that language influences memory.
Languages differences between languages
Within this field of research it is important to look examine the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One argument, for example, is to investigate how and individuals thinks about time and space, from this it is suggest that the
syntax and morphology of a language can affect how a speaker thinks about time and space. For example, Whorf suggested
that Hopi speakers, think about time and space in a very different way than English speakers, who have a very linear
Newtonian perspective on the topic; very unlike the Hopi speakers who have a very natural physicist relativistic perspective.
The research here, brings forward the idea that the language we speak does have an influence on the way in which we think,
especially in more abstract topics as time and space Slobin, D. I. (1996).
On the other hand, some psychologist argue that Whorf's study suffers from methodological problems, which could have an
effect on the reliability and validity of the results. Malotki (1983) stated that when the Hopi speakers' talk about time, it may
not be as different from the English speakers as Whorf made it to appear. If there are no actual differences between the
languages, then there should be no intention to posit differences in the thoughts of their speakers, such as Whorf did with the
Hopi people. Pinker (1992) also argued that particular behavioural differences between language groups have turned out to
be artefacts of clumsy translation. Therefore, this piece of research is important in this field of

How Language Is Dependent On Our Line Of Thoughts, Values,...
It is generally agreed that the reality expressed in spoken words reflects the reality that was perceived in thought. In other
words, our thoughts and ideas give stimulation to construct our speech and languages. Therefore, what we say and how we
formulate our language is dependent on our line of thoughts, values, beliefs, and habits, collectively known as culture.
However, there is an interesting opposing viewpoint, which suggests that language profoundly determines or influences the
modes of thought and characteristics of a culture in which it is spoken. Linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
developed a famous theory known as the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis. The theory states that the structure of a language shapes
"how individuals in a society perceives and conceives reality" (Human, 245). In the Human Evolution and Culture textbook,
the authors illustrate how inherent structure in different languages such as English, Hopi, Yucatan Mayan, or Hebrew
language restricts or permits certain knowledge of a population, thus contributing to different cultures by altering the way
people interpret their surroundings. Upon applying the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis to my native language, Vietnamese, and my
second language, English, I have successfully identified and intensively demonstrated each language application in shaping
both cultures. According to the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, people who speak multiple languages think and perceive the reality
differently. Base on my own

Language Death Essay
Main Issues: The way in which our world functions today is a result of colonialization. Language death and linguistic
endangerment is woven with colonialization and the history of oppression toward indigenous communities. We cannot speak
of language death without first acknowledging the speakers and the systematic oppression that indigenous communities
continue struggling to resist. In present time language shifts due to economic incentive of hegemony and the mediating role
of language ideologies are two of the most important causes of language death. Language shift and language ideologies that
ultimately cause language death are current consequences of colonialization. The death of a language has both of linguistic
and cultural consequences to the particular community affected and to the world's diversity as a whole. Languages serve as
carries of cultural knowledge, as identity and verbal art, hence when a language is lost cultural resources, identity and verbal
art are lost. One of the most important causes of language death is language shifts due to economic incentives of hegemony.
A language shift is when people adopt the language of the hegemonic society replacing their mother tongue in both their
personal and professional lives (Mithum 1998:182). The shift of language is motivated by the hope for economic prosper as
hegemonic languages like English and French dominate the economic market place. This language shift is also understood
through the terms of

Essay Sun chief
Different cultures and religions have many different customs and rituals. In Islam it is common practice for women to be
covered from head to toe. In Tibetan Buddhism it is common for devotees to practice asceticism. In Hopi culture and
religious tradition food and sex play large and important roles, although in different situations the roles may be completely
opposite.
In Sun Chief particularly the chapter called "the Making of a Man" we can see that food is very important spiritually to the
Hopi people. In the Wowochim ceremony each boy is given their manhood name over a "mother–corn ear" (159). In each of
a dozen or more ceremonies we see that certain practices such as the sprinkling of corn (159, 160, 162, etc.), or the eating of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This feast celebration suggests that in the case of food, while there are certain sacred times which require food to be
abstained from, for the large part the Hopi consider food to be something given to them to enjoy and indulge in freely.
Sex is mentioned in Sun Chief along much the same lines as is food. During the Medicine Ceremony, for example, on the
seventh day which is spent making pahos, or special offerings to the Gods for rain and good harvest, our narrator states that
"If a sexual thought had come into my mind, I would have tried to free myself of it and would not have mentioned the
subject to a fellow member even to relieve him of hiccoughs– an excellent remedy on other occasions" (170). From this
statement we can draw two conclusions about Hopi thoughts on sex. First, while sex does not seem to be abstained from
during all ceremonies, during certain especially important spiritual events, sex is considered improper. Second, by referring
to discussion of sex as something as mundane as a cure for hiccoughs, we can see that sex is in most circumstances
something indulged in often and without any feelings of shame or sin.
Looking at the Hopi attitudes toward food and sex as seen in Sun Chief, it is safe to say that the Hopi, under everyday
circumstances, are a people who follow their natural wants and needs. The concept of self–restraint from such natural
desires, while not entirely foreign, is not something the

Hopi Indian Perspectives
The Hopi peoples continue to thrive and preserve their culture for as long as humans have been known to inhabit this Earth.
As Jake and Susanne Page maintain, "they are not only the oldest dwellers in this land but are considered by most other
Native Americans to have a wisdom, a knowledge of things, beyond average comprehension" (1994:19). This wisdom
comes from a deep connection to all things natural and of this Earth. The Hopis have always relied on nature to guide them
spiritually, philosophically, as well as physically. They rely on word of mouth to pass down beliefs and teach values to each
new generation so that the Hopivotskwani –the Hopi path of life– may continue on. (Parezo 1996:237) Through the
examination of ethnographic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hopis recognize that their thoughts, prayers, wishes, and feelings affect the balance of the world around them; therefore
simply keeping a positive outlook may be all the difference needed to keep crops prosperous. (Ferrero 1983) Seen as the
future of the Hopi clan, the Kachinas inspire life on Earth and thereafter. The Hopis understand that through their hard work,
dedication, and faith they are preparing for the future of their people. Another important part of the Hopi culture, is the idea
that time is circular and ongoing. Hopis emerged from the spirit world to take on their role in life as part of nature. They
believe that their connection with the land, animals, and spirits is a part of their Hopivotskowani. Therefore, they respect the
natural and cyclical tendency of life. Just as the seasons of the year bring life and death to many plants and animals, the
Hopi people accept life and death as part of the human existence. While alive, a Hopi must do his/her part to learn about the
culture and how to do things the "Hopi way", in order to prepare one's self for the spirit world. (Ferrero 1983) Then, as one
enters the spiritual world, his/her spirit becomes a force of life–giving nature and serves as a guide for young Hopis. The
circular motion of time allows the Hopis to accept occurrences as part of a larger plan than one can see for one's self.
The Hopi people are extremely passionate about their cultural

Buffalo Kachina Research Paper
The Most Powerful doll: The buffalo Kachina
Like the Hopi and the Pueblos, the Zuni (Native American Pueblo peoples) like all other Indian Pueblo are very religious
and peaceful. They are reputable goldsmiths and one of the Indian people who have saved their culture and traditional
ceremonies. In their religion, everything in the planet has a spiritual and a visible form. During their religious ceremonies,
they use dolls called Kachina to carry humans' prayers to the gods and ancestors. These kachinas are the reincarnation of the
spiritual form returned from the clouds. Not only these dolls are hidden and direct representations of a variety of gods,
spirits, and ancestors, but also appear to the Zuni's people in physical form singing and dancing during their various
ceremonies. "The nearly 250 kachina personalities embody clouds, rain, crops, animals, and even ideas such as growth and
fertility" (Sayre 21). The most well–known are the spirits of fire, rain, and snake. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They are the spirits of the invisible world. By the same token, they represent supernatural human beings who have a role as
mediators between humans and the gods. For this reason, as messengers of gods, their stay among human occurs between
the winter solstice and summer solstice. They are represented only by the male inhabitants and embody the most positive
virtues. During ritual ceremonies, these spirits embody in masked and costumed dancers, have as mission to bring humans'
wishes to the gods such as the wish of more rain, more abundant harvest, and to be spared of diseases. Finally, once this
period of rituals is completed, the kachinas return home (to the hill of San

Cultural Beliefs Of The Afterlife
Every culture has their own set of beliefs when it comes to the afterlife, what happens to our soul, morality, fate, and also
share their own version of punishment and reward. Some cultures believe there's a life after death while others do not. For
instance, the Egyptian culture do believe in an afterlife. In fact, their culture is so deeply rooted in this that they form their
whole lives around and spend their entire lives preparing for their death and afterlife. Egyptians believe the life you have on
Earth will be the same in your afterlife. Their concept of an afterlife was a mirror–world of one's life on earth. Well, it was
specifically one's life in Egypt. Therefore, one was expected to live that life well if one hoped to enjoy the rest of one's
eternal journey. The Egyptians also believed the soul left its physical body to journey off into the afterlife. However, they
believed you needed your entire body to remain intact and pure in order to have a chance at living in paradise after this
realm. So, if your arm was missing at the time of your burial, according to their beliefs you could not transcend into the next
life. You'd be left in limbo. This is why their embalming rituals were created. These rituals were created to make a body pure
to be able to transcend into the next life. Speaking of purity, the ancient Egyptians had a code of morals and ethics which
was known as Ma'at. It was the ethical conceptions of "truth", "order" and "cosmic balance". Also these

History Of Hopi Indian Potters Essay
History Of Hopi Indian Potters
Contact zones were described in Mary Louise Pratt's article "Arts of the Contact Zone" as being those points in time in
which different cultural groups came together. Positive influences between the groups lead to knowledge and understanding,
whereas negative influences lead to conflict and miscomprehension. The history of the Hopi Indians is intertwined with the
various contact zones between the Hopi Indians and other cultural groups. It is this series of contact zone experiences that
has shaped the development of Hopi pottery.
The history of Hopi pottery begins with the history of the Native American Hopi Indians and the many peoples that came
into contact with their culture and traditions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The positive influence of their Anasazi predecessors continued well into the 1200's for the Hopi Indians. The Great Drought
of 1276 through 1299, though, brought great changes in the making of Hopi pottery (Bartlett 4). Orange and yellow pottery
came into existence as wood used for the firing technique was abandoned for the coal fuel found in abundance on the three
mesas. Coal became the principal fuel for cooking and heating, as well as for the firing of the Hopi pottery. The Anasazi
influence, along with the use of coal, transformed the pottery color and design into what has now been named the Sikyatki
Polychrome style of Hopi pottery.
The Sikyatki style of Hopi pottery was the introduction of artistic quality to the yellow pottery of the Anasazi period. From
1400–1600 A.D., the Sikyatki Polychrome style was described as "flamboyance of decoration" on the yellow pottery now
being made (Bartlett 6). The geometric designs of the Anasazi period were abandoned for the Sikyatki use of life–form
designs and nature designs. These included mammals, birds, reptiles, as well as rain clouds, stars, and sun symbols.
The most dramatic turn in the history of the Hopi Indians came with the direct influence by the contact zone

Seeing Through Language
Miles Groberg
Sather
English 122
02/27/2017
Seeing Through Our Tongue: The Liminal Nature Of Language
Introduction
One universal aspect of the human condition is communication. Finding some way to convey the abstract concepts of our
minds in such a way they can be understood by others is a fundamental necessity of being a human in culture as we
understand it. It is with this understanding that the question has been asked; if language is the medium through which our
perceptions are channeled, how much are our perceptions distorted by language? How much is our language distorted by our
perceptions? Is this relationship something that could be manipulated, and how effective would it be? Thankfully, these are
questions that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On The Subject Of Language And Social Change
This paragraph is largely going to be pulling from examples, like Does Gender–Fair Language Pay Off and Within or
Outside to showcase both intentional and subconscious decisions various cultures and languages have taken towards
proposed changes.
This paragraph deals mostly with Within or Outside. In it, most of the discussion is used to show that language and culture
naturally evolve both with each other and independently of each other. Using a clever segue that I'm sure I'll come up with,
it rounds out by suggesting that intentional change would be worth exploring.
Which leads to this paragraph, discussing mostly existing attempts towards changing languages in contemporary settings,
and analyzing the cause, effects, and progression gained by these methods.

Truth Of A Hopi Essay
Truth of a Hopi On this journey through this essay on the Truth of a Hopi, it will be illustrated the reasons for the Hopis
migration and the establishment of new communities. The journey will take a look into such communities established
relating to Oraibi, Hotevilla, and Bacabi. This journey will show how persistent the theme of migration is in Hopi oral
history. The journey starts with a look into some of the strong reasons for the migration and establishment of new
communities. One of the strongest reasons for migrating is to get away from sinful or evil land. Such evils would be that of
witchcraft and wizardry. Sinful lands are created through the deeds of the people.
Example of those deeds given were when the priests of the upper class ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
27). When this wish was granted by the mocking bird, the people became very troubled because now they could not
understand each other. At this point it was decided that "it would be best to separate" (p. 29). The groups of people being
that of the Navajo, Supai, Paiute, Apache, Zuni, Utes, and the Bahana, came together on the fourth day, chose the foodstuff
that they wanted to travel with and live on. And as a race, they left on their journey eastward toward the rising sun, the
Eastern Star (p. 30).
As the groups traveled eastward, one by one, they came upon a dead bear. Starting with the first group reaching the animal,
they decided to call themselves the "Bear Clan". The next group, coming upon the dead bear, made straps out of the bear
hide, thus calling themselves the "Strap Clan". One by one, as the groups reached the point of where the carcass of the bear
lied, chose their names for what was visible. The names coming out of these decisions were that of the "Bluebird Clan", the
"Spider Clan", the "Gopher Clan", and finally "The greasy eye cavities of the skull" clan or the Wikurswungwa Clan (p.

Essay on Sun Chief
The religion detailed and examined throughout Don Talayesva's "Sun Chief" can be difficult to understand and near
impossible to appreciate. At first glance to the casual reader it can appear shallow and ridiculous; a religion created around
the wants and needs of the Hopi but not based on any empirical or even supposed sacred evidence. When coupled with The
Sacred Canopy however, the reader begins to understand the simplistic beauty of their religion providing necessary guidance
and support to the Hopi tribe. The reader also is able to relate to Don's religion in terms of the love one has for his or her
own dogma and the importance it plays in an individual's life.
It is important to understand that Don's religion was not his by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not fair for any religion to dismiss another as absurd, because of the inherent differences in what different religions
include or consider "miracles", "'oracles", or "rituals". Opposing religions consider each other ridiculous equally and their
own dogma is revered as "true" equally. To Don Talayesva as a child, Christianity was nothing more than something white
people talked about while he waited for their free clothing or candy. This is soundly equivalent to the care and consideration
non–Hopis' give to the thought of dancing for rain. In terms of nomos, the Hopis' religion served just as well as any could
have. At birth babies are born onto sacred sand. When they need rain for crops, the Katcinas dance in the plaza. To live a
healthy life and bear many children, Hopi's have intercourse with the Salt Woman. These rituals and traditions make sense to
the Hopi and provide mental security. It shields them from terror and imposes a meaningful order upon reality, as put in The
Sacred Canopy. The Hopi can use their religion to eschew helplessness and a fear of being spiritually alone in the world. It
provides them with answers and makes them calm and happy. These qualities make their religion successful as defined by
The Sacred Canopy's requirement of nomization for a meaningful life. From the perspective of a non–Hopi, their religion
would probably be viewed as a convenient set of beliefs and practices thought up by a group of

Running Evolution
The Evolution and Benefits of Running
¨Running shoes have magic in them. The power to transform a bad day into a good day; frustration into speed; self–doubt
into confidence; and chocolate cake into muscle,¨ states Shape magazine. Running has always been a way of life for the
people throughout the world. Whether it be for hunting, war, or even for a sport; running is what makes us human and what
keeps the human race healthy. In different cultures running is valued for many reasons,such as: religion, sport, and it's even
still used for hunting today. However, each of those different cultures share one thing, they all use the same running form.
Also, there are so many benefits that are offered by running. Running is the key to health and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each culture uses the same techniques to perfect their running form and each one is successful in their own way. Running
may not always be the fun thing to do, but it is a great way to stay healthy. Also, it makes you stronger both physically and
mentally. Generations and generations of people have been running for years, and it has evolved into something
unimaginable. As noted on Pinterest, ¨Running trains me to be a stronger person. Running trains me to refuse to allow my
environment to determine my actions. I have never breathed so hard, felt so strong, or faced such challenge as when I am
running. Running trains me to always keep

Taking a Look at the Anasazi Tribe
The Anasazi are the "ancestors of today's Pueblo Indians" and they are from the four corners region, the corners of New
Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah (Witze). They were able to produce a lot of crops even though they lived in an area of
little rainfall. They learned to farm in barren lands. They were very artistic people. They are known for "their baskets and
pottery and are highly admired by collectors" ("The Anasazi"). Most people know them because of their cliff dwellings.
They built homes on mountainsides as a defense mechanism. They also are known for their pits, kivas, that were temples of
worship for their ancestors. More recently, they have been come to known for possibly partaking in cannibalism between
1150 and 1175 AD. This has caused a huge debate between archaeologists and the Puebloan people. One major conflict with
cannibalism is whether it is morally right or wrong. First off, cannibalism can mean very different things, "all of which have
loaded cultural connotations, and carries some very heavy historical and emotional baggage" (Dongoske, Martin, and
Ferguson 2000). Depending on the society, the practice of cannibalism can or cannot be socially acceptable. For example,
Westerners typically view cannibalism as morally wrong and corrupt. Prejudice has formed against those accused, such as
the Anasazi. Even if cannibalism had happened among them does not mean that the Anasazi people were accepting of it.
There are a lot of generalizations made against

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
1. The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis meant the comprehension of the world for an individual determines by the background
linguistics system or grammar. In other words, language which use in his or her culture influence his or her thought, idea,
view of the world. Explanation of this hypothesis will be more apprehensible by examples.
'Cultural emphasis' is one of the popular examples of Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis.
Cultural emphasis is if a culture "A" counts more than about certain aspect another culture "B", the culture "A" tends to have
more verity of word that the culture "B" about the aspect.
For example, in English words related family relationship might be 20 or less: aunt, uncle, father, mother, grandmother,
grandfather, great grandmother or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reference: http://fora.tv/2010/10/26/Lera_Boroditsky_How_Language_Shapes_Thought#fullprogram David S. Thomson's
(2011/10/25). The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis: Worlds Shaped by Words. Retrieved from
http://uee.unist.ac.kr/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_grou
p_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_7103_1%26url%3D
2. The critics of Sapri–Whorf Hypothesis had insisted the bond between culture and language, doubts the relevance of
person's view of the world. The example of Shona which tribe has only three category of colors does not mean that Shona's
eye is psychologically different; and can't see rainbow as English–speakers do. It's just hard to speak the definition of the
color. Moreover, Whorf probably didn't consider dead metaphors for Hopi language.
For example, "God be with you," doesn't mean that person will imagine God being with him.
I do admit that Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis's example has some risk of uncertainties as it is hard to totally understand culture of
Shona or Hopies for Whorf of other people. However, I do not agree that it Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis is wrong twofold: one
is the hypothesis is more related to mental state of people rather than physiological state; and the other is dead metaphor still
affects in other way. First, even though it is true that people physiologically that human eyes are same, it doesn't mean they
recognize at the same way as others.
For example there is an experiment from

The Psydiscipline Of The Sapir-Whorf Exphesis
In linguistics, one of the most important–and most controversial, so to speak–is the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. This blog post
is going to focus on this hypothesis.
Language is not thought
Before anything else, we need to establish one thing: language is not thought, just as well that heaven is not hell. One might
say that he is thinking using words and sentences, but this is not the case.
I, for one, had always believed that I think using words. But this article from Science 2.0 let me know that thoughts are not
words and vice versa. Also, we watched a video clip in class wherein Steven Pinker, a Harvard professor, explained that
language is different from thought, writing and grammar.
I want to highlight this paragraph from the Science 2.0 article by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However language and thought are connected. We have a subdiscipline for that, called psycholinguistics. This subdiscipline
is concerned with the relation of cognition and language.
We are yet to discuss this topic so forgive me for my lack of knowledge.
The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
We may have said that cognition is not the same as language, but according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf,
language affects a person's thoughts. To make it formal, the definition given by dictionary.com might be useful:
[The Sapir–Whorf theory is] a theory developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf that states that the structure of a
language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is
spoken.
Linguistic relativism
This is the weaker form of the hypothesis and states that different languages encode different categories. Therefore, speakers
of different languages view the world in different ways. I see that I need to provide concrete examples of this, and so I have
decided to includ evidences for linguistic relativism cited in Introduction to linguistics by Fromkin et. al.

The Sapir-Whorf Relathesis
The linguistic aspect of the discussion, however, focuses on the potential interrelation and interaction of concepts and
language. It is obvious that language influences thought and vice versa, but the question is to what degree and how.
Certainly, the most notable position that should be mentioned here is the controversial Sapir–Whorf hypothesis which has
been subjected to many objections in linguistic circles. The theory's general principle was first proposed by Edward Sapir in
his essay ''The Status of Linguistics as a Science'' (1929):
Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but
are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium ... Show more content on
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(p. 209)
Probably the most common interpretation of Sapir's quote is that the language we speak and think in forms our perception of
the world and thus affects cognitive processes to some extent. Consequently, it is of high possibility that the speakers who
use different language systems also perceive the world differently. This idea, also known as linguistic relativism, is
considered to be a weaker version of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, since Sapir obviously acknowledged the objectiveness of
reality in the above–quoted passage. However, Sapir's ideas were further expanded by his student Benjamin Lee Whorf who
developed a stronger version of the Hypothesis labeled as linguistic determinism, ''stating that people's thoughts are
determined by the categories made available by their language'' (Pinker, 1995, p. 57). Fascinated by his professor's work on
the Native American languages, Whorf conducted contrastive studies of the Hopi Indian Language, trying to fortify and
prove the linguistic relativism hypothesis. Namely, he primarily focused on the differences between the Hopi Indian
Language and three languages (English, German and French) he considered to be ''Standard Average European'' (SAE)
because they

The Effects Of Violence Against Women On North American...
Question: How do social norms contribute to the persistence of violence against women in North American society? Inter–
disciplinary approach There are many factors that contribute to violence against women. There are obvious factors such as
substance abuse by both the abused or the abuser that lead to violence. Cycles of poverty and the stresses that come with
economic struggle are known factors in violence as well. Economic struggles inside and outside of the home are stresses and
not only does violence happen in the household, but can also be present in the neighbour hood in general. These causes of
violence are easily definable and readily researchable. If these situational issues were the only causes of violence against
women, then there should be no instances of violence in educated, middle class society amongst people that do not have
substance abuse issues. Since this is obviously not the case, what other factors cause violence to occur? To understand how
the subtleties of social norms affect societies beliefs and behaviours an interdisciplinary approach is required to address all
the areas affecting the attitudes of the population. We are a society that does not overtly condone violence against women
and yet the problem persists. There is no one discipline that could cover the many facets of our social conscience that
contributes to the underlying beliefs of society. To truly understand how a persons' attitudes are developed and sustained we
must

The Way Specific Language Is Structured Can Shape How A...
Thesis Statement: The way specific language is structured can shape how a person thinks about and perceives reality,
leading to speakers of different languages to experience the world differently. Language does this by creating different
categories that affect what we perceive in some way.
Some scholars believe that language has a direct effect on how we perceive the world and some scholars don't.
The way specific language is structured can shape how a person thinks about and perceives reality, leading to speakers of
different languages to experience the world differently. Language does this by creating different categories that affect what
we perceive in some way.
Whorf hypothesis
PARAGRAPH1.The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis can change how people look at the relationship between language and
perception by introducing the principal of linguistic relativity which states that the way language is structured can affect the
speakers' world or cognition. In order to believe that what one person perceives is dependent on the spoken word, you must
believe the idea that thought is dependent on language. The Theory of Linguistic Relativity, or the Sapir–Whorfian
hypothesis states that, "...one's language shapes one's view of reality" (Badhesha, R. S. 2002). The theory can be broken
down into two parts, linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism can be stated as, what is said
can have an effect on how some concepts can be perceived by the mind. This can even

Native Americans Essay
Native Americans have inhabited this country for many generations. We see so many things that are influenced by the Native
Americans and we find ourselves in awe of the independence of these peoples and the culture that they have come from.
When we look at art through the eyes of the Native American we should see a functional and usable art. Art was not for
aesthetic reasons; it had real purpose. The folk art that came from these cultures were for religious and moral reasons.
Everything that these people had had a necessity in their group. The Kachina is one of these necessities.
The Kachinas were and still are an important part of the religion of the Pueblo Indians, but I ... Show more content on
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"By A.D. 700 they had built houses above ground in adjacent clusters, which over time developed into the typical
pueblo structure. (1)". In these structures were built a large number of kivas. A kiva is "an underground
ceremonial room which are believed to provide entry from and to the Underworld" (2). "Each Kiva has a
symbolic representation of the Sipaapu, the hole to the underworld from which the Hopi believed they came and the
pathway to the upper spirit word, the symbol of emergence in Hopi belief. As in the modern Hopi kivas, the prehistoric
structures had a fireplace or stove with a heat deflector, benches along the kiva walls, and niches for ritual objects. Then as
now, the entrance to the kiva was by a ladder through the roof." (3).
No evidence of the Katsina religion would be found until about the thirteenth and fourteenth century. Archaeological finds
state that Katsina most likely came from Mexico and this was because of a great drought in the south. During this drought
many tribes moved north. With the sudden population boom, there became a necessity for law, thus comes the religion.
"Religion provided the matrix for this cohesion, and the Katsina religion involved every man, woman, and child. Even
today every Hopi is initiated into the Katsina religion, thus uniting members of different clans and religious societies. One of
the major characteristics of Hopi society is that individualism is

The Hopi : A Case Study Of The Hopi
The Hopi: A Southwestern Case Study
The Hopi inhabited the northeastern Arizona territory and live an agrarian lifestyle. Hopi land is known as Hopitutskwa.
They have been successful in maintaining their traditional culture in spite of pressure to assimilate into the American
culture. This has made their reservation sites tourist attractions. They are the most studied Indians of all native groups in
North America. The Hopi follow a philosophy which states that humans and nature intertwine and cooperate. Most Hopi
now live in towns near the 3 "Mesas" which are high protruding rocks located along the southern portions of the "Black
Mesa". Mesas are the elevated parts of the land where the Hopis have their towns and they are only accessible by foot. The
current reservation itself only includes a portion of the Hopitutskwa.
The reservation has three environmental zones, a desert zone and the two higher elevations. There are four distinct seasons –
summer, fall, winter and spring. The reservation also has a wide variety of animals both large and small
The Language spoken is Hopi, related to the languages of the northern Uto–Aztecan language family. It has several dialects
but all are mutually intelligible. The Hopi have lived in the region for at least 1,500 years with towns like Old Orayvi and
Walpi being at least 900 years old. Their first contact was from the Spaniards which resulted in hostility and war. They were
defeated. Upon the Spanish return, they established catholic

Analysis Of Aristophanes Does Your Language Shape How You...
Aristophanes once stated, "High thoughts must have high language". Many linguist, philosopher, researchers, and
intellectuals believe that our language affects our cognitive thoughts and others claim that it cannot manage our thoughts.
Language is essential in our daily basis interactions. Even for those who don't have the ability to hear or speak, they have
their own sign language, which they use to communicate. Language is what we use to inform people with our thoughts,
feelings, and desires; language is the method that we use to understand and explore the world. Does Your Language Shape
How You Think? by Guy Deutscher is an article that was published in The New York Times on August 26, 2010. This article
represented the connection between our language and our thought thoroughly through Deutscher's point of view. He ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beside the proven experiments and each strong evidence he provided, I personally lived every evidence he mentioned in his
article. I was born and lived in Egypt my whole life; the language spoken in Egypt is Arabic. I came to the U.S 4 years ago. I
remember how puzzled I was on my first day at high school. Even though I did not understand 90% of what I heard, I
understood the general idea of what the person was talking about. Gender perception was one of the things that affected me
the most. For example, if one of the students started to talk about a teacher, I would ask myself whether the teacher is a male
or a female. It was a missing information that I need to know more about. Being one of the honors students' at my high
school prove Deutscher's point that language doesn't limit our perception. According to Linguistic society website, "the
influence of language isn't so much on what we can think about, or even what we do think about, but rather on how we break
up reality into categories and label them." language help us to dig more into the world and to explore new things around us

Northern Arizona Climate Change Essay
Climate Change Concerning the Forests:
Both the Hopi and Navajo use Ponderosa Pine and Piñon Pine in cultural practices. The forests of both types of pine are in
Northern Arizona. In traditional settings, the Hopi as well as Navajo used ponderosa pine for medicinal, household, food,
ceremonial, and constructional purposes ("The Hopi Reservation" 1). Today, the ponderosa pines are still used for traditional
dwellings by both tribes. Kivas, a ceremonial Hopi dwelling as well as Hopi residential dwellings use ponderosa logs as
support beams. In addition, traditional Navajo houses called Hogans, also use the ponderosa as structural beams
(Wennerberg, 3). As for the Piñon, both tribes use the nuts as food. The piñon nut business is quite lucrative ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the forests attract tourists to attractions that are on or near the Hopi and Navajo reservations. Tribal economies
benefit from the monetary influx that tourists bring to the regions. The Hopi and Navajo rely culturally as well as
economically on both the Ponderosa and Piñon Pine forests.
Forests in Northern Arizona that the tribal communities depend upon are currently threatened by climate change.
Ecosystems with high and rising temperatures, such as Northern Arizona, are susceptible to drought. In turn, the decrease in
precipitation due to droughts leads to an overall reduction in growth as well as health for plants. A study concerning
Northern Arizona forest found that tree mortality increased 200% from 1997–2002 to 2002–2007 in mixed–conifer forests
and 74% in ponderosa pine forests. This tree mortality can be traced back to forest insects like bark beetles as well as long–
term drought stress throughout the ecosystem (Ganey & Vojta, 162). Insects such as the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus
rufipennis), pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), and especially piñon ips beetle (Ips spp.) threaten forests (MacDonald
& Turner, 21260). Climate change causes tree mortality as overall warming leads to greater beetle reproduction as well as
greater range of beetle territory (MacDonald

Can We Think Without Language..
CAN WE THINK WITHOUT LANGUAGE
Many anthropologists, linguists, psychologists, biologists and other academics have attempted to tackle this question in
recent decades. It is sort of "chicken or egg" conundrum: Did human beings first develop the physical capabilities for
language (larger brains, vocal tract, etc) with the actual development of language following it, or had the capabilities for
speech already arisen and only with the development of physical production of language itself follow?
Obviously, it is difficult for us to think about things without using "language" in our minds while we reason. Yet if you 've
ever had a smart pet and watched them perform a task, you know that they operate on a largely trial–and–error basis. ...
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The Hopi language has a single word for all flying objects other than birds. The hypothesis states that hopi speakers think
differently about flying objects than do speakers of languages that do not categorize the world in the way. The Hanunoo
people of the Phillipine Islands are said to have names for 92 species of rice but all 92 varieties of rice are, for the English
speaker, simply rice.
A more recent study, however, comparing English children and Himba children from Africa suggests that colour categorises
in a given language have a greater influence on colour perception. The English language contains 11 basic colour terms
whereas the Himba language has only 5. Himba children made fewer distinctions among coloured titles than did English
children. For example, Himba children categorised under the colour term "zoozu" a variety of dark colours such as dark
shades of blue, green, purple red, and the colour black. English children distinguished among these colours and remembered
the different hues better when retested on which ones they had seen earlier.
Language not only influences how we think but also may influence how well we think in certain domains. For example,
English speaking children consistently score lower than children form Asian countries in mathematical skills such as
counting, accounting, and subtraction. Asian languages make it easier to learn the base–10 number

Graduation Speech : Indian Boarding School
In the Hopi Followers, 71 Hopi pupils, from the village of Oraibi, Arizona, attend the boarding school in Riverside
California accompanied by their Village Chief Tawaquaptewa and other Hopi leaders. Here, Hopis excelled in the school
academics, vocational training, music and art by methods in which the federal government used in an effort try to assimilate
Hopis to white society. Indian boarding schools began in 1869 with the establishment of the first boarding school by the
Bureau of Indian affairs in Yajuma in Washington. The purpose of these boarding schools was to use education as a tool to
completely assimilate young Indian children into the American culture. At the time of the establishment of these boarding
schools it was important to "civilize" the native Americans and guide them to the into main stream America, and of course it
was best thought to done through the children who were easily teachable as opposed to the elders. In the schools, they would
provide academic education of reading, writing and speaking, all English of course. Additionally, they would teach math,
science, history, art, Christianity and trade skills. The overall goal was to change Indian children into members of white
society and to "kill the Indian, save the man". Conversion to Christianity was also deemed essential to the cause. Indian
boarding schools were expected to develop a curriculum of religious instruction and discipline within the Indian boarding
school. Viola Martinez who was sent

A Middle Ground Between The Extremes Of Relying Too...
The need to find a middle ground between the extremes of relying too heavily on interpreters/texts and the timely and
consuming task of completely immersing oneself into the culture, abandoning the anthropological eye is clear in Boas' text.
Although a command of the language is "indispensable" in the obtainment of in–depth information, Boas admits that the
aim, although ideal is, "entirely beyond our reach."
Whorf acknowledges the difficulty of stepping away from his native language in order to scrutinize a foreign tongue
objectively, but insists it is essential to do so. Even if the language is learned, it can be difficult to mentally remove oneself
from his/her language's "wirings", in other words, not in terms of one's own language. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This thinking is innate to our hard wired neural networks and almost impossible to eliminate. Other groups of people,
however, have not been raised in a culture that makes this line of thinking natural and understandably, we can see how "ten
days" would not be conceivable in other societies.
Whorf and Boas each spend a considerable amount of time studying North American indigenous cultures., Their on–the–
field–engagement–to–language–mastery ratio, however, varied. Although Whorf spent over two years mastering Hop
language and carefully trying to extract meaning from the dissimilarities between Hopi and SAE, he never went out into the
field to speak to an actual Hopi member. Boas, in his work with the Kwakiutl is a more involved ethnographer, who
recognized the value of first–hand information, he believes any grasp of the language is valuable and can yield critical
information about the culture when combined with other methods of collection. The morality of his methods are
questionable, however. He states, "Fortunately the Indian is easily misled, by the ability of the observer to read his language,
into thinking that he is also able to understand what he reads." In this way, Boas is able to inspire the natives' eagerness to be
put on record. Boas cannot be deemed disrespectful and condescending and further reading of his texts will prove the

Kachinas Research Paper
The Hopi are a Native American tribe with a long history that mainly live in the southwestern United States. One of the most
important parts of their culture is Kachinas. One of the ways that the Hopi recognize their Kachinas is through dances. These
Kachina dances are an important part of the Hopi culture and still have a large impact on it today. The Hopi ceremonies
known as Kachina dances are an almost constant part of their lifestyle. In contrast to most western holidays the ceremonies
go on for most of the year, almost like one continuous holiday, and every person in the village participates. The most
important dances are held at the same time every year, but there are some that are held only when the village decides to have
them. According ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of them have a role in the dances. There are Guard Kachinas, Cloud Kachinas, Clown Kachinas, and many different
animal Kachinas. The Guard Kachinas guard dance ceremonies with whips from people moving too close. The Cloud
Kachina brings rain for crops and also represents the clouds. Clown Kachinas perform a sort of cautionary humor. The Hopi
find the things they do funny, but the Clowns' actions are seen as examples of what not to do. Clowns are not all humor,
however. They are a very important part of the dance ceremonies and are still seen as sacred. The animal Kachinas all have
different purposes, though many are able to control the rain. The Road Runner protects the village from witchcraft and also
can bring rain. The White Wolf helps the people of the village get enough food for winter. The Ram's dance brings more
rams for the village to get food from, and he also can bring rain. The Deer's dance brings deer to the village so that the
village can eat. The Raven fights the Clowns, and warns people against similar behavior. The Buffalo makes sure there is
enough food through the winter for the village. The Badger and the Bear heal people who are ill, and are given herbs and
prayers by the Hopi. The Antelope brings more antelope, as well as helping to bring the rain. All of these can be made into
dolls for children to learn the difference between

Difference Between Linguistic Relativity And Linguistic...
LT5901 "semester B"
Assignment report
Student Name: SIA NGAI LING
Student ID: 53064482
Tutorial Session: TZ 1
Tutor: Ms. Zhou Nannan Question 1
"Linguistic relativity" and "linguistic determinism" are strong version and weak version of Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
respectively. According to XX (), "linguistic relativity" is defined as the variation of cognitive processes among languages
due to cultural differences. The individuals see, experience and interpret the world based on the structure of the language
they habitually use. Such linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non–linguistic behavior,
carve up and name the world differently. Linguistic relativism acknowledges that conceptual paradigms of thought can be
changed, extended, broadened and reshaped with respect to the experience the individual has or the exertion the individual
makes.
On the other hand, "linguistic determinism" is the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human though
patterns and knowledge, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception, assuming that
language both reflects and limits human mentality and its ability to make cross–cultural connections such as bilingualism
and translation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is because "linguistic relativity" is a matter of the way to view the world, which differs among cultural variance; but,
"linguistic determinism" is a matter of the cognition and perception process, which relatively gives regular nonlinguistic
cognitive processes to certain culture, and leads people in the same culture to have same differentiation in most cases.
Therefore, "linguistic determinism" sees only the rigidity of the contrasts between

Essay On Hopi Indians
The Hopi Indians are Native Americans who lived on 1.5 million acres of reservation in Northeastern Arizona. In the
beginning, the Hopi Indians were a hunting and gathering group divided into small groups that lived in pit houses. (A pit–
house is a building that is partly dug into the ground and covered by a roof.) Around 700 A.D. the Hopi Indians became an
agricultural tribe by growing blue ears of corn by using runoff from the mesas.(A mesa is an isolated flat–topped hill with
steep sides.). In the late 1200's a ginormous drought forced 36 of the 47 villages on the Hopi mesas to be abandoned.
Following the massive drought, the 11 remaining villages increased in size where then three new villages were established in
Northeastern Arizona. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Navajo began taking Hopi rangeland to graze their livestock, farm fields and water resources, as well as planning
constant raids against some of the Hopi villages. The Hopi were then forced to battle the Navajo for their survival in a long
period of fighting that would last them until 1824. In 1848 the United States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe de
Hidalgo, changing the jurisdiction under which the Hopi lands were governed once again, after the area became part of the
United States white settlers began to explore the area in large groups. In 1870, the U.S. government placed claim to the lands
of the Hopi leaving them to once again to fight to save their lands. Until they were forced onto the reservation in Black Mesa
in 1882 where most Hopi still live to this day. Once on the reservation, the U.S. government spent years attempting to
eliminate the way Hopi practiced their culture and religion. Children were sent off to school, while boys and men were
forced to cut their hair a certain way. When most of the Hopi tribe refused to change their ways, this resulted in the
imprisonment of Chief Lomahongyoma and eighteen other Hopi Indians being placed in Alcatraz for their resistance to the
"forced culture." From January 3rd to August 7, 1895, the group was imprisoned for their resistance to farm on individual
plots away from the mesas and for refusing to send their children to government boarding schools. The Hopi life style was
simple but yet complex. As I

Dolls, By Native Americans
Throughout history, dolls have been given to children to play with or to spark their young imaginations. However, in some
cultures dolls have been handed down to children to serve as tools of education and teach them about their heritage in a
more entertaining and creative way. Native Americans across North America have used dolls to teach their young about their
ancestors and the ancestral ways for centuries with these dolls called Katchinas. They originated from the Hopi Indian tribes.
Since then they have created over two hundred dolls. The tribe was first discovered during the 1600's living in the North
West of Arizona. They have continued to live there for thousands of years now. Hopi Indians have sub tribes that consisted
of 12 different villages across Arizona. They also had three different sections called mesas. In which each mesas and
villages, had different Katchina dolls. Many of the artists of these dolls have spent days making unique Katchina dolls. Each
village would depict their own Katchina dolls to their own understanding around some general guidelines passed down by
their ancestors. These dolls were created to wordship different gods and spirits. They were traditionally given to young girls
by the tribal member that participated in the Katchina dances and ceremonies. These dolls were kept as good luck charms
and to keep the bad spirits away. The Katchina dolls, artwork teaches the Hopi Indian belief system and economical aspect
of their native culture

The Current Sociopolitical Structure Of Developing And...
The current sociopolitical structure of developing and developed countries is a result of colonization and imperialism.
Language death and linguistic endangerment is woven in with colonization and the history of oppression toward indigenous
communities by the colonizers. We cannot speak of language "death" without fist acknowledging the speakers and the
systematic oppression that indigenous communities continue struggling to resist. The death of a language has both linguistic
and cultural consequences within the particular community affected as well as the world's knowledge diversity. Languages
serve as carriers of cultural knowledge, thorough identity and verbal art; hence, when a language is lost key cultural
resources, such as continuity and oral traditions are lost. In this essay I will discuss how economic incentives interrelated
with the hegemonic language and language ideologies are two great causes of language death or sleeping languages. In
addition, it will highlight what is lost when languages die and will examine how Jane Hill (2002) and Peter Whitely (2003)
critique the scholarship on language endangerment. Furthermore, I will share my perspective of Hill and Whitely's critique
of linguistic scholars trend to popularize concepts of universal ownership, hyperbole and apolitical concept of language
rights. One of the most important causes of language death is language shifts due to the economic incentives of hegemony.
Language shift is when people adopt the

How The Five Elements Of NAFSA Indigenous Food Sovereignty...
The Hopi tribe of Arizona is located in the northeaster part of the state. The word Hopi has meaning equivalent to "peaceful
ones" (Weiser). Since the Hopi's beginning, the tribe was an agricultural heavy tribe. They practiced many ceremonies
around the lunar calendar and have their own story of how they were place into the fourth world ("Wildlife & Ecosystems
Management Program."). They faced the first settler colonialism in 1540 when the Spanish arrive to what is now known as
the Americas. Today, the Hopi reservation is "only 9% of their original land holdings" (Weiser). In this essay, I will be
connecting five elements of NAFSA Indigenous Food Sovereignty to the Hopi tribe and describe how they were
implemented both traditionally and in today's communities.
The first element of NAFSA Indigenous Food Sovereignty is Natural Resources, Water and Land. Traditionally, the Hopi are
farming people. The Hopi focus on "dry farming" techniques and view farming as "an act of faith for the Hopi that serves as
a religious focus as well as an economic activity" ("About."). Traditionally the men harvest the food and the woman and
daughters practice methods of storing the food. In today's community, a Wildlife & Ecosystems Management Program is in
place to monitor the tribe's natural resources and wildlife regulations. The Wildlife & Ecosystems Management Program
focuses on protecting the environment as well as the animals that inhibit the environment. They hold responsibility for all

How The Theory Of Civic Engagement Can Be Used For Create...
Discussion
The following section will examine several case studies to highlight concrete examples of how the theory of civic
engagement can be used to create successful and sustainable collaborations between museums and the communities they
serve.
Case Study 1: Developing Exhibit Programming at Carnegie Museum of Natural History
The case study of the preparation of the arrival of the traveling exhibit Race: Are We so Different? by the Carnegie Museum
of Natural History (Cole 2014) demonstrates how this approach of institutional capacity to create, sustain, and nourish
relationships with community members can be achieved successfully beyond the realm of theory. Specifically, this case
lends insight into how the surrounding community can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the institution itself, the museum saw this exhibition as a step toward larger institutional changes. They recognized
that they primarily serve a white middle class audience. For Carnegie, this exhibit and hopefully the programming
accompanying it would help the museum to become more diverse, inclusive, and diversify the demographics of their
audiences.
Carnegie formed a community advisory board composed of already invested community members. Then using these
connections, advisory board members connected the museum staff with "on–the–ground" community and public service
workers, following along the lines of Jackson's (2008) argument for "on–the–ground" research, to help develop
programming for the Race exhibit. What this meant was working with local and regional public service workers whose jobs
are to engage with "cultural inclusion, race equity, and community organizing" on a daily basis (Cole 2014:57). In addition,
the museum team was educated on both sides of the debate surrounding race as well as bringing in outside experts to lead
presentations and other programming, showcasing the museum's willingness to learn rather than their need to be experts.
Staff (particularly docents) was trained on how to help visitors navigate the difficult topic of race and how to engage with
visitors on the topic.
While Carnegie was

Sapir-Worf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and...
Sapir–Worf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity
The romantic idealism of the late eighteenth century, as encountered in the views of Johann Herder (1744–1803) and
Wilhelm von Humboldt (I 762–1835), placed great value on the diversity of the world's languages and cultures. The tradition
was taken up by the American linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf
(1897–1941), and resulted in a view about the relation between language and thought which was widely influential in the
middle decades of this century. The "Sapir–Whorf hypothesis," as it came to be called, combines two principles. The first is
known as linguistic determinism: it states that language determines the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Hopi, there is one word (masa'ytaka) for everything that flies except birds–– which would include insects, airplanes, and
pilots. This seems alien to someone used to thinking in English, but, Whorf argues, it is no stranger than English–speakers
having one word for many kinds of snow, in contrast to Eskimo, where there are different words for falling snow, snow on
the ground, snow packed hard like ice, slushy snow (cf. English slush), and so on. In Aztec, a single word (with different
endings) covers an even greater range of English notions––snow, cold, and ice. When more abstract notions are considered
(such as time, duration, velocity), the differences become yet more complex: Hopi, for instance, lacks a concept of time seen
as a dimension; there are no forms corresponding to English tenses, but there are a series of forms which make it possible to
talk about vari– ous durations, from the speaker's point of view. It would be very difficult, Whorf argues, for a Hopi and an
English physicist to understand each other's thinking, given the major differences between the languages. Examples such as
these made the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis very plausible; but in its strongest form it is unlikely to have any adherents now.
The fact that successful translations between languages can be made is a major argument against it, as is the fact that the
conceptual

Essay On Hopi Tribe
The Hopi tribe is located in northeastern, Arizona. The Hopi tribe encompasses more than 1.5 million acres. It is made up of
12 villages on three mesas. The Hopi people have lived as peaceful and humble farmers respectful of the land. Hopi means
peaceful person or hopeful. The language is spoken by about 5,000 people today. Today the Hopi are speaking English as
well. The Hopi language is a complex and difficult language to learn and speak. The Hopi Indians lived in a very warm and
dry climate. They lived in pueblos or adobe houses made of dried clay and stone. The Hopi tribe were villagers and farmers.
Their villages were located in the lofty plateaus of northern Arizona. The Hopi tribe have kept their culture intact due to
living

A Southwestern Indian Culture Among Us Today: The Hopi...
A Southwestern Indian Culture Among Us Today: The Hopi Indians
Did you know that the Ancient Indian people of the Southwestern United States have dated back to the year 10,000 BC?
First appearing toward the end of the last Ice Age, they were the first "Americans." (Noble, 1998) When Christopher
Columbus arrived in the America's in 1492 and seeing the people of this land for the first time, he thought that he had landed
in India, thus giving them the name "Indians." (Noble, 1998) However, he was nowhere near India, or that region of the
world. Because the Ancient Indians were nomadic people, (people who wondered the lands with no permanent home)
through the years they developed, separated, and re–located their clans, developing ... Show more content on
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The corn also required the daily attention of watering, weeding, and protecting the plants from dessert wildlife. Animals
such as rabbits, deer, birds, and even some rodents would eat and destroy the crops if left unprotected. As the Anasazi's skills
grew, so did their crops. They soon began to grow crops of beans, squash, and cotton with techniques that included canal
irrigation and handmade tools. Some of the canals dug by the ancient Indians are still in use today. They received
modernization and re–dug to accommodate the needs of modern use. Even with all their advanced skills, the Anasazi soon
disappeared. Studies have shown that the Anasazi people lived for approximately two thousand years. Possible reasons of
their disappearance might include drought, declining resources such as food and water, and disease.
The Sinaqua Indians appeared after the disappearance of the Anasazi. The Sinaqua arrived about 1300 years ago and lived
for about six hundred years. In Spanish, the word Sinaqua means without water. "Harold S. Colton, the scientist who
identified this culture, called the Sinaqua when he noticed how arid the country was around some of their sites." (Noble,
1998) Many Hopi of today believe that their ancestors once lived in the Sinaqua pueblos (adobe dwellings or houses made
from a mud mixture) in Northern Arizona. Montezuma's Castle and Tuzigoot are both surviving dwellings

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