2. Organizational Cultures
• Organizational culture
– The system of shared beliefs and values that
guides behavior in organizations
• Socialization
– How new members learn the culture of the
organization
3. Organizational Cultures
Four common organizational cultures, according to
LeadershipIQ:
•Hierarchical cultures emphasize tradition and clear
roles;
•Dependable cultures emphasize process and slow
change;
•Enterprising cultures emphasize creativity and
competition; and,
•Social cultures emphasize collaboration and trust.
4. Organizational Cultures
• The best organizations have positive cultures
that:
– Respect members
– Are customer driven
– Are performance-oriented
– Encourage positive work behaviors
– Discourage dysfunctional behaviors
6. Organizational Cultures
• What is observable culture?
– What one sees and hears when walking around
an organization
• Elements of observable culture:
– Heroes
– Ceremonies, rites and rituals
– Legends and stories
– Metaphors and symbols
7. Organizational Cultures
• Core culture: consists of the core values, or
underlying assumptions and beliefs that
shape and guide people’s behaviors in an
organization.
• Core values are beliefs and values shared
by organization members
8. Organizational Cultures
• Important cultural values include:
– Performance excellence
– Innovation
– Social responsibility
– Integrity
– Worker involvement
– Customer service
– Teamwork
9. Takeaway 1: Organizational Cultures
• Value-based management:
–Describes managers who actively help to
develop, communicate, and enact shared
values
10. Multicultural Organizations
• Multiculturalism
– involves inclusiveness, pluralism, and
respect for diversity
• Multicultural organizations
– has a culture with core values that respect
diversity and support multiculturalism.
11. Multicultural Organizations
• Characteristics of multicultural organizations:
– Pluralism
– Structural integration
– Informal network integration
– Absence of prejudice and discrimination
– Minimum intergroup conflict
12. Multicultural Organizations
• Organizational subcultures
– groups of people who share similar beliefs and
values based on their work or personal
characteristics.
– Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s subculture
is superior to all others
14. Multicultural Organizations
• Diversity:
– Diversity basically means the presence of
differences.
– Diversity alone does not guarantee positive
performance impact
• Diversity must be included in training and human
resource practices
• Positive impact results when diversity is embedded in
the organizational culture
15. Multicultural Organizations
• Challenges faced by minorities and women:
– Glass ceiling
– Leaking pipeline problem
– Harassment and discrimination
• Minorities may adapt by exhibiting
biculturalism - adopting characteristics of the
majority culture
16. Glass ceilings as barriers to women and minority cultures in
traditional organizations
18. Takeaway 3: Organizational Change
• Phases of planned change
– Unfreezing
• The phase in which a situation is prepared for change
and felt needs for change are developed
– Changing
• The phase in which something new takes place in the
system, and change is actually implemented
– Refreezing
• The phase of stabilizing the change and creating the
conditions for its long-term continuity
20. Organizational Change
• Why people resist change:
– Fear of the unknown
– Disrupted habits
– Loss of confidence
– Loss of control
– Poor timing
– Work overload
– Loss of face
– Lack of purpose
21. Organizational Change
• Checklist for dealing with resistance to change:
Check the benefits – those involved see a clear advantage
Check the compatibility – keep change similar to existing
values/processes
Check the simplicity – make it as easy as possible to
understand
Check the triability – allow people to slowly try the
change adjusting as progression is made
22. Organizational Change
• Methods for dealing with resistance to
change:
– Education and communication
– Participation and involvement
– Facilitation and support
– Negotiation and agreement
– Manipulation and co-optation
– Explicit and implicit coercion
