ALso need a short summary in own words about Aristotle. According to Aristotle every thing has a purpose and the purpose and an excellence towards which the things are moving. The excellence of human existence is to reach perfection, which is to be a virtuous human being. A virtuous human being is one whose rational part guides his irrational or contingent parts. Further, human being must live within an association, the smallest of which is the household or the oikos. The primary function of the household is economics and within the household there is a system of hierarchy, such that the Master is in command due to his higer rationality and he gives directions to the women, slaves, and children. This hierarchy, according to Aristotle is based on the presence and absence of rationality, the Master has rationality and hence he can be the "natural ruler", while the Greek woman has confused and the slave has no rationality. Nonetheless, they are needed for the propagation of the Greek species. Further, according to Anslem only that which is necessary has existence, everything else is non existent.  Weekly summaries: A brief summary of what you learned during the week will be due every Sunday by midnight. Summaries should briefly describe everything the student learned during the week. Upload the summary in the “assignment” area, not the “comment” area. A sample summary will be provided on which the students can model their summaries.  Week 2: Review/ Summary According to Aristotle everything has a purpose or an aim towards which it is moving. All associations, physical objects, and human beings are moving towards that end, which is to achieve the perfection in its nature. Thus the aim of all actions and all things is to attain perfection. The aim of a physician, for example, is to be the perfect physician, the aim of a carpenter is to be the perfect carpenter. The aim of a human being is to be the perfect human being, which is to be a virtuous human being. Virtue, according to Aristotle is a state of character that one acquires in a flourishing polis under a virtuous leadership through hard work. A virtuous human being is one whose rational part controls his irrational parts, so that each part is acting according to what it should do. Further, a virtuous person is one who knows the mean or medium between extremes, that is can act in the right way at the right time in the place. Further, for Aristotle, the aim of a polis (or State) is happiness, which is flourishing and where the leadership is virtuous and others cultivate and learn virtue. The smallest association in the polis is the household, whose primary function is economic, that is production of food, shelter, clothing, and everything needed for the daily lives. The secondary function of the household is wealth gathering and wealth management. Within the household there are some "natural pairs", such as Master and slave, husband and wife, parent and child. These are "natural pairs" be.

1. ALso need a short summary in own words about
Aristotle. According to Aristotle every thing has a purpose and
the purpose and an excellence towards which the things are
moving. The excellence of human existence is to reach
perfection, which is to be a virtuous human being. A virtuous
human being is one whose rational part guides his irrational or
contingent parts. Further, human being must live within an
association, the smallest of which is the household or the oikos.
The primary function of the household is economics and within
the household there is a system of hierarchy, such that the
Master is in command due to his higer rationality and he gives
directions to the women, slaves, and children. This hierarchy,
according to Aristotle is based on the presence and absence of
rationality, the Master has rationality and hence he can be the
"natural ruler", while the Greek woman has confused and the
slave has no rationality. Nonetheless, they are needed for the
propagation of the Greek species. Further, according to Anslem
only that which is necessary has existence, everything else is
non existent.
Weekly summaries: A brief summary of what you learned
during the week will be due every Sunday by midnight.
Summaries should briefly describe everything the student
learned during the week. Upload the summary in the
“assignment” area, not the “comment” area. A sample summary
will be provided on which the students can model their
summaries.
Week 2: Review/ Summary
According to Aristotle everything has a purpose or an aim

2. towards which it is moving. All associations, physical objects,
and human beings are moving towards that end, which is to
achieve the perfection in its nature. Thus the aim of all actions
and all things is to attain perfection. The aim of a physician, for
example, is to be the perfect physician, the aim of a carpenter is
to be the perfect carpenter. The aim of a human being is to be
the perfect human being, which is to be a virtuous human being.
Virtue, according to Aristotle is a state of character that one
acquires in a flourishing polis under a virtuous leadership
through hard work. A virtuous human being is one whose
rational part controls his irrational parts, so that each part is
acting according to what it should do. Further, a virtuous person
is one who knows the mean or medium between extremes, that
is can act in the right way at the right time in the place. Further,
for Aristotle, the aim of a polis (or State) is happiness, which is
flourishing and where the leadership is virtuous and others
cultivate and learn virtue. The smallest association in the polis
is the household, whose primary function is economic, that is
production of food, shelter, clothing, and everything needed for
the daily lives. The secondary function of the household is
wealth gathering and wealth management. Within the household
there are some "natural pairs", such as Master and slave,
husband and wife, parent and child. These are "natural pairs"
because they cannot live without each other. In each pair there
is a "ruling" and a "ruled" element, depending on the presence
and absence of "rationality", Thus, for Aristotle the Master is
rational and hence independent, while the slave, being irrational
have to be subordinate to the Master, in order to be guided, for
he cannot be independent as he has no rationality. Nonetheless,
the slave is needed for his great manual strength. The Greek
woman has confused rationality and must be subordinate to the
husband who has rationality and can guide her. The Greek
woman is needed for the propagation of the Greek species.
Amongst the "barbarians" there are no "natural" Masters, as
there are no "ruling" elements. Further, for Aristotle the POWS
or Prisoners of War are also "natural slaves" as they have been

3. defeated by the Greeks and hence "naturally inferior" to the
Greeks. According to St. Anselm the atheist is illogical, for we
have the idea of an infinite being in our mind, who also
possesses all the positive attributes. Since non existence is a
negative attribute, this perfect being cannot be non existent,
hence the perfect being exists necessarily, that is existence is
not contingent but a necessary feature of the perfect being,
unlike the existence of the things in the external world, which
are all temporal and have contingent existence.
ALso need a short summary in own words about Aristotle.
According to Aristotle every thing has a
purpose and the purpose and an excellence towards which the
things are moving. The excellence of
human existence is to reach perfection, which is to be a virtuous
human being. A virtuous human being is
one whose rat
ional part guides his irrational or contingent parts. Further,
human being must live within an
association, the smallest of which is the household or the oikos.
The primary function of the household is
economics and within the household there is a system o
f hierarchy, such that the Master is in command
due to his higer rationality and he gives directions to the
women, slaves, and children. This hierarchy,
according to Aristotle is based on the presence and absence of
rationality, the Master has rationality
and
hence he can be the "natural ruler", while the Greek woman has
confused and the slave has no
rationality. Nonetheless, they are needed for the propagation of
the Greek species. Further, according to
Anslem only that which is necessary has existence, ev

4. erything else is non existent.
Weekly summaries: A brief summary of what you learned
during the week will be due every
Sunday by midnight. Summaries should briefly describe
everything the student learned during
the week. Upload the summary in the “assignment” area, not the
“comment” are
a. A sample
summary will be provided on which the students can model their
summaries.
Week
2:
Review/
Summary
According to Aristotle everything has a purpose or an aim
towards which it is moving.
All associations,
physical
objects, and human beings

5. are moving towards that end, which is to achieve the perfection
in its nature. Thus the
aim of all actions and all things is to attain perfection. The aim
of a physician, for example, is to be the perfect
physician, the aim of a carpenter is to be the per
fect carpenter. The aim of a human being is to be the perfect
human
being, which is to be a virtuous human being. Virtue, according
to Aristotle is a state of character that one acquires
in a flourishing polis under a virtuous leadership through hard
work.
A virtuous human being is one whose rational
part controls his irrational parts, so that each part is acting
according to what it should do. Further, a virtuous person
is one who knows the mean or medium between extremes, that
is can act in the right way
at the right time in the
place. Further, for Aristotle, the aim of a polis (or State) is
happiness, which is flourishing and where the leadership
is virtuous and others cultivate and learn virtue. The smallest
association in the polis is the household, who
se
primary function is economic, that is production of food,
shelter, clothing, and everything needed for the daily lives.
The secondary function of the household is wealth gathering
and wealth management. Within the household there
are some "natural pairs
", such as Master and slave, husband and wife, parent and child.
These are "natural pairs"
because they cannot live without each other.
In each pair there is a "ruling" and a "ruled" element, depending
on the
presence and absence of "rationality", Thus, f

6. or Aristotle the Master is rational and hence independent, while
the
slave, being irrational have to be subordinate to the Master, in
order to be guided, for he cannot be independent as he
has no rationality. Nonetheless, the slave is needed for his great
manual strength. The Greek woman has confused
rationality and must be subordinate to the husband who has
rationality and can guide her. The Greek woman is
needed for the propagation of the Greek species. Amongst the
"barbarians" there are no "natural" Mast
ers, as there
are no "ruling" elements. Further, for Aristotle the POWS or
Prisoners of War are also "natural slaves" as they have
been defeated by the Greeks and hence "naturally inferior" to
the Greeks. According to St. Anselm the atheist is
illogical, f
or we have the idea of an infinite being in our mind, who also
possesses all the positive attributes. Since
non existence is a negative attribute, this perfect being cannot
be non existent, hence the perfect being exists
necessarily, that is existence is n
ot contingent but a necessary feature of the perfect being, unlike
the existence of the
things in the external world, which are all temporal and have
contingent existence.
ALso need a short summary in own words about Aristotle.
According to Aristotle every thing has a
purpose and the purpose and an excellence towards which the
things are moving. The excellence of
human existence is to reach perfection, which is to be a virtuous
human being. A virtuous human being is
one whose rational part guides his irrational or contingent parts.
Further, human being must live within an

7. association, the smallest of which is the household or the oikos.
The primary function of the household is
economics and within the household there is a system of
hierarchy, such that the Master is in command
due to his higer rationality and he gives directions to the
women, slaves, and children. This hierarchy,
according to Aristotle is based on the presence and absence of
rationality, the Master has rationality and
hence he can be the "natural ruler", while the Greek woman has
confused and the slave has no
rationality. Nonetheless, they are needed for the propagation of
the Greek species. Further, according to
Anslem only that which is necessary has existence, everything
else is non existent.
Weekly summaries: A brief summary of what you learned
during the week will be due every
Sunday by midnight. Summaries should briefly describe
everything the student learned during
the week. Upload the summary in the “assignment” area, not the
“comment” area. A sample
summary will be provided on which the students can model their
summaries.
Week 2: Review/ Summary
According to Aristotle everything has a purpose or an aim
towards which it is moving. All associations, physical
objects, and human beings are moving towards that end, which
is to achieve the perfection in its nature. Thus the
aim of all actions and all things is to attain perfection. The aim
of a physician, for example, is to be the perfect
physician, the aim of a carpenter is to be the perfect carpenter.

8. The aim of a human being is to be the perfect human
being, which is to be a virtuous human being. Virtue, according
to Aristotle is a state of character that one acquires
in a flourishing polis under a virtuous leadership through hard
work. A virtuous human being is one whose rational
part controls his irrational parts, so that each part is acting
according to what it should do. Further, a virtuous person
is one who knows the mean or medium between extremes, that
is can act in the right way at the right time in the
place. Further, for Aristotle, the aim of a polis (or State) is
happiness, which is flourishing and where the leadership
is virtuous and others cultivate and learn virtue. The smallest
association in the polis is the household, whose
primary function is economic, that is production of food,
shelter, clothing, and everything needed for the daily lives.
The secondary function of the household is wealth gathering
and wealth management. Within the household there
are some "natural pairs", such as Master and slave, husband and
wife, parent and child. These are "natural pairs"
because they cannot live without each other. In each pair there
is a "ruling" and a "ruled" element, depending on the
presence and absence of "rationality", Thus, for Aristotle the
Master is rational and hence independent, while the
slave, being irrational have to be subordinate to the Master, in
order to be guided, for he cannot be independent as he
has no rationality. Nonetheless, the slave is needed for his great
manual strength. The Greek woman has confused
rationality and must be subordinate to the husband who has
rationality and can guide her. The Greek woman is
needed for the propagation of the Greek species. Amongst the
"barbarians" there are no "natural" Masters, as there
are no "ruling" elements. Further, for Aristotle the POWS or
Prisoners of War are also "natural slaves" as they have
been defeated by the Greeks and hence "naturally inferior" to
the Greeks. According to St. Anselm the atheist is
illogical, for we have the idea of an infinite being in our mind,

9. who also possesses all the positive attributes. Since
non existence is a negative attribute, this perfect being cannot
be non existent, hence the perfect being exists
necessarily, that is existence is not contingent but a necessary
feature of the perfect being, unlike the existence of the
things in the external world, which are all temporal and have
contingent existence.
1. State briefly why Aristotle thinks that "virtues" are not
"natural". Name some of the Aristotelian virtues. According to
Aristotle, in order to cultivate "virtues" one has to be in a
flourishing polis, which means that he is implying that in
poverty one cannot be virtuous. Do you agree that human
"nature" acquires "bad habit" when the environment is hostile,
for example, do you think that the same person in
desperate poverty may steal a piece of bread, which under
"normal" circumstances where he has food, would not?
Give ONE reason to support your point.
[ Hint: According to Aristotle, one is not born with a virtue like
courage or patience. Hence, virtues are not natural like anger or
fear, which are instincts. Everyone is born with these passions
or instinct, but not everyone can control them and strike the
balance, that is control anger or fear and display them at the
right time at the right amount. Only a virtuous person can do
that. Virtues are states of character that have to be cultivated
through hard work in a flourishing polis].
2. What is the primary purpose of the household, according to
Aristotle. Do you think with the expansion of the market the
household is shrinking as the market has expanded so much?
Name one function that the household previously functioned
which is now performed by the market.
[ Hint: For Aristotle there are two human spheres, the sphere of
production of things needed for daily lives, the household
or oikos, and the sphere of politics or polis, the place for

10. political discussion, available only for Greek aristocratic men].
3. In your own words explain Aristotle's reason for the inferior
status of woman and slaves within the household.
[ Hint: According to Aristotle, there are several "natural
associations" within the household, the smallest unit of society,
the Master and slave, parent and child, husband and wife. These
are "natural" as they cannot live without each other. The
identities within the pairs are not equal, the slave, child and
woman are subordinate and their subordination is "natural", as
they lack rationality to be self ruled or self guided and need the
guidance of the rational Master, husband, parent].
4. According to St. Anselm only that which is necessary has
true "existence". Look around you and point to one thing in the
room that has "necessary existence".
[ Hint: Necessary existence means that which is not temporal,
that is has no beginning and no end; contingent existence, on
the other hand, means that which has a beginning and an end,
and hence dependent on something else for its existence. ]
5. The following is an excerpt from a sutra in Brhadaranyaka
Upanisad, the last part of the Vedas (from “Vid” “to know,
written between 1700-1100 B.C.E written probably along the
rivers Ganges and Northern plains of India are the foundation
texts of the Indian/Hindu philosophy. Here a seeker
(philosopher/Darsanik or seer, “darsan” to see) seeks to liberate
himself or herself from ignorance and worldly bondage and
attain Enlightenment of the Self. Do you find this similar to
Plato’s theory of the Cave where one moves from darkness to
light?
Sanskrit verse:
asato ma sadgamaya
tamaso ma jyotirgamaya
mrtyorma amrtam gamaya
om shanti shanti shanti.

11. Word translation:
Sat=existence
Asat=non existent
Tamasa=darkness
Jyoti= light or halo
Mrityu=death
Amrita=Immortality
Shanti=Peace
Sutra translation:
Lead me from the asat (non existent) to the sat (existent)
Lead me from darkness to light.
Lead me from death to immortality
Om Peace Peace Peace.
(Brhadaranyaka Upanishad — I.iii.28)
Brhadaranyaka Upanishad — I.iii.28)
1.
State briefly why Aristotle thinks that "virtues" are not
"natural". Name some of the Aristotelian
virtues. According to Aristotle, in order to
cultivate "virtues" one has to be in a flourishing polis, which
means that he is implying that in poverty one cannot be
virtuous. Do you agree that human "nature"
acquires
"bad habit" when the environment is hostile, for example, do
you think that the sa
me person

12. in desperate
poverty may steal a piece of bread, which under "normal"
circumstances where he has
food, would not?
Give ONE reason to support your point.
[
Hint: According to Aristotle, one is not born with a virtue like
courage or patience. Hen
ce, virtues are
not natural like anger or fear, which are instincts. Everyone is
born with these passions or instinct, but
not everyone can control them and strike the balance, that is
control anger or fear and display them at
the right time at the right a
mount. Only a virtuous person can do that. Virtues are states of
character
that have to be cultivated through hard work in a flourishing
polis].
2.
What is the primary purpose of the household, according to
Aristotle. Do you think with the
expansion of th
e market the household is shrinking as the market has expanded
so much? Name one
function that the household previously functioned which is now
performed by the market.

13. [
Hint:
For Aristotle
there are two human spheres, the sphere of production of things
n
eeded for daily
lives, the household or
oikos, and the sphere of politics or polis, the place for political
discussion,
available only for Greek
aristocratic men].
3.
In your own words explain Aristotle's reason for the inferior
status of woman and slaves
within the
household.
[
Hint: According to Aristotle, there are several "natural
associations" within the household, the smallest
unit of society, the Master and slave, parent and child, husband
and wife. These are "natural" as they
cannot live without eac
h other. The identities within the pairs are not equal, the slave,
child and woman
are

14. subordinate and their subordination is "natural", as they lack
rationality to be self ruled or self
guided and need the guidance of the rational Master, husband,
parent]
.
4.
According to St. Anselm only that which is necessary has true
"existence". Look around you and point
to one thing in the room that has "necessary existence".
[
Hint: Necessary existence means that which is not temporal,
that is has no beginning and
no end;
contingent existence, on the other hand, means that which has a
beginning and an end, and hence
dependent on something else for its existence. ]
5.
The following is an excerpt from a sutra in
Brhadaranyaka Upanisad,
the last part of the
Vedas

15. (f
rom
“Vid” “to know, written between 1700
-
1100 B.C.E written probably along the rivers Ganges and
Northern plains of India are the foundation texts of the
Indian/Hindu philosophy. Here a seeker
(philosopher/Darsanik or seer, “darsan” to see) seeks to libera
te himself or herself from ignorance and
worldly bondage and attain Enlightenment of the Self. Do you
find this similar to Plato’s theory of the
Cave where one moves from darkness to light?
1. State briefly why Aristotle thinks that "virtues" are not
"natural". Name some of the Aristotelian
virtues. According to Aristotle, in order to cultivate "virtues"
one has to be in a flourishing polis, which
means that he is implying that in poverty one cannot be
virtuous. Do you agree that human "nature"
acquires "bad habit" when the environment is hostile, for
example, do you think that the same person
in desperate poverty may steal a piece of bread, which under
"normal" circumstances where he has
food, would not?
Give ONE reason to support your point.
[ Hint: According to Aristotle, one is not born with a virtue like
courage or patience. Hence, virtues are
not natural like anger or fear, which are instincts. Everyone is
born with these passions or instinct, but
not everyone can control them and strike the balance, that is
control anger or fear and display them at
the right time at the right amount. Only a virtuous person can do
that. Virtues are states of character
that have to be cultivated through hard work in a flourishing

16. polis].
2. What is the primary purpose of the household, according to
Aristotle. Do you think with the
expansion of the market the household is shrinking as the
market has expanded so much? Name one
function that the household previously functioned which is now
performed by the market.
[ Hint: For Aristotle there are two human spheres, the sphere of
production of things needed for daily
lives, the household or oikos, and the sphere of politics or polis,
the place for political discussion,
available only for Greek aristocratic men].
3. In your own words explain Aristotle's reason for the inferior
status of woman and slaves within the
household.
[ Hint: According to Aristotle, there are several "natural
associations" within the household, the smallest
unit of society, the Master and slave, parent and child, husband
and wife. These are "natural" as they
cannot live without each other. The identities within the pairs
are not equal, the slave, child and woman
are subordinate and their subordination is "natural", as they lack
rationality to be self ruled or self
guided and need the guidance of the rational Master, husband,
parent].
4. According to St. Anselm only that which is necessary has
true "existence". Look around you and point
to one thing in the room that has "necessary existence".
[ Hint: Necessary existence means that which is not temporal,
that is has no beginning and no end;
contingent existence, on the other hand, means that which has a
beginning and an end, and hence
dependent on something else for its existence. ]
5. The following is an excerpt from a sutra in Brhadaranyaka

17. Upanisad, the last part of the Vedas (from
“Vid” “to know, written between 1700-1100 B.C.E written
probably along the rivers Ganges and
Northern plains of India are the foundation texts of the
Indian/Hindu philosophy. Here a seeker
(philosopher/Darsanik or seer, “darsan” to see) seeks to liberate
himself or herself from ignorance and
worldly bondage and attain Enlightenment of the Self. Do you
find this similar to Plato’s theory of the
Cave where one moves from darkness to light?