FRENCH AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

LOUIS XVI
LOUIS XVI AND MARIE
ANTOINETTE

DESCENDANTS OF
LOUIS XVI
GUILLOTINE MACHINE

NAPOLEAN
BONAPARTE
MAXIMILIEAN
ROBESPIERRE

 The French Revolution is one of the great turning-points in
history . The French Revolution of 1789 had far-reaching
effects on the social and political life of people.
 The revolution shook France between 1787 and 1799.
 During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their
country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries old institutions
such as absolute monarchy and feudal system.
 The disruption was caused by widespread discontent with the
French monarchy ( kingdom ) and the poor economic policies of
Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine as did his wife Marie
Antoinette.

 The two most important characteristics the inhabitants of
eighteenth-century France had in common were that they were the
king’s subjects, and that 97 per cent of them were Catholic. The rural
economy was essentially a peasant economy: that is, household-based
agrarian production which had a primarily subsistence orientation.
The peasantry made up about four-fifths of the ‘Third Estate’ or
‘commoners’ but across the country it owned only about 40 per cent of
the land outright.
Eighteenth-century France was a land of mass poverty in which
most people were vulnerable to harvest failure. It is this which
explains what historians have called the ‘demographic equilibrium’,
in which very high birth rates (about 4.5 per hundred people) were
almost matched by high mortality rates (about 3.5). Men and women
married late: usually between 26 and 29 and 24 and 27 years
respectively.

 When Louis XIV was on his death bed, he had recognized the
inefficacy of war as a mean to realize his aims. He had, in the process of
achieving his ambitions involved France in series of war, had taxed his
people to their utmost capacity and drained away the wealth of nation
and had brought untold misery to them.
 So when he was nearing his end he called his great-grandson, the
future Louis XV and advised him to take a lesson from his failures and
to wage any more wars and to relieve the people from the burden of
taxation. But he and his successor Louis XVI unheeded the advice and
gradually the political, social and economic conditions so degenerated
that the situation got out of control and precipitated a great Revolution
which brought untold misery to millions of people and uprooted
numerous families and wars, calamitous to the monarchy which
involved France in long and bloody wars.
 As the 18th century drew to close, France costly involvement in the
American Revolution and extravagant spending by Louis XVI and his
predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. In the fall
of 1786, Louis XVI controller general, Charles Alexander de Calonne,
proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax
from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt.

• In France, people were divided into three estates :-
– First Estate:
• Clergy - High-ranking members of the Church
• Privileged class
– Second Estate:
• Nobility
• Privileged class
– Third Estate:
• Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to
wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities
• Unprivileged class

The first estate among the 3 estates was-
1) FIRST ESTATE:
 POPULATION- Circa 130,000, High-ranking clergy.
 PRIVILEDGES- Collected the tithe ,Censorship of the press,
Control of education , Kept records of births, deaths, marriages,
etc. , Catholic faith held honored position of being the state
religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) , Owned 20% of the
land.
 EXEMPTIONS- Paid no taxes , Subject to Church law rather
than civil law .
 BURDENS- Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to
assist the poor and needy , Support the monarchy and Old
Regime.

THE THREE ESTATES UNDER THE OLD REGIME

2) SECOND ESTATE:
 POPULATION- Circa 110,000 , Nobles.
 PRIVILEDGES- Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues,
Monopolized military and state appointments , Owned 20% of the land.
 EXEMPTIONS- Paid no taxes.
 BURDENS- Support the monarchy and old regime.
3) THIRD ESTATE:
 POPULATION- Circa 25,000,000 , Everyone else: artisans,
bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many
parish priests .
 PRIVILEDGES- None.
 EXEMPTIONS- None.
 BURDENS- Paid all taxes ,Tithe (Church tax) ,Octrot (tax on goods
brought into cities) ,Corvée (forced road work) ,Capitation (poll tax)
,Vingtiéme (income tax) ,Gabelle (salt tax) ,Taille (land tax) , Feudal
dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc.

Economic conditions under the old regime of France were
as follows-
 France’s economy was based primarily on agriculture.
 Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation.
 Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying
their regular taxes Certainly could not afford to have
their taxes raised.
 Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth but were
upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not.

 As economic conditions were not too good of France, France
faced financial crisis from the year 1783 to 1788. Soon after,
France was declared bankrupt in the year 1989, to be precise.
 The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and
residences like VERSAILLES.
 Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender.
 Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars
Including the funding of the American Revolution.
DEFICIT SPENDING – a government spending more money
than it takes in from tax revenues.
Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed. Only
unprivileged class submitted tax which created a burden on
them.

The Estates-General was divided into three parts; the FIRST for members
of the CLERGY, SECOND for the NOBILITY, and THIRD for the "COMMONS".
Each sat separately, enabling the First and Second Estates to outvote the
Third, despite representing less than 5% of the population, while both were
largely exempt from tax.
 ABBE SIEYES, A political theorist and priest elected to the Third
Estate, argued it should take precedence over the other two as it
represented 95% of the population.
As separate assemblies meant the Third Estate could always be outvoted by
the other two, SEIYES sought to combine all three. On 17 June, 1789,
third estate was joined by over 100 members of the First Estate, and
declared themselves the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. On 20 June, the
Assembly met in a tennis court outside Versailles and swore not to disperse
until a new constitution had been agreed (popularly known as TENNIS
COURT OATH ). By 27 June, they had been joined by the majority of the
First Estate, plus forty-seven members of the Second, and Louis backed
down.

CARICATURE OF THE
THIRD ESTATE CARRYING
THE FIRST ESTATE
(CLERGY) AND THE
SECOND ESTATE
(NOBILITY) ON ITS BACK.
MEETING OF THE ESTATES
GENERAL ON 5 MAY 1789
AT VERSAILLES.

ABOLITION OF THE ANCIEN REGIME AND STORMING
OF THE BASTILLE
On 14th July 1789, many soldiers of the National Assembly protested
against the king Louis XVI, and attacked the BASTILLE, a royal fortress with
large stores of arms and ammunition. The governor DE LAUNAY
surrendered after several hours of fighting that cost the lives of 83
attackers. As a potent symbol of the ANCIEN REGIME ,its (BASTILLE)
destruction was viewed as a triumph and BASTILLE DAY is still celebrated
every year.
After that, The breakdown of law and order and frequent attacks on
aristocratic property led much of the nobility to flee abroad. In response, the
Assembly published the AUGUST DECREES which abolished feudalism and
other privileges held by the nobility, notably exemption from tax. Other
decrees included equality before the law, opening public office to all, freedom
of worship, etc.

THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE ON 14
JULY 1789; THE ICONIC EVENT OF THE
REVOLUTION, STILL COMMEMORATED EACH
YEAR AS BASTILLE DAY.

CREATING A NEW CONSTITUTION
Assisted by Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette prepared a draft constitution
known as the declaration of rights of the man and of the citizens,
which echoed some of the provisions of the Declaration of
independence.
REVOLUTION AND THE CHURCH
The Revolution caused a massive shift of power from the Catholic
Church to the state. The August decrees abolished tithes (is a one-tenth
part of something, paid as a compulsory tax to government), and on 2
November 1789, the Assembly confiscated all church property.
FALL OF THE MONARCHY
The new constitution was opposed by significant elements inside and
outside the Assembly, itself split into three main groups. 245 members
were affiliated with Barnave's Feuillants , constitutional monarchists
who considered the Revolution had gone far enough, while another 136
were Jacobin leftists who supported a republic, led by Brissot and
usually referred to as Brissotins. The remaining 345 belonged to La
Plaine, a central faction who switched votes depending on the issue.
On 10th August, Louis and his family took refuge with the Assembly
and shortly after 11:00 am, the deputies present voted to 'temporarily
relieve the king', effectively suspending the monarchy.

THE DECLARATION OF THE
RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE
CITIZEN OF 26 AUGUST 1789.
IN THIS CARICATURE,
MONKS AND NUNS ENJOY
THEIR NEW FREEDOM
AFTER THE DECREE OF 16
FEBRUARY 1790.
THE STORMING OF THE TUILERIES PALACE,
10 AUGUST 1792.

PROCLAMATION OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC AND THE
NATIONAL CONVENTION
The former Brissotins now split into moderate Girondins led by Brissot,
and radical Montagnards, headed by MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. On
20 September, the French army won a stunning victory over the
Prussians at Valmy. Emboldened by this, on 22 September the
Convention replaced the monarchy with the French First Republic and
introduced a new calendar, with 1792 becoming "Year One”.
On 17 January 1793, the Assembly condemned Louis to death for
"conspiracy against public liberty and general safety”. The sentence was
carried out on 21 January on the Place de la Révolution, now the Place
de la Concorde. Horrified conservatives across Europe called for the
destruction of revolutionary France.
POLITICAL CRISIS AND FALL OF THE GIRONDINS
The Girondins hoped war would unite the people behind the
government and provide an excuse for rising prices and food shortages,
but found themselves the target of popular anger. Many left for the
provinces.

EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI IN
THE PLACE DE LA CONCORDE,
FACING THE EMPTY PEDESTAL
WHERE THE STATUE OF HIS
GRANDFATHER, LOUIS XV
PREVIOUSLY STOOD.
NINE ÉMIGRÉS ARE EXECUTED
BY GUILLOTINE, 1793.

REIGN OF TERROR
 The Reign of Terror began as a way to harness revolutionary fervour,
but quickly degenerated into the settlement of personal grievances. At
the end of July, the Convention set price controls over a wide range of
goods, with the death penalty for hoarders, and on 9 September
'revolutionary groups' were established to enforce them.
 On 17th, the Law of Suspects ordered the arrest of suspected
"enemies of freedom", initiating what became known as the "Terror".
According to archival records, from September 1793 to July 1794
some 16,600 people were executed on charges of counter-
revolutionary activity.
 In mid-October, Marie Antoinette was found guilty of a long list of
crimes and guillotined; two weeks later, the Girondist leaders arrested
in June were also executed. Soon after, Girondists reinstated as
deputies, and the Jacobin Club was closed and banned.
 AFTER THE REIGN OF TERROR, IN 1794, ROBESPIERRE
AND 21 SUPPORTERS WERE GUILLOTINED. IN THE YEAR
1795, NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE BRUSHES LAST LOYALIST
REVOLT.

THE EXECUTION OF ROBESPIERRE ON 28
JULY 1794 MARKED THE END OF THE REIGN
OF TERROR.

On August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed largely
of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a
new constitution that created a bicameral legislature for first
time in France.
Executive power would lie in the hands of a five member
Directory appointed by the parliament, Royalists and Jacobins
protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army,
now led by a young and successful general named NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE.
On November 9, 1799, as frustration with the leadership
reached a fever pitch, Bonaparte appointed himself as France’s
first consul for the first time and the for the consul for life. The
event marked the end of French Revolution and the beginning of
Napoleonic era.

Now, if we talk about the causes of French
Revolution, they can be divided into 4 categories
namely:
1)SOCIAL CAUSES
2)ECONOMICAL CAUSES
3)POLITICAL CAUSES
4)INTELLECTUAL CAUSES
There are many different causes of French
Revolution, and to sum them all up, they all can
be categorised under these 4 categories.

French society was divided into three estates during the Ancien
Regime, they were:
1) CLERGY [1 LAKH PEOPLE- 10% LAND]
2) NOBILITY [4 LAKH PEOPLE- 25% LAND]
3) FARMERS, ARTISANS,WORKERS,TRADERS,ETC. [2.7 CRORE
PEOPLE]
This division within society caused differences in tax paying,
lifestyle, etc.
The main social causes of French Revolution were-
1) No tax on 1st and 2nd estate.
2) Lavish lifestyle of nobility.
3) High point of French culture- 18th century
4) 3rd estate- drowning in various taxes as they were the only
tax payers.
5) Educated middle class- Bourgeoisie.
6) Urban workers- poor conditions.

These were the triggering economic causes of the
French Revolution-
1)Rising population –
Year 1700- 2 crore population
Year 1789- 2.8 crore population
Rise in population and no grains to feed them.
2) High debt of war lead to large interest payments-
half of total national budget went to debt
repayments.
3) Harsh winters lead to crop failure which lead to
increase in food prices which eventually lead to
famine.
4) Angry peasants and common people due to lack
of food grains for survival.

Some of the political causes of French Revolution are as
follows-
1) The Bourbon dynasty included Louis 14th, 15th that
fought many battles and total 7 years of war was
going on, in France due to which France was in huge
debt.
2) Louis XVI (1774-92) came in as king. He had
Austrian wife Marie Antoinette who was a very bad
advisor.
3) France helped Americans in fighting wars which
ruined France’s economy.
4) Louis XVI lived in Versailles palace lavishly without
caring enough for the population.

Following are some of the intellectual causes of the
French Revolution-
1)Development of rational thinking, philosophy and
science.
2)AGE OF ENLIGHTMENT- 17TH and 18th century.
3)Famous thinkers and philosophers like-
• John Locke
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau- people’s sovereignty
• Immanuel Kant
• Montesquieu- separation of church and state
• Voltaire- freedom of speech and expression
These intellectuals questioned king’s right to rule, his
mandate from god, role of catholic church.
4) These ideas spreaded via newspapers, books.

 The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important
legacy of French Revolution.
 It inspired the Germans, Italians and Austrians to overthrow their
oppressive regimes.
 Colonised people of Asia and Africa were deeply influenced by the
French Revolution. They demanded liberty, equality and justice from
their colonial master which finally led to the beginning of national
movement in their respective countries.
 The declaration of the rights of man and citizen gave rights such as
right to life, freedom of speech, equality before law, etc.
 The French Revolution put into practise the idea that sovereignity
comes from the people and not from rulers.
 Women actively participated in revolution. It marked the beginning of
women movement across France and world.

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from between
1760 to 1820 and 1840.
Goods that had once been painstakingly crafted by hand started to be
produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the
introduction of new machines and techniques in textiles, iron making and
other industries.
 TEXTILES were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in
terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile
industry was also the first to use modern production methods.
 Fueled by the game-changing use of steam power, the Industrial
Revolution began in Britain and spread to the rest of the world, by the
1830s and ‘40s. Modern historians often refer to this period as the First
Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a second period of
industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th
centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile
industries.

ETYMOLOGY
• The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution"
appears to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by
French envoy LOUIS-GUILLAUME OTTO.
• FRIEDRICH ENGELS in The Condition of the Working Class in
England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a
revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil
society“.
REQUIREMENTS
Six factors facilitated industrialization:
1) High levels of agricultural productivity to provide excess
manpower and food,
2) A pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills,
3) Available ports, rivers, canals and roads to cheaply move raw
materials and outputs,
4) Natural resources such as coal, iron and waterfalls,
5) Political stability and,
6) A legal system that supported business; and financial capital
available to invest.

 To begin with, Britain had a long history of producing textiles like
wool, linen and cotton. But prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British
textile business was a true “cottage industry,” with the work performed
in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and
dyers.
 Starting in the mid-18th century, innovations like the flying shuttle,
the spinning jenny, the water frame and the power loom made weaving
cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. Producing cloth
became faster and required less time and far less human labor.
In addition to textiles, the British iron industry also adopted new
innovations. Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron
ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the
traditional charcoal. This method was both cheaper and produced
higher-quality material, enabling Britain’s iron and steel production to
expand in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-
15) and the later growth of the railroad industry.

Possible reasons why industrialization began in Britain include:
1) Shortage of wood and the abundance of convenient coal
deposit.
2) Commercial-minded aristocracy, limited monarchy.
3) System of free enterprise, limited government involvement.
4) High literacy rates.
5) Rule of law, protection of assets.
Global forces influencing the development of industrialization in
Britain include:
1) Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean.
2) British colonies in North America, which provided land,
labor, and markets.
3) Silver from the Americas, used in trade with China.
4) Social and ideological conditions in Britain, and new thoughts
about the economy, that encouraged an entrepreneurial spirit.

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a
small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th
century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important
technologies:
 TEXTILES – Mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water
increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. The cotton
gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of
50. Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of
wool and linen.
STEAM POWER – the efficiency of steam engines increased so that
they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The high
pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for
transportation. Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.
IRON MAKING – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered
the fuel cost.
INVENTION OF MACHINE TOOLS – The first machine tools were
invented.

COTTON
Parts of India, China, Central America, South America and the Middle-East
have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a
major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions
where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food
crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic
consumption.
TRADE AND TEXTILE
By the mid-1760s cotton was over three-quarters of the East India
Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region
of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available.
WOOL
The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool;
however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton.
Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution
was significant but was far less than that of cotton.

HANDLOOM WEAVING IN
1747, FROM WILLIAM
HOGARTH'S INDUSTRY
AND IDLENESS
IN 1750 BRITAIN
IMPORTED 2.5 MILLION
A MODEL OF THE SPINNING
JENNY IN A MUSEUM IN
WUPPERTAL. INVENTED BY
JAMES HARGREAVES IN
1764, THE SPINNING
JENNY WAS ONE OF THE
INNOVATIONS THAT
STARTED THE REVOLUTION.

INVENTION OF TEXTILE MACHINERY
In 1764 in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire, JAMES HARGREAVES
invented the SPINNING JENNY, which he patented in 1770. It was the
first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles. It was a simple,
wooden framed machine that only cost about £6 for a 40-spindle model
in 1792, and was used mainly by home spinners.
The SPINNING FRAME OR WATER FRAME was developed by RICHARD
ARKWRIGHT who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The
design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by
clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright.
SAMUEL CROMPTON'S SPINNING MULE was introduced in 1779. Mule
implies a hybrid because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and
the water frame. Crompton's mule was able to produce finer thread than
hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule spun thread was of suitable
strength to be used as warp, and finally allowed Britain to produce highly
competitive yarn in large quantities.
SILK
Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-
powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721.

THE ONLY SURVIVING EXAMPLE
OF A SPINNING MULE BUILT BY
THE INVENTOR SAMUEL
CROMPTON. THE MULE
PRODUCED HIGH-QUALITY
THREAD WITH MINIMAL LABOR.
BOLTON MUSEUM, GREATER
MANCHESTER.
LOMBE'S MILL
SITE TODAY,
REBUILT AS
DERBY SILK MILL.

 The development of the stationary steam engine was an important
element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of
the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water
and wind. In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was
being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to
210,000 hp.
 The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was
due to THOMAS SAVERY in 1698. He constructed and patented in
London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that
generated about one horsepower (hp) and was used in numerous water
works and in a few mines.
 The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by THOMAS
NEWCOMEN before 1712.
 Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Cornish
engineer RICHARD TREVITHICK and the American OLIVER EVANS began
to construct higher-pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting
against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler
compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and
steam boats.

A WATT STEAM ENGINE. JAMES
WATT TRANSFORMED THE STEAM
ENGINE FROM A RECIPROCATING
MOTION THAT WAS USED FOR
PUMPING TO A ROTATING MOTION
SUITED TO INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS. WATT AND OTHERS
SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE
EFFICIENCY OF THE STEAM ENGINE
NEWCOMEN'S STEAM-
POWERED ATMOSPHERIC
ENGINE WAS THE FIRST
PRACTICAL PISTON
STEAM ENGINE.
SUBSEQUENT STEAM
ENGINES WERE TO
POWER THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION.

 Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for
making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horse shoes, wagon tires,
chains, etc., as well as structural shapes.
 Cast iron was used for pots, stoves and other items where its brittleness
was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron.
IRON PROCESS INNOVATIONS
 A major change in the iron industries during the Industrial Revolution was
the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount
of heat, mining coal required much less labor than cutting wood and
converting it to charcoal, and coal was much more abundant than wood.
 By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in the smelting of copper
and lead, and was in widespread use in glass production.
 Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution
was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This limitation was
overcome by the steam engine.
 The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing
it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine
industries.

THE IRON BRIDGE, SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND, THE
WORLD'S FIRST BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED OF IRON
OPENED IN 1781.

 Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen—millwrights
built water and windmills, carpenters made wooden framing, and
smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the
disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity,
and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time.
 As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts
and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts
were in firearms, machine screws, bolts and nuts.
 Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using
the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers. Consequently, the use of
metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of
production were very laborious and costly. The first large precision
machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John
Wilkinson in 1774.
 The effect of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not
that great because other than firearms, threaded fasteners and a few
other industries there were few mass-produced metal parts.

MAUDSLAY'S FAMOUS EARLY SCREW-
CUTTING LATHES OF CIRCA 1797 AND
1800.

CHEMICALS-
 The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development
during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of
sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman
JOHN ROEBUCK IN 1746.
 Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper
industries. Early uses for sulfuric acid included pickling (removing rust from)
iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth.
GAS LIGHTING-
 Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting.
Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale
introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch. The process consisted
of the large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas
(removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage
and distribution.
The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812
and 1820.

AGRICULTURE-
 The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of
the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity
freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy.
 Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill,
the Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing
machine.
MINING-
 Shaft mining was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was
the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of
water up the shaft or to a sough (a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a
mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or
ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity.
 The introduction of the steam pump by Thomas Savery in 1698 and
the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of
water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be
extracted.
TRANSPORTATION-
 The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th
century, with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades
of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average
sailing speed 50% between 1750 and 1830.

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with
new developments in the textile industry. Some of the main causes of
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION are as follows-
 Before that time making cloth was a slow process. After wool was
gathered it had to be spun into yarn and then woven into fabric by
hand. A machine called a SPINNING JENNY, first conceived by James
Hargreaves in 1764, made it easier to spin yarn. In 1793 ELI
WHITNEY invented the cotton gin, which helped clean cotton after it
was picked. These and other devices permitted increased production
with a smaller expenditure of human energy.
 Whitney also came up with the idea of interchangeable parts. Before
a worker would spend a great deal of time making a single product by
hand. Whitney discovered that a machine could make many copies of
the individual parts of a product at once. The parts could then be
assembled by any worker. This meant that many goods could be
produced quickly.

SPINNING JENNY
THE SPINNING JENNY INVENTED BY JAMES
HARGREAVES COULD SPIN EIGHT THREADS AT
THE SAME TIME; IT GREATLY IMPROVED THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY.

 Other changes that helped bring about the
Industrial Revolution included the use of steam,
and later of other kinds of power, in place of
the muscles of human beings and of animals.
 Another key development was the adoption
of the factory system. This system of
manufacturing is based on the concentration of
industry into specialized—and often large—
establishments. The use of waterpower and
then the steam engine to mechanize processes
such as cloth weaving in Britain in the second
half of the 18th century marked the beginning
of the factory system.

GLASS FACTORY (FACTORY SYSTEM)
WORKERS MAKE BOTTLES AT A GLASS
FACTORY IN LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND, IN
THE MID-1800S

The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic
and social organization:
 These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased
international trade.
 Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of
labor.
 By the late 1700s, many people could no longer earn their living in
the countryside. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages
into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories.
 Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and
unhealthy.
 Machines greatly increased production. This meant that products
were cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy. Many factory owners
became rich.

 Although the machines made work easier in some
ways, factory work created many problems for the
laborers. Factory employees did not earn much, and
the work was often dangerous. Many worked 14 to
16 hours per day six days per week. Men, women,
and even small children worked in factories.
 Workers sought to win improved conditions and
wages through labor unions. These organizations
helped establish laws to protect workers. Such laws,
for instance, limited the number of work hours for
employees and guaranteed they would be paid a
certain amount.
 The process of industrialization continues around
the world, as do struggles against many of its
negative effects, such as industrial pollution and
urban crowding.

Broadly speaking, Industrial revolution can be classified into three
main types. They are as follows:
1) THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE AGE OF MECHANICAL
PRODUCTION.
2) THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE AGE OF SCIENCE
AND MASS PRODUCTION.
3) THE THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE DIGITAL
REVOLUTION.
These three industrial revolutions transformed our modern society.
With each of these three advancements—the steam engine, the age
of science and mass production, and the rise of digital technology—
the world around us fundamentally changed.
Let’s understand them in detail.

 To begin with, As it turns out, when you heat up water, you get steam.
And beginning around 1760, through the advent of the steam engine,
steam was powering everything from agriculture to textile manufacturing.
 Society used to be largely agrarian, which is a fancy way of saying that
life used to be centered around farming. But with steam power, those
agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. The world began to rely on
steam power and machine tools, And what emerged as the new center of
community life? The factory.
 But factory life was difficult. Unskilled factory laborers were cheap and
plentiful. They were made to work long hours, often in unsafe conditions.
Even children worked in factories, putting in 14-hour shifts alongside
adults. Such conditions endured into the 20th century.
 Ultimately, advancing industrialization created a middle class of skilled
workers. Cities and industries grew more quickly than ever before, and
economies grew along with them.

STEAM ENGINE AT THE TIME OF FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION.

 Things started to speed up with a number of key inventions. Think
gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical fertilizer. All inventions that helped us
go faster and do more. That’s science.
 But advancements in science weren’t limited to the laboratory. Scientific
principles were brought right into the factories. Most notably, the assembly
line, which effectively powered mass production. By the early part of the
20th century, Henry Ford’s company was mass producing the
groundbreaking Ford Model T, a car with a gasoline engine built on an
assembly line in his factories.
 People followed the jobs, and the early 1900s saw workers leaving their
rural homes behind to move to urban areas and factory jobs.
 Along with increasing urbanization, inventions such as electric lighting,
radio, and telephones transformed the way people lived and communicated.

WORKERS IN A AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY DURING
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

 So, if you’re reading this, you’re experiencing some of the
wonders of the digital revolution right now. You’re enjoying the
cloud, the Internet, and some kind of handy device that lets you
access both. You can even be reading this on your phone. So, Hello
there. Welcome to the digital revolution.
 Beginning in the 1950s, the third industrial revolution brought
semiconductors, mainframe computing, personal computing, and
the Internet—the digital revolution. Things that used to be analog
moved to digital technologies, like an old television you used to tune
in with an antenna (analog) being replaced by an Internet-
connected tablet that lets you stream movies (digital).
The move from analog electronic and mechanical devices to
pervasive digital technology dramatically disrupted industries,
especially global communications and energy. Electronics and
information technology began to automate production and take
supply chains global.

TODAY, WE ARE CONNECTED TO WHOLE WORLD THROUGH
DIGITALISATION, THAT IS THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION.

It can be concluded that, both THE FRENCH REVOLUTION and THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION made a significant effect on the world.
If we talk about the French Revolution, it helped people of France,
especially the unprivileged class of Ancien Regime, that used to pay
heavy taxes despite of very low earnings. French Revolution was caused
due to different reasons like social, economical, political and
intellectual. It gave to rise of women movement across world.
Now, if we talk about the Industrial Revolution, it brought several
changes to the world that we are living in right now. It began in 1760
in England. It began with the transformation in textile industry,
followed by the development of steam engines, iron industry and
machine tools. Other developments such as the development in the
field of gas lighting, mining, agriculture, etc. also took place in this
period. There were several causes of Industrial Revolution. As it was an
important revolution in the history, it effected the world in many
ways. The Industrial Revolution took place mainly in 3 phases: the first
being the age of MECHANICAL PRODUCTION, the second being the
age of SCIENCE AND MASS PRODUCTION, and the third being the
age of DIGITALISATION.

FRENCH AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to FRENCH AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Similar to FRENCH AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

FRENCH AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION