human resource and management

1. Training and its types

2. Definition
 After employees have been selected for various
positions in an organization, training them for
the specific tasks for which they have been
selected assumes great importance
 It is the act of increasing the knowledge
and skills of employees for performing a
particular job with the major outcome-
learning

3. Skills training
 Most common type, including training in basic skills
(such as computing, problem managing, working as
part of a team, etc.)
 Training objectives are set and the training content is
developed to meet them
 Methods include lectures, coaching, etc.

4. Orientation training
 These sort of programs ensure that the sooner the
employee knows basic information related to the job,
the sooner they become productive
 Reduced their nervousness, uncertainty, and
develops a positive attitude
 The time spent conducting a session shows that the
organization values their new employees

5. Refresher training
 Also called- Retraining
 Purpose is to acquaint the existing employees with
the latest methods of performing jobs and improve
their efficiency further
 Rapid changes in technology may force companies to
do so

6. Cross-functional training
 Train employees to enable them to perform
operations in areas other than their assigned jobs
 Methods involve- exchanging personnel for a certain
period, high performing workers can act as trainers
and help employees develop skills in other
operational areas

7.  Helps:
1. Workers gain experience in handling diverse jobs,
2. Not only know their job well but also understand
how others are able to work under a different set
of constraints,
3. A broader perspective helps increase their
understanding of the business,
4. Helps when workers need to fill in for other
workers who are absent
Eg- Johnson and Johnson constantly encourages
employees to upgrade their skills apart from
rotating them on challenging tasks

8. Team training
 Covers two areas-
1. Content tasks- specify the team’s goals such as
cost control, problem solving
2. Group processes- reflect the way members
function as a team- for eg, how they interact with
each other, sort out their differences, etc.
 Develops teamwork and team spirit in the
employees
Eg- Buchen group of companies, a leading provider
in industrial services

9. Creativity training
 Companies encourage employees to think
unconventionally. Focuses on three things-
1. Breaking away- the trainee is expected to define
the boundaries within which he is working and
bring his assumptions in the open and challenge
everything
2. Generate ideas- trainee should open up his
mind, look at the problem from all possible angles
and list as many alternative approaches as possible

10. 3) Delaying judgement- to promote creative
thinking, the trainee should not kill off ideas too
quicly, rather hold them back until he is able to
generate as many ideas as possible. Brainstorming
(getting a large number of ideas from a group of
people in a short time) often helps in getting as
many ideas as possible .

11.  Diversity training- considers the diverse
dimensions in the workplace (race, gender, age,
disabilities, etc.) and aims at fostering more
harmonious and fruitful working relations among a
firm’s employees
 Literacy training- focus on basic skill such
required to perform a job adequately. Tutorials,
home assignments, reading and writing skills, etc.
are generally used to develop arithmetic and
reading , writing skills

12. Training in the tourism and hospitality industry
 A variety of training methods exist in the tourism
and hospitality sector today. The two main types
are- Formal training and Informal training
 Formal training- involves:
1. Instructor led classroom training- Most
familiar training delivery, wherein the students
and facilitator interact in a real, physical
classroom. May occur in-house by an in-house
trainer or off property at another training
location. Advantages include opportunity for
feedback and discussion, learning from other
participants, dedicated time for training, etc.

13. 2. Learning technologies training- also referred
to as computer based training, it can be self paced
or in a classroom setting. Examples include:
i. CD ROM’s, DVD’s
ii. E-mail
iii. Cable TV or Satellite
iv. LAN’S, etc.

14.  Informal training includes On the job training
(OJT)- one of the earliest forms of training, it is a
one-on-one training located at the job site, where
someone who knows how to do a task shows
another how to perform. Because the training takes
place on the job, it can be highly realistic and no
transfer of learning is required. It is often
inexpensive because no special equipment is
needed other than what is normally used on the
job.